第一節 個品運送
Section 1 Carriage of Goods In General Ship
Article 737Loading of Goods
Once a carrier receives goods from a shipper based on a contract for the carriage of goods in a general ship (meaning a transportation contract intended for individual packages of goods; hereinafter the same applies in this Section), the carrier must load the goods onto the ship and stow them.
運送人は、個品運送契約(個々の運送品を目的とする運送契約をいう。以下この節において同じ。)に基づいて荷送人から運送品を受け取ったときは、その船積み及び積付けをしなければならない。
If a shipper neglects to deliver goods, the master may cause the ship to depart immediately. In this case, the shipper must pay the full amount of freight charges (if a carrier receives freight charges for other goods in place of those goods, the amount of such freight charges is deducted).
荷送人が運送品の引渡しを怠ったときは、船長は、直ちに発航することができる。この場合において、荷送人は、運送賃の全額(運送人がその運送品に代わる他の運送品について運送賃を得た場合にあっては、当該運送賃の額を控除した額)を支払わなければならない。
Article 738Delivery of Necessary Documents to Master
A shipper must deliver the documents necessary for transportation to the master within the loading period.
荷送人は、船積期間内に、運送に必要な書類を船長に交付しなければならない。
Article 739Duty of Care for Seaworthiness
A carrier is liable to compensate for loss or damage arising as a result of loss of, damage to, or delay in the arrival of goods which is caused by the following things having been done insufficiently as of the time of the ship's departure; provided, however, that this does not apply if the carrier proves that it did not neglect to exercise due care in doing those things as of that time:
運送人は、発航の当時次に掲げる事項を欠いたことにより生じた運送品の滅失、損傷又は延着について、損害賠償の責任を負う。ただし、運送人がその当時当該事項について注意を怠らなかったことを証明したときは、この限りでない。
making the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their receipt, carriage and preservation.
船倉、冷蔵室その他運送品を積み込む場所を運送品の受入れ、運送及び保存に適する状態に置くこと。
Any special agreement that makes the carrier subject to a release from or reduction in the liability to compensate for loss or damage under the provisions of the preceding paragraph is void.
Article 740Discharge of Illegal Goods Loaded Onto Ship
A carrier, at any time, may discharge goods that have been loaded onto the ship in violation of laws and regulations or not in accordance with a contract for the carriage of goods in a general ship, and may abandon these goods if they are likely to harm the ship or other cargo.
If a carrier has transported cargo provided for in the preceding paragraph, it may claim the maximum amount of freight charges for the same type of goods at the place and time of loading.
The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs do not preclude a carrier or other interested person from claiming compensation against a shipper for loss or damage.
Article 741Consignee's Obligation to Pay Freight Charges
Once a consignee receives goods, the consignee bears the obligation to pay the total sum of the following amounts (hereinafter referred to as the "freight charges and other receivables" in this Section) to the carrier, in accordance with the purport of the contract for the carriage of goods in a general ship or bill of lading:
the amount of freight charges, ancillary costs, and money advanced; and
運送賃、付随の費用及び立替金の額
the amount of salvage charges and the amount of general average contribution payable in proportion to the value of the goods.
運送品の価格に応じて支払うべき救助料の額及び共同海損の分担額
A carrier may retain goods until it receives payment for the freight charges and other receivables.
Article 742Auction of Goods
Even after a carrier delivers goods to a consignee, the carrier may put the goods up for auction in order to receive payment for the freight charges and other receivables; provided, however, that this does not apply if a third party acquires possession of the goods.
Article 743Cancellation of Contract by Shipper Before Departure of Ship
Before the departure of a ship, a shipper may cancel a contract for the carriage of goods in a general ship by paying the full amount of freight charges; provided, however, that if the amount of damage caused to a carrier due to the cancellation of a contract for the carriage of goods in a general ship falls below the full amount of freight charges, it is sufficient for the shipper to compensate for that damage.
If the goods have been fully or partially loaded onto a ship, the provisions of the preceding paragraph apply only if the shipper obtains consent from all other shippers and the charterer. In this case, the shipper must bear the costs incurred for loading and discharging the goods.
前項の規定は、運送品の全部又は一部の船積みがされた場合には、他の荷送人及び傭船者の全員の同意を得たときに限り、適用する。この場合において、荷送人は、運送品の船積み及び陸揚げに要する費用を負担しなければならない。
Article 744
Even if a shipper cancels a contract for the carriage of goods in a general ship pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, the shipper is not entitled to be released from the obligation to pay the carrier ancillary costs and money advanced.
Article 745Cancellation of Contract by Shipper After Departure of Ship
After the departure of a ship, a shipper may not cancel a contract for the carriage of goods in a general ship unless the shipper obtains consent from all other shippers and the charterer, and either pays the total sum of the amount of freight charges and other receivables and the amount of damage that will arise from the discharge of goods or provides reasonable security.
Article 746Freight Charges If Cargo Is Used for Voyage
A carrier may claim the full amount of freight charges even if the master uses cargo for the voyage pursuant to the provisions of Article 712, paragraph (1).
