No English for this paragraph yet.
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Subsection 3 Demand for Payment and Delinquent Tax Collection Procedures
第三款 督促及び滞納処分
Article 371Demand for Fixed Assets Tax
第三百七十一条(固定資産税に係る督促)
If a taxpayer fails to pay in full the local government levies relating to fixed assets tax by the due date for payment, a municipal tax collection official must issue a demand letter within 20 days after the due date for payment; provided, however, that this does not apply in the case of advance collection.
A municipality with special circumstances may specify, by Municipal Ordinance of the municipality, a period different from the period prescribed in the preceding paragraph.
特別の事情がある市町村においては、当該市町村の条例で前項に規定する期間と異なる期間を定めることができる。
Article 372Demand Fee for Fixed Assets Tax
第三百七十二条(固定資産税に係る督促手数料)
When a municipal tax collection official has issued a demand letter, the official may collect a fee as provided by the Municipal Ordinance of that municipality.
市町村の徴税吏員は、督促状を発した場合においては、当該市町村の条例の定めるところによつて、手数料を徴収することができる。
Article 373Delinquent Tax Collection Procedures for Fixed Assets Tax
第三百七十三条(固定資産税に係る滞納処分)
If a person delinquent in payment of fixed assets tax falls under any one of the following items, a municipal tax collection official must seize the property of the person delinquent in payment for the local government levies relating to the fixed assets tax.
where the person delinquent in payment has received a demand and has not paid in full the local government levies relating to fixed assets tax that are the subject of the demand by the day on which 10 days have elapsed counting from the day on which the demand letter was issued;
滞納者が督促を受け、その督促状を発した日から起算して十日を経過した日までにその督促に係る固定資産税に係る地方団体の徴収金を完納しないとき。
where the person delinquent in payment has not paid in full the local government levies relating to fixed assets tax by the due date for payment designated by the notice concerning advance collection.
滞納者が繰上徴収に係る告知により指定された納期限までに固定資産税に係る地方団体の徴収金を完納しないとき。
When the preceding paragraph is applied to a secondary taxpayer or guarantor, the term "demand letter" in item (i) of that paragraph is to read "written reminder to pay".
If, after the due date for payment of local government levies relating to fixed assets tax and by the day on which the 10 days prescribed in paragraph (1), item (i) have elapsed, a fact falling under any one of the items of Article 13-2, paragraph (1) arises regarding a person delinquent in payment who has received a demand, a municipal tax collection official may seize the property immediately.
If compulsory liquidation procedure has been carried out on the property of a person delinquent in payment, a municipal tax collection official must make a request for share distribution, for the delinquent local government levies relating to fixed assets tax, to the enforcement agency (where making a request for share distribution of local government levies relating to fixed assets tax that are claims set out in Article 114, item (i) of the Bankruptcy Act, to the court handling the bankruptcy case relating to the request for share distribution).
滞納者の財産につき強制換価手続が行われた場合には、市町村の徴税吏員は、執行機関(破産法第百十四条第一号に掲げる請求権に係る固定資産税に係る地方団体の徴収金の交付要求を行う場合には、その交付要求に係る破産事件を取り扱う裁判所)に対し、滞納に係る固定資産税に係る地方団体の徴収金につき、交付要求をしなければならない。
In a case where the municipal tax collection official may effect seizure under paragraphs (1) through (3), if property of the person delinquent in payment that is listed in the items of Article 86, paragraph (1) of the National Tax Collection Act has already been seized in a delinquent tax collection procedure for local government levies of another local government or for national taxes, or in a disposition following the example of such a delinquent tax collection procedure, a request for share distribution with respect to that property may be made by participatory seizure.
市町村の徴税吏員は、第一項から第三項までの規定により差押をすることができる場合において、滞納者の財産で国税徴収法第八十六条第一項各号に掲げるものにつき、すでに他の地方団体の徴収金若しくは国税の滞納処分又はこれらの滞納処分の例による処分による差押がされているときは、当該財産についての交付要求は、参加差押によりすることができる。
When carrying out a delinquent tax collection procedure with respect to fixed assets tax collected under Article 364, paragraph (5), property may not be realized until the day on which the notice under Article 389, paragraph (1) is given for the fixed assets.
