第二章 労働契約
Chapter II Labor Contracts
Article 13Contracts in Violation of This Act
Any part of a labor contract that prescribes working conditions not meeting the standards of this Act is invalid. In this case, the part of the contract that is invalid is governed by the standards prescribed in this Act.
この法律で定める基準に達しない労働条件を定める労働契約は、その部分については無効とする。この場合において、無効となつた部分は、この法律で定める基準による。
Article 14Contract Period
Except for labor contracts without fixed terms and except for those in which it is provided that the contract period is the period necessary for the completion of a specific business, it is prohibited to enter into a labor contract for a period exceeding 3 years (or 5 years, for a labor contract falling under one of the following items):
労働契約は、期間の定めのないものを除き、一定の事業の完了に必要な期間を定めるもののほかは、三年(次の各号のいずれかに該当する労働契約にあつては、五年)を超える期間について締結してはならない。
a labor contract entered into with a worker who has expert knowledge, skills, or experience (referred to below as "expertise" in this item and Article 41-2, paragraph (1), item (i)) falling under the standards prescribed by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare as being of a highly advanced level (limited to a worker who is appointed to engage in activities requiring that highly advanced level of expertise).
専門的な知識、技術又は経験(以下この号及び第四十一条の二第一項第一号において「専門的知識等」という。)であつて高度のものとして厚生労働大臣が定める基準に該当する専門的知識等を有する労働者(当該高度の専門的知識等を必要とする業務に就く者に限る。)との間に締結される労働契約
a labor contract entered into with a worker aged 60 years or older (other than a labor contract stated in the preceding item).
To preemptively prevent disputes from arising between workers and employers when they enter into fixed-term labor contracts and when those labor contracts expire, the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare may prescribe standards for particulars regarding the notice that employers are required to give in connection with the expiration of the period of labor contracts, and other necessary particulars.
The relevant government agency may give necessary advice and guidance concerning the standards referred to in the preceding paragraph to employers entering into fixed-term labor contracts.
Article 15Clear Indication of Working Conditions
When entering into a labor contract, the employer must clearly indicate the wages, working hours, and other working conditions to the worker. In doing so, the employer must clearly indicate the particulars of wages and working hours and any other such particulars that Order of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare prescribes in the manner prescribed by Order of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
If working conditions that have been clearly indicated based on the provisions of the preceding paragraph differ from actual conditions, the worker may immediately cancel the labor contract.
Article 16Prohibition on Establishing Compensation for a Loss or Damages in Advance
Article 17Prohibition on Offsetting against Advances
Article 18Compulsory Savings
An employer must not cause a worker to enter into a savings contract or a contract to manage a worker's savings incidental to the labor contract.
使用者は、労働契約に附随して貯蓄の契約をさせ、又は貯蓄金を管理する契約をしてはならない。
If an employer seeks to be entrusted by a worker with managing their savings, it must conclude a written agreement with the labor union that is organized by a majority of the workers at that workplace, if there is one, or with a person representing a majority of the workers at that workplace, if there is no such union; and must file this agreement with the relevant government agency.
When an employer is entrusted by a worker with managing their savings, it must set an interest rate if its management of those savings constitutes the acceptance of a deposit. In this case, if the interest rate is below the rate of interest prescribed by Order of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare by taking into consideration the rate of interest for deposits accepted by financial institutions, the employer is deemed to have set an interest rate that is based on the rate of interest prescribed by that Order of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
If an employer has violated the provisions of the preceding paragraph and the employer's continued management of the workers' savings is found to be seriously detrimental to the interests of the worker, the relevant government agency may order the employer to suspend its management of those savings, to the extent necessary.
Article 19Restrictions on the Dismissal of Workers
An employer must not dismiss a worker in a period during which the worker is absent from work for medical treatment due to an injury sustained or illness contracted at work, nor within 30 days thereafter, and must not dismiss a female worker in a period during which she is absent from work before or after childbirth based on the provisions of Article 65, nor within 30 days thereafter; provided, however, that this does not apply if the employer pays compensation for discontinuation pursuant to Article 81, nor does it apply if continuation of business has become impossible due to a natural disaster or any other unavoidable reason.
In a case referred to in the second sentence of the proviso to the preceding paragraph, the employer must obtain the approval of the relevant government agency regarding the reason in question.
前項但書後段の場合においては、その事由について行政官庁の認定を受けなければならない。
Article 20Advance Notice of Dismissal
If an employer intends to dismiss a worker, the employer must provide at least 30 days' advance notice. An employer not giving 30 days' advance notice must pay the worker the average wage for at least 30 days; provided, however, that this does not apply if continuation of business has become impossible due to a natural disaster or any other unavoidable reason, or if the worker is dismissed for reasons attributable to that worker.
The number of days of advance notice referred to in the preceding paragraph may be shortened if the employer pays the worker the average daily wage they would earn for each day by which the advance notice period is shortened.
The provisions of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis to the case referred to in the proviso to paragraph (1).