Article 747Application Mutatis Mutandis to Freight Transportation by Non-Seagoing Vessels
The provisions of this Section apply mutatis mutandis to transportation of goods by ships used exclusively for navigation in water areas other than seas, such as lakes, rivers, ports, and harbors, for the purpose of conducting commercial transactions (excluding a ship's tender or a boat steered solely or mainly using oars or paddles; hereinafter referred to as "non-seagoing vessels" in this Part).
この節の規定は、商行為をする目的で専ら湖川、港湾その他の海以外の水域において航行の用に供する船舶(端舟その他ろかいのみをもって運転し、又は主としてろかいをもって運転する舟を除く。以下この編において「非航海船」という。)によって物品を運送する場合について準用する。
第二節 航海傭船
Section 2 Voyage Charter
Article 748Loading of Goods
Once the preparations necessary for loading goods onto a ship have been completed based on a voyage charter contract (meaning a transportation contract that covers the whole or part of a ship; hereinafter the same applies in this Section), the master must issue notice of this to the charterer without delay.
航海傭船契約(船舶の全部又は一部を目的とする運送契約をいう。以下この節において同じ。)に基づいて運送品の船積みのために必要な準備を完了したときは、船長は、遅滞なく、傭船者に対してその旨の通知を発しなければならない。
If the period of loading is specified but the time of its commencement is not specified in a voyage charter contract, that period is counted from the day on which the notice referred to in the preceding paragraph is issued. In this case, the period of loading does not include any period during which the loading of goods is impeded due to force majeure.
Article 749Loading by Third Party
If the master is to receive goods from a third party but the identity of the third party cannot be ascertained or the third party does not load goods onto the ship, the master must immediately issue notice of this to the charterer.
船長は、第三者から運送品を受け取るべき場合において、その第三者を確知することができないとき、又はその第三者が運送品の船積みをしないときは、直ちに傭船者に対してその旨の通知を発しなければならない。
In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, the charterer may load goods onto the ship only within the loading period.
前項の場合において、傭船者は、船積期間内に限り、運送品の船積みをすることができる。
Article 750Request for Departure of Ship by Charterer
A charterer may lodge a request with the master for the ship to depart even if the charterer has not loaded all of the goods onto the ship.
傭船者は、運送品の全部の船積みをしていないときであっても、船長に対し、発航の請求をすることができる。
If a charterer lodges a request as referred to in the preceding paragraph, the charterer bears the duty to pay the carrier the full amount of freight charges and any costs arising from the fact that not all of the goods are loaded onto the ship, and must provide reasonable security for the payment of these costs if requested to do so by the carrier.
Article 751Master's Right to Depart
After the loading period has passed, the master may immediately cause the ship to depart even if the charterer has not loaded all of the goods onto the ship. In this case, the provisions of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis.
船長は、船積期間が経過した後は、傭船者が運送品の全部の船積みをしていないときであっても、直ちに発航することができる。この場合においては、前条第二項の規定を準用する。
Article 752Discharge of Goods
Once the preparations necessary for discharging goods from a ship have been completed, the master must notify the consignee of this without delay.
運送品の陸揚げのために必要な準備を完了したときは、船長は、遅滞なく、荷受人に対してその旨の通知を発しなければならない。
If a voyage charter contract prescribes a discharge period but does not prescribe the time of its commencement, the discharge period is counted from the time at which the consignee is notified as referred to in the preceding paragraph. In this case, the discharge period does not include any period during which the discharge of goods is impeded due to force majeure.
第七百五十三条(全部航海傭船契約の傭船者による発航前の解除)
Article 753Cancellation of Full Charter Contract by Charterer Before Departure of Ship
Before the departure of a ship, a charterer under a full charter contract (meaning a voyage charter contract that covers the whole of a ship; hereinafter the same applies in this Section) may cancel the full charter contract by paying the full amount of freight charges and demurrage; provided, however, that if the amount of damage caused to a carrier due to the cancellation of a full charter contract falls below the full amount of freight charges and demurrage, it is sufficient for the charterer to compensate for the damage.
If a charterer cancels the full charter contract pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph after goods have been loaded onto the ship in whole or in part, the charterer bears the costs of loading and discharging the goods.
If a charterer under a full charter contract fails to load goods onto the ship during the period for loading, the carrier may deem that the charterer has cancelled the full charter contract.
第七百五十四条(全部航海傭船契約の傭船者による発航後の解除)
Article 754Cancellation of Full Charter Contract by Charterer after Departure of Ship
After the departure of a ship, a charterer under a full charter contract may not cancel the full charter contract unless the charterer pays the total sum prescribed in Article 745 and demurrage or provides reasonable security.