第三百六十四条第五項の規定によつて徴収する固定資産税について滞納処分をする場合においては、当該固定資産について第三百八十九条第一項の規定による通知が行われる日までの間は、財産の換価は、することができない。
Beyond what is provided for in the preceding paragraphs, the delinquent tax collection procedure for local government levies relating to fixed assets tax is carried out in accordance with the rules for the delinquent tax collection procedure prescribed in the National Tax Collection Act.
Dispositions under paragraphs (1) through (5) and the preceding paragraph may also be carried out outside the area of the municipality.
第一項から第五項まで及び前項の規定による処分は、当該市町村の区域外においても行うことができる。
Article 374Offenses Concerning Delinquent Tax Collection Procedures for Fixed Assets Tax
第三百七十四条(固定資産税に係る滞納処分に関する罪)
If a taxpayer of fixed assets tax, for the purpose of evading the execution of a delinquent tax collection procedure, conceals or destroys the taxpayer's property or disposes of it to the detriment of the municipality, falsely increases the encumbrances on the property, or alters its present state, thereby reducing the value of the property or increasing the expenses for the delinquent tax collection procedure, that person is to be punished by imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine of not more than 2,500,000 yen, or both.
固定資産税の納税者が滞納処分の執行を免れる目的でその財産を隠蔽し、損壊し、若しくは市町村の不利益に処分し、その財産に係る負担を偽つて増加する行為をし、又はその現状を改変して、その財産の価額を減損し、若しくはその滞納処分に係る滞納処分費を増大させる行為をしたときは、その者は、三年以下の拘禁刑若しくは二百五十万円以下の罰金に処し、又はこれを併科する。
The same applies where a third party in possession of the property of a taxpayer commits an act referred to in the preceding paragraph for the purpose of enabling the taxpayer to evade the execution of a delinquent tax collection procedure.
If a person, knowing the circumstances, becomes the counterparty of the taxpayer or of the third party in possession of the property in an act referred to in the preceding two paragraphs, the person who committed the violation as the counterparty is to be punished by imprisonment for not more than two years or a fine of not more than 1,500,000 yen, or both.
情を知つて前二項の行為につき納税者又はその財産を占有する第三者の相手方となつたときは、その相手方としてその違反行為をした者は、二年以下の拘禁刑若しくは百五十万円以下の罰金に処し、又はこれを併科する。
If a representative of a corporation, or an agent, employee or other worker of a corporation or a person, commits a violation prescribed in the preceding three paragraphs in connection with the business or property of that corporation or person, then in addition to punishing the offender, the fine prescribed in the relevant paragraphs is imposed on that corporation or person.
法人の代表者又は法人若しくは人の代理人、使用人その他の従業者がその法人又は人の業務又は財産に関して前三項の違反行為をした場合には、その行為者を罰するほか、その法人又は人に対し、当該各項の罰金刑を科する。
第三百七十五条(国税徴収法の例による固定資産税に係る滞納処分に関する検査拒否等の罪)
In a case that falls under any of the following items, the person who committed the violation is to be punished by imprisonment for not more than one year or a fine of not more than 500,000 yen:
次の各号のいずれかに該当する場合には、その違反行為をした者は、一年以下の拘禁刑又は五十万円以下の罰金に処する。
if, in the case of Article 373, paragraph (7), the person fails to answer, or makes a false statement, in response to questions by a municipal tax collection official conducted by following the example of the provisions of Article 141 of the National Tax Collection Act;
第三百七十三条第七項の場合において、国税徴収法第百四十一条の規定の例により行う市町村の徴税吏員の質問に対して答弁をせず、又は偽りの陳述をしたとき。
if, in the case of Article 373, paragraph (7), the person refuses, obstructs or evades an inspection of books and documents (meaning the books and documents prescribed in Article 141 of the National Tax Collection Act; the same applies in the following item) or other articles conducted by a municipal tax collection official by following the example of the provisions of Article 141 of the National Tax Collection Act;
第三百七十三条第七項の場合において、国税徴収法第百四十一条の規定の例により行う市町村の徴税吏員の帳簿書類(同条に規定する帳簿書類をいう。次号において同じ。)その他の物件の検査を拒み、妨げ、又は忌避したとき。
if, in the case of Article 373, paragraph (7), the person, without justifiable grounds, fails to comply with a request by a municipal tax collection official for the presentation or submission of articles, made by following the example of the provisions of Article 141 of the National Tax Collection Act, or presents or submits books and documents or other articles (including copies thereof) containing false entries or records.