Article 21
The provisions of the preceding Article do not apply to a worker falling under one of the following items; provided, however, that this does not apply if a person falling under item (i) has been employed continuously for a period of more than one month, if a person falling under either item (ii) or (iii) has been employed continuously for more than the period referred to in the relevant item, or if a person falling under item (iv) has been employed continuously for a period of more than 14 days:
a person hired on a day-to-day basis;
日日雇い入れられる者
a person employed for a fixed period of 2 months or less;
二箇月以内の期間を定めて使用される者
a person employed in seasonal work for a fixed period of 4 months or less;
季節的業務に四箇月以内の期間を定めて使用される者
a person who is subject to a probationary period.
試の使用期間中の者
Article 22Certificate of Leaving Employment
If, on the occasion of leaving employment, a worker requests a certificate stating the period of employment, kind of occupation, position in the business, wages, or reason for leaving (including the grounds for dismissal, if dismissal is the reason for leaving), the employer must deliver one without delay.
If a worker requests a certificate giving the grounds for dismissal during the period between the day on which the worker is given the advance notice of dismissal referred to in Article 20, paragraph (1) and the day of leaving employment, the employer must deliver this without delay; provided, however, that if, on or after the day that the worker receives advance notice of dismissal, the worker leaves employment for reasons other than the dismissal in question, the employer is not required to deliver such a certificate on or after the day on which that worker leaves employment.
The employer must not include any particular in the certificate referred to in the preceding two paragraphs that the worker does not request.
An employer must not collaborate with a third party in advance to communicate any information concerning the nationality, creed, social status, or union activities of a worker, nor include any secret message in a certificate referred to in paragraph (1) or (2), with the intent to impede the employment of a worker.
Article 23Return of Money and Goods
If there is a dispute over the wages, money, or goods referred to in the preceding paragraph, the employer must pay or return any undisputed portion of this within the period referred to in the preceding paragraph.
略称規定第九条第一項
この法律で「労働者」とは、職業の種類を問わず、事業又は事務所(以下「事業」という。)に使用される者で、賃金を支払われる者をいう。
定義第十二条第一項・法令全体に適用
これを算定すべき事由の発生した日以前三箇月間にその労働者に対し支払われた賃金の総額を、その期間の総日数で除した金額
わかりやすく言うと
計算の理由が生じた日以前三か月間に支払われた賃金の総額を、その期間の総日数で割った金額です。日給や時間給、出来高払いなどの場合は、賃金の総額を働いた日数で割った額の百分の六十を下回ってはいけません。
略称規定第十四条第一項第一号・この号及び第四十一条の二第一項第一号の中だけ
専門的な知識、技術又は経験(以下この号及び第四十一条の二第一項第一号において「専門的知識等」という。)であつて高度のものとして厚生労働大臣が定める基準に該当する専門的知識等を有する労働者(当該高度の専門的知識等を必要とする業務に就く者に限…
わかりやすく言うと
専門的な知識、技術または経験のことです。そのうち厚生労働大臣が定める基準に当たる高度なものを持ち、それを必要とする業務に就く労働者とは、三年ではなく五年まで期間を定めた労働契約を結べます。
解除
契約や法律の規定により当事者の一方が解除権を持つとき、相手方に対する意思表示によって契約を終わらせることです(民法第五百四十条第一項)。民法は、相手方が債務を履行しないときの解除を定めています。相当の期間を定めて履行を催告してもその期間内に履行がないときは解除でき(残った不履行が軽微なときを除きます。同法第五百四十一条)、履行の全部が不能であるとき、相手方が履行を拒む意思をはっきり示したときなど、履行を受ける見込みがないことが明らかなときは、催告をせずにすぐ解除できます(同法第五百四十二条第一項)。解除すると、各当事者は相手方を元の状態に戻す義務を負い、損害賠償の請求もできます(同法第五百四十五条第一項・第四項)。ただし、賃貸借の解除は将来に向かってのみ効力を生じます(同法第六百二十条)。取り消された行為が初めから無効であったものとみなされる取消し(同法第百二十一条)とは異なります。
民法第121条・第540条・第541条・第542条・第545条・第620条を参考にAIが作成。
損害賠償
他人に生じさせた損害を償うことです。債務者が債務の本旨に従った履行をしないときや履行ができないときは、債権者はこれによって生じた損害の賠償を請求でき(民法第四百十五条第一項。契約その他の債務の発生原因や取引上の社会通念に照らして債務者の責めに帰することができない事由によるときを除きます)、故意又は過失によって他人の権利や法律上保護される利益を侵害した者は、これによって生じた損害を賠償する責任を負います(同法第七百九条)。損害賠償は、特に取り決めがなければ金銭で支払い(同法第四百十七条・第七百二十二条第一項)、契約の当事者は債務不履行のときの賠償額をあらかじめ定めることができ、違約金は賠償額の予定と推定されます(同法第四百二十条第一項・第三項)。消費者契約法は、契約の解除に伴う損害賠償の額の予定や違約金のうち、これらを合わせた額が、条項で定めた解除の事由や時期などの区分ごとに、同種の消費者契約の解除に伴いその事業者に生ずべき平均的な損害の額を超える部分を無効としています(消費者契約法第九条第一項第一号)。
民法第415条・第417条・第420条・第709条・第722条、消費者契約法第9条を参考にAIが作成。