Article 755Application Mutatis Mutandis to Cancellation of Partial Charter Contract
The provisions of Article 743, Article 745 and Article 753, paragraph (3) apply mutatis mutandis to the cancellation of a voyage charter contract whose subject is a part of a ship. In this case, the phrase "the full amount of freight charges" in Article 743, paragraph (1) is deemed to be replaced with "the full amount of freight charges and demurrage", and the phrase "total sum of the amount of freight charges and other receivables and the amount of damage that will arise from the discharge of goods" in Article 745 is deemed to be replaced with "total sum of the amount of freight charges and other receivables and the amount of damage that will arise from the discharge of goods, and demurrage".
第七百四十三条、第七百四十五条及び第七百五十三条第三項の規定は、船舶の一部を目的とする航海傭船契約の解除について準用する。この場合において、第七百四十三条第一項中「全額」とあるのは「全額及び滞船料」と、第七百四十五条中「合計額」とあるのは「合計額並びに滞船料」と読み替えるものとする。
略称規定第七百四十一条第一項・この節の中だけ
荷受人は、運送品を受け取ったときは、個品運送契約又は船荷証券の趣旨に従い、運送人に対し、次に掲げる金額の合計額(以下この節において「運送賃等」という。)を支払う義務を負う。
わかりやすく言うと
荷受人が運送品を受け取ったときに、個品運送契約や船荷証券の趣旨に従って運送人に支払う金額で、運送賃・付随の費用・立替金の額と、運送品の価格に応じて支払うべき救助料の額・共同海損の分担額を合計したものです。
略称規定第七百四十七条第一項・この編の中だけ
この節の規定は、商行為をする目的で専ら湖川、港湾その他の海以外の水域において航行の用に供する船舶(端舟その他ろかいのみをもって運転し、又は主としてろかいをもって運転する舟を除く。以下この編において「非航海船」という。)によって物品を運送す…
わかりやすく言うと
商行為をする目的で、湖や川、港湾など海以外の水域だけを航行するのに使われる船のことです。端舟など、ろかいだけで、又は主にろかいで動かす舟は含みません。
解除
契約や法律の規定により当事者の一方が解除権を持つとき、相手方に対する意思表示によって契約を終わらせることです(民法第五百四十条第一項)。民法は、相手方が債務を履行しないときの解除を定めています。相当の期間を定めて履行を催告してもその期間内に履行がないときは解除でき(残った不履行が軽微なときを除きます。同法第五百四十一条)、履行の全部が不能であるとき、相手方が履行を拒む意思をはっきり示したときなど、履行を受ける見込みがないことが明らかなときは、催告をせずにすぐ解除できます(同法第五百四十二条第一項)。解除すると、各当事者は相手方を元の状態に戻す義務を負い、損害賠償の請求もできます(同法第五百四十五条第一項・第四項)。ただし、賃貸借の解除は将来に向かってのみ効力を生じます(同法第六百二十条)。取り消された行為が初めから無効であったものとみなされる取消し(同法第百二十一条)とは異なります。
民法第121条・第540条・第541条・第542条・第545条・第620条を参考にAIが作成。
損害賠償
他人に生じさせた損害を償うことです。債務者が債務の本旨に従った履行をしないときや履行ができないときは、債権者はこれによって生じた損害の賠償を請求でき(民法第四百十五条第一項。契約その他の債務の発生原因や取引上の社会通念に照らして債務者の責めに帰することができない事由によるときを除きます)、故意又は過失によって他人の権利や法律上保護される利益を侵害した者は、これによって生じた損害を賠償する責任を負います(同法第七百九条)。損害賠償は、特に取り決めがなければ金銭で支払い(同法第四百十七条・第七百二十二条第一項)、契約の当事者は債務不履行のときの賠償額をあらかじめ定めることができ、違約金は賠償額の予定と推定されます(同法第四百二十条第一項・第三項)。消費者契約法は、契約の解除に伴う損害賠償の額の予定や違約金のうち、これらを合わせた額が、条項で定めた解除の事由や時期などの区分ごとに、同種の消費者契約の解除に伴いその事業者に生ずべき平均的な損害の額を超える部分を無効としています(消費者契約法第九条第一項第一号)。
民法第415条・第417条・第420条・第709条・第722条、消費者契約法第9条を参考にAIが作成。
無効
初めから法律上の効力がないことです。無効な行為は、追認しても効力を生じず、無効であることを知って追認したときは新たな行為をしたものとみなされます(民法第百十九条)。公の秩序又は善良の風俗に反する法律行為は無効です(同法第九十条)。また、一方を守るための法律の中には、その保護を失わせる定めを無効とするものがあります。借地権の存続期間や更新についての借地借家法の定めに反する特約で借地人に不利なもの(借地借家法第九条)、事業者の債務不履行により消費者に生じた損害を賠償する責任の全部を免除する消費者契約の条項(消費者契約法第八条第一項第一号)、労働基準法で定める基準に達しない労働条件を定める労働契約の部分(労働基準法第十三条。無効となった部分は同法の基準によります)がその例です。
民法第90条・第119条、借地借家法第9条、消費者契約法第8条、労働基準法第13条を参考にAIが作成。