第三百七十三条第七項の場合において、国税徴収法第百四十一条の規定の例により行う市町村の徴税吏員の物件の提示又は提出の要求に対し、正当な理由がなくこれに応じず、又は偽りの記載若しくは記録をした帳簿書類その他の物件(その写しを含む。)を提示し、若しくは提出したとき。
Where a representative of a corporation, or an agent, employee or other worker of a corporation or person, has committed a violation set forth in the preceding paragraph in connection with the business or property of that corporation or person, in addition to punishing the offender, the fine prescribed in that paragraph is to be imposed on that corporation or person.
第三百七十六条(国税徴収法の例による固定資産税に係る滞納処分に関する虚偽の陳述の罪)
In the case of Article 373, paragraph (7), a person who makes a false statement on a matter to be stated to the mayor of the municipality by following the example of the provisions of Article 99-2 of the National Tax Collection Act (including as applied mutatis mutandis in Article 109, paragraph (4) of that Act) is punished by imprisonment for not more than six months or a fine of not more than 500,000 yen.
第三百七十三条第七項の場合において、国税徴収法第九十九条の二(同法第百九条第四項において準用する場合を含む。)の規定の例により市町村長に対して陳述すべき事項について虚偽の陳述をした者は、六月以下の拘禁刑又は五十万円以下の罰金に処する。
No English for this paragraph yet.
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Subsection 4 Fixed Assets Tax Ledger
第四款 固定資産課税台帳
Article 380Maintenance of Fixed Assets Tax Ledger, etc.
第三百八十条(固定資産課税台帳等の備付け)
A municipality must maintain a fixed assets tax ledger in order to make clear the status of fixed assets and the price of fixed assets that is the tax base for fixed assets tax.
市町村は、固定資産の状況及び固定資産税の課税標準である固定資産の価格を明らかにするため、固定資産課税台帳を備えなければならない。
A municipality may, as provided by Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, maintain all or part of the fixed assets tax ledger referred to in the preceding paragraph by maintaining an electronic or magnetic record (meaning a record made in electronic form, magnetic form or any other form that cannot be perceived by the human senses, which is used for information processing by a computer; the same applies hereinafter in this Section).
市町村は、総務省令で定めるところにより、前項の固定資産課税台帳の全部又は一部の備付けを電磁的記録(電子的方式、磁気的方式その他の人の知覚によつては認識することができない方式で作られる記録であつて、電子計算機による情報処理の用に供されるものをいう。以下本節において同じ。)の備付けをもつて行うことができる。
In addition to the fixed assets tax ledger referred to in paragraph (1), a municipality must, as provided by the Municipal Ordinance of that municipality, maintain and progressively compile cadastral maps, land use maps, soil classification maps, house sketch maps, fixed assets sale and purchase record books and other materials necessary for the valuation of fixed assets.
市町村は、第一項の固定資産課税台帳のほか、当該市町村の条例の定めるところによつて、地籍図、土地使用図、土壌分類図、家屋見取図、固定資産売買記録簿その他固定資産の評価に関して必要な資料を備えて逐次これを整えなければならない。
Article 381Matters to Be Registered in Fixed Assets Tax Ledger
第三百八十一条(固定資産課税台帳の登録事項)
The mayor of the municipality must register in the land tax ledger, as provided by Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, with respect to land registered in the register, the registered matters listed in Article 27, item (iii) and the items of Article 34, paragraph (1) of the Real Property Registration Act, the address and name or designation of the nominal holder of registration of ownership, pledge and superficies right with a specified duration of more than 100 years, and the base-year price or comparison-based price of that land (in the cases of Article 343, paragraph (2), latter part, and paragraphs (4) and (5), the address and name or designation of the person on whom fixed assets tax is to be imposed under those provisions, and the base-year price or comparison-based price).
市町村長は、土地課税台帳に、総務省令で定めるところにより、登記簿に登記されている土地について不動産登記法第二十七条第三号及び第三十四条第一項各号に掲げる登記事項、所有権、質権及び百年より長い存続期間の定めのある地上権の登記名義人の住所及び氏名又は名称並びに当該土地の基準年度の価格又は比準価格(第三百四十三条第二項後段、第四項及び第五項の場合には、これらの規定により固定資産税を課されることとなる者の住所及び氏名又は名称並びにその基準年度の価格又は比準価格)を登録しなければならない。
The mayor of the municipality must register in the supplementary land tax ledger, as provided by Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, with respect to land that is not registered in the register and on which fixed assets tax may be imposed under the provisions of this Act, the address and name or designation of the owner, and the location, lot number, land category, area and base-year price or comparison-based price of that land.
