Article 583
The provisions of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis if a consignee refuses to receive or is unable to receive goods. In this case, the phrase "if the carrier demands that" in paragraph (2) of that Article is deemed to be replaced with "if the carrier demands that the consignee receive goods within a reasonable period of time, and after the expiration of that period "; and the term "shipper" in paragraph (5) of that Article is deemed to be replaced with "shipper and consignee".
Article 584Extinguishment of Carrier's Liability
A carrier ceases to be liable for damage or partial loss of goods if the consignee receives the goods without raising any objection; provided, however, that this does not apply if the goods have incurred damage or a partial loss that cannot be immediately discovered, and the consignee notifies the carrier of this within two weeks from the date of delivery.
運送品の損傷又は一部滅失についての運送人の責任は、荷受人が異議をとどめないで運送品を受け取ったときは、消滅する。ただし、運送品に直ちに発見することができない損傷又は一部滅失があった場合において、荷受人が引渡しの日から二週間以内に運送人に対してその旨の通知を発したときは、この限りでない。
The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply if the carrier, at the time of delivering the goods, knows of the damage or partial loss they have incurred.
If a carrier entrusts a third party with transportation, and a consignee issues notice to the carrier as referred to in the proviso to paragraph (1) within the period referred to in the proviso to that paragraph, the period referred to in the proviso to that paragraph concerning a third party's liability to the carrier is deemed to have been extended to the final day in the two-week period that begins on the day on which the carrier received the notice.
Article 585
A carrier ceases to be liable for loss, damage, or delay if no claim is filed with the courts within one year from the day on which the goods are delivered (or, in the event of a total loss of goods, the day on which the goods should have been delivered).
The period referred to in the preceding paragraph may be extended by agreement only after damage has arisen as a result of the loss, damage, or delay.
If a carrier entrusts a third party with transportation, and the carrier provides compensation for loss or damage or has had a claim filed against it with the courts within the period referred to in paragraph (1), the period referred to in that paragraph concerning a third party's liability to the carrier is deemed to have been extended to the final day in the three-month period that begins on the day on which the carrier provided the compensation or had the claim filed against it.
Article 586Extinctive Prescription for Claims of Carrier
Article 587Tort Liability of Carriers
The provisions of Articles 576, 577, 584, and 585 apply mutatis mutandis to the liability of a carrier toward a shipper or consignee to compensate for damage in tort arising as a result of loss, damage, or delay; provided, however, that this does not apply to a carrier's liability to a consignee if the carrier undertakes transportation from the shipper even though the consignee had previously refused to have the goods transported through entrustment by the shipper.
Article 588Tort Liability of Carrier's Employees
If, pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, a carrier is subject to a release from or reduction in the liability to compensate for loss or damage arising as a result of loss, damage, or delay, the carrier's employees are also subject to a release from or reduction in their liability to a shipper or consignee to compensate for damage in tort arising as a result of that loss, damage, or delay, to the extent of the carrier's release from or reduction in liability.
The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply if the loss, damage, or delay arises at the intention of the carrier's employee or due to the gross negligence of the carrier's employee.
第三節 旅客運送
Section 3 Passenger Transportation
Article 589Passenger Transportation Contracts
Article 590Carrier Liability
A carrier is liable to compensate for loss or damage a passenger incurs due to transportation; provided, however, that this does not apply if the carrier proves that it did not neglect to exercise due care in transporting the passenger.
運送人は、旅客が運送のために受けた損害を賠償する責任を負う。ただし、運送人が運送に関し注意を怠らなかったことを証明したときは、この限りでない。
Article 591Prohibition of Special Agreements
Any special agreement that makes the carrier subject to a release from or reduction in the liability to compensate for loss or damage to the life or person of a passenger (excluding the liability to compensate for loss or damage mainly arising from a delay in transportation) is void.
旅客の生命又は身体の侵害による運送人の損害賠償の責任(運送の遅延を主たる原因とするものを除く。)を免除し、又は軽減する特約は、無効とする。
The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply in the following cases:
前項の規定は、次に掲げる場合には、適用しない。
if a carrier transports a passenger in the event or likely event of a large-scale fire, earthquake, or other such disaster; or
大規模な火災、震災その他の災害が発生し、又は発生するおそれがある場合において運送を行うとき。
if a carrier transports a passenger whose life or person is likely to be placed in material danger due to the vibrations normally occasioned by transportation or other such circumstances.
運送に伴い通常生ずる振動その他の事情により生命又は身体に重大な危険が及ぶおそれがある者の運送を行うとき。
第五百九十二条(引渡しを受けた手荷物に関する運送人の責任等)
Article 592Carrier Liability for Baggage Handed Over to It
A carrier has the same liability as a carrier that is under a freight transportation contract with regard to the baggage that passengers have handed over to the carrier, even if the carrier does not claim any special freight charges for it.
運送人は、旅客から引渡しを受けた手荷物については、運送賃を請求しないときであっても、物品運送契約における運送人と同一の責任を負う。
A carrier's employee has the same liability as the employee of a carrier that is under a freight transportation contract, as it concerns the baggage provided for in the preceding paragraph.
If a passenger does not seek to have the baggage prescribed in paragraph (1) handed over within one week from the day on which the baggage arrives at the destination, a carrier may deposit the baggage with an official depository or may put it up for auction after issuing a notice for the passenger to seek to have it handed over within a reasonable period of time. In this case, once the carrier deposits the baggage with an official depository or puts it up for auction, the carrier must notify the passenger of this without delay.
If the price of baggage is likely to decline for reasons such as damage, the carrier may put it up for auction without issuing the notice referred to in the preceding paragraph.
損傷その他の事由による価格の低落のおそれがある手荷物は、前項の催告をしないで競売に付することができる。
If a carrier puts baggage up for auction pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, the carrier must deposit the proceeds from the auction; provided, however, that this does not preclude the carrier from allocating all or part of the proceeds to cover the freight charges.
If a passenger's domicile or residence is unknown, the carrier is not required to issue the notice or notify the passenger as referred to in paragraph (3).
旅客の住所又は居所が知れないときは、第三項の催告及び通知は、することを要しない。
第五百九十三条(引渡しを受けていない手荷物に関する運送人の責任等)
Article 593Carrier Liability for Baggage Not Handed Over to It
A carrier is not liable to compensate for loss or damage arising as a result of loss or damage to the baggage that a passenger has not handed over to the carrier (including a passenger's personal belongings), unless the carrier has intentionally or negligently caused the loss or damage.
運送人は、旅客から引渡しを受けていない手荷物(身の回り品を含む。)の滅失又は損傷については、故意又は過失がある場合を除き、損害賠償の責任を負わない。
The provisions of Article 576, paragraphs (1) and (3), Article 584, paragraph (1), Article 585, paragraphs (1) and (2), Article 587 (limited to the parts concerning the application mutatis mutandis of the provisions of Article 576, paragraphs (1) and (3), Article 584, paragraph (1), and Article 585, paragraphs (1) and (2)), and Article 588 apply mutatis mutandis if a carrier is liable to compensate for loss or damage that arises as a result of loss or damage to baggage as prescribed in the preceding paragraph. In this case: in Article 576, paragraph (1), the phrase "the goods are to be delivered" is deemed to be replaced with "the transportation is to be completed"; in Article 584, paragraph (1), the phrase "the consignee receives the goods without raising any objection" is deemed to be replaced with "the passenger has not raised any objection by the time of completion of transportation", and the phrase "the consignee notifies the carrier of this within two weeks from the date of delivery " is deemed to be replaced with "the passenger notifies the carrier of this within two weeks from the date of completion of transportation"; and in Article 585, paragraph (1), the phrase "the day on which the goods are delivered (or, in the event of a total loss of goods, the day on which the goods should have been delivered)" is deemed to be replaced with "the day of completion of transportation".
第五百七十六条第一項及び第三項、第五百八十四条第一項、第五百八十五条第一項及び第二項、第五百八十七条(第五百七十六条第一項及び第三項、第五百八十四条第一項並びに第五百八十五条第一項及び第二項の規定の準用に係る部分に限る。)並びに第五百八十八条の規定は、運送人が前項に規定する手荷物の滅失又は損傷に係る損害賠償の責任を負う場合について準用する。この場合において、第五百七十六条第一項中「その引渡しがされるべき」とあるのは「その運送が終了すべき」と、第五百八十四条第一項中「荷受人が異議をとどめないで運送品を受け取った」とあるのは「旅客が運送の終了の時までに異議をとどめなかった」と、「荷受人が引渡しの日」とあるのは「旅客が運送の終了の日」と、第五百八十五条第一項中「運送品の引渡しがされた日(運送品の全部滅失の場合にあっては、その引渡しがされるべき日)」とあるのは「運送の終了の日」と読み替えるものとする。
Article 594Extinctive Prescription of Carriers' Claims
The provisions of Article 586 apply mutatis mutandis to passenger transportation.
第五百八十六条の規定は、旅客運送について準用する。
損害賠償
他人に生じさせた損害を償うことです。債務者が債務の本旨に従った履行をしないときや履行ができないときは、債権者はこれによって生じた損害の賠償を請求でき(民法第四百十五条第一項。契約その他の債務の発生原因や取引上の社会通念に照らして債務者の責めに帰することができない事由によるときを除きます)、故意又は過失によって他人の権利や法律上保護される利益を侵害した者は、これによって生じた損害を賠償する責任を負います(同法第七百九条)。損害賠償は、特に取り決めがなければ金銭で支払い(同法第四百十七条・第七百二十二条第一項)、契約の当事者は債務不履行のときの賠償額をあらかじめ定めることができ、違約金は賠償額の予定と推定されます(同法第四百二十条第一項・第三項)。消費者契約法は、契約の解除に伴う損害賠償の額の予定や違約金のうち、これらを合わせた額が、条項で定めた解除の事由や時期などの区分ごとに、同種の消費者契約の解除に伴いその事業者に生ずべき平均的な損害の額を超える部分を無効としています(消費者契約法第九条第一項第一号)。
民法第415条・第417条・第420条・第709条・第722条、消費者契約法第9条を参考にAIが作成。
無効
初めから法律上の効力がないことです。無効な行為は、追認しても効力を生じず、無効であることを知って追認したときは新たな行為をしたものとみなされます(民法第百十九条)。公の秩序又は善良の風俗に反する法律行為は無効です(同法第九十条)。また、一方を守るための法律の中には、その保護を失わせる定めを無効とするものがあります。借地権の存続期間や更新についての借地借家法の定めに反する特約で借地人に不利なもの(借地借家法第九条)、事業者の債務不履行により消費者に生じた損害を賠償する責任の全部を免除する消費者契約の条項(消費者契約法第八条第一項第一号)、労働基準法で定める基準に達しない労働条件を定める労働契約の部分(労働基準法第十三条。無効となった部分は同法の基準によります)がその例です。
民法第90条・第119条、借地借家法第9条、消費者契約法第8条、労働基準法第13条を参考にAIが作成。