The mayor of the municipality must register in the house tax ledger, as provided by Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, with respect to houses registered in the register, the registered matters listed in Article 27, item (iii) and the items of Article 44, paragraph (1) of the Real Property Registration Act, the address and name or designation of the nominal holder of registration of ownership, and the base-year price or comparison-based price of that house (in the cases of Article 343, paragraph (2), latter part, and paragraphs (4) and (5), the address and name or designation of the person on whom fixed assets tax is to be imposed under those provisions, and the base-year price or comparison-based price).
市町村長は、家屋課税台帳に、総務省令で定めるところにより、登記簿に登記されている家屋について不動産登記法第二十七条第三号及び第四十四条第一項各号に掲げる登記事項、所有権の登記名義人の住所及び氏名又は名称並びに当該家屋の基準年度の価格又は比準価格(第三百四十三条第二項後段、第四項及び第五項の場合には、これらの規定により固定資産税を課されることとなる者の住所及び氏名又は名称並びにその基準年度の価格又は比準価格)を登録しなければならない。
The mayor of the municipality must register in the supplementary house tax ledger, as provided by Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, with respect to houses other than houses registered in the register and on which fixed assets tax may be imposed under the provisions of this Act, the address and name or designation of the owner, and the location, house number, type, structure, floor area and base-year price or comparison-based price of that house.
The mayor of the municipality must register in the depreciable assets tax ledger, as provided by Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, the address and name or designation of the owner of a depreciable asset (in the cases of Article 343, paragraphs (9) and (10), the person deemed to be the owner under those provisions; the same applies in Article 383 and Article 742, paragraphs (1) and (3)), and the location, type, quantity and price of the depreciable asset.
市町村長は、償却資産課税台帳に、総務省令で定めるところにより、償却資産の所有者(第三百四十三条第九項及び第十項の場合には、これらの規定により所有者とみなされる者とする。第三百八十三条並びに第七百四十二条第一項及び第三項において同じ。)の住所及び氏名又は名称並びにその所在、種類、数量及び価格を登録しなければならない。
In addition to what is provided for in the preceding paragraphs, the mayor of the municipality must register in the fixed assets tax ledger, for fixed assets subject to the application of Article 349-3, Article 349-3-2 or Article 349-3-4, the amount obtained by multiplying the price of those fixed assets by the rate provided for in those provisions, and for depreciable assets subject to the application of Article 349-4 or Article 349-5, the amount that the municipality is to take as the tax base for fixed assets tax under those provisions.
市町村長は、前各項に定めるもののほか、第三百四十九条の三、第三百四十九条の三の二又は第三百四十九条の三の四の規定の適用を受ける固定資産については当該固定資産の価格にこれらの規定に定める率を乗じて得た金額を、第三百四十九条の四又は第三百四十九条の五の規定の適用を受ける償却資産についてはこれらの規定により市町村が固定資産税の課税標準とすべき金額を固定資産課税台帳に登録しなければならない。
If the mayor of the municipality finds that there is an impediment to taxation because land or a house that should be registered in the register is not registered, or because the registered matters, such as the land category, differ from the facts, the mayor may request the registry office having jurisdiction over the location of that land or house to take measures such as making the registration that should be made or correcting the registered matters. In this case, the registry office must, if it finds the request appropriate, without delay take measures such as making the registration pertaining to the request or correcting the registered matters, and if it finds the request inappropriate, without delay notify the mayor of the municipality to that effect.
市町村長は、登記簿に登記されるべき土地又は家屋が登記されていないため、又は地目その他登記されている事項が事実と相違するため課税上支障があると認める場合には、当該土地又は家屋の所在地を管轄する登記所にそのすべき登記又は登記されている事項の修正その他の措置をとるべきことを申し出ることができる。この場合において、当該登記所は、その申出を相当と認めるときは、遅滞なく、その申出に係る登記又は登記されている事項の修正その他の措置をとり、その申出を相当でないと認めるときは、遅滞なく、その旨を市町村長に通知しなければならない。
When imposing fixed assets tax, based on Article 343, paragraph (7), on a person deemed to be the owner prescribed in paragraph (1) of that Article in respect of provisional replotting land, etc., provisionally used land, reserved land or replotted land, the mayor of the municipality must, as provided by Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, register on a separate sheet the address and name or designation of the person deemed to be the owner of that provisional replotting land, etc., provisionally used land, reserved land or replotted land, and the location, land category, area and base-year price or comparison-based price, and attach it to the land tax ledger or supplementary land tax ledger in which the former land corresponding to that provisional replotting land, etc. or replotted land, or the provisionally used land or reserved land, is registered. In this case, with respect to that former land or provisionally used land or reserved land, notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (2), it is not necessary to register the base-year price or comparison-based price in the land tax ledger or supplementary land tax ledger, and the separate sheet attached to that land tax ledger or supplementary land tax ledger is deemed to be a supplementary land tax ledger for the purpose of the application of the provisions of this Act.
市町村長は、第三百四十三条第七項の規定に基づいて仮換地等、仮使用地、保留地又は換地に係る同条第一項の所有者とみなされる者に対して固定資産税を課する場合には、総務省令で定めるところにより、当該仮換地等、仮使用地、保留地又は換地の所有者とみなされる者の住所、氏名又は名称並びにその所在、地目、地積及び基準年度の価格又は比準価格を別紙に登録して、これを当該仮換地等若しくは換地に対応する従前の土地又は仮使用地若しくは保留地が登録されている土地課税台帳又は土地補充課税台帳に添付しなければならない。この場合において、当該従前の土地又は仮使用地若しくは保留地については、第一項及び第二項の規定にかかわらず、土地課税台帳又は土地補充課税台帳に基準年度の価格又は比準価格を登録することを要しないものとし、当該土地課税台帳又は土地補充課税台帳に添付した別紙は、この法律の規定の適用については、土地補充課税台帳とみなす。
A municipality may, as provided by Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, prepare the separate sheet referred to in the preceding paragraph by preparing an electronic or magnetic record.
市町村は、総務省令で定めるところにより、前項の別紙の作成を電磁的記録の作成をもつて行うことができる。
tax collection officialmachine translation
「徴税吏員」
A prefectural governor (道府県知事) or a prefectural employee the governor has delegated, or a mayor of a municipality (市町村長) or a municipal employee the mayor has delegated.
Defined inArticle 1, paragraph (1), item (iii)· applies throughout the law
local government leviesmachine translation
「地方団体の徴収金」
A local tax (地方税) together with its demand fee (督促手数料), delinquency charge (延滞金), additional charge for understatement (過少申告加算金), additional charge for failure to file (不申告加算金), substantial additional charge (重加算金) and delinquent disposition costs (滞納処分費).
Defined inArticle 1, paragraph (1), item (xiv)· applies throughout the law
secondary taxpayermachine translation
「第二次納税義務者」
A person who has a secondary tax liability (第二次納税義務) under Articles 11-2 to 11-10 or Article 12-2, paragraph 2 or 3 for local tax collection money (地方団体の徴収金) owed by a taxpayer or special collector (特別徴収義務者), from whom the head of the local government collects it by a written notice stating the amount, the deadline and the place of payment.
Short name set inArticle 11, paragraph (1)
compulsory liquidation proceduremachine translation
「強制換価手続」
Any procedure that sells a debtor's property by force: delinquent tax collection (滞納処分) and procedures run in the same way, compulsory execution, auction to enforce a security interest, enforcement of an enterprise mortgage (企業担保権) or of an enterprise value charge (企業価値担保権), and bankruptcy.
Short name set inArticle 13-2, paragraph (1), item (i)
enforcement agencymachine translation
「執行機関」
An administrative body or other person carrying out a delinquent tax collection procedure (滞納処分), a court (or, in small-claims enforcement under Article 167-2, paragraph 2 of the Civil Enforcement Act, a court clerk), a court execution officer (執行官) or a bankruptcy trustee (破産管財人).
Defined inArticle 13-3, paragraph (2)
provisionally used landmachine translation
「仮使用地」
Land that the implementer (施行者) of a land readjustment project (土地区画整理事業) under the Land Readjustment Act manages under Article 100-2 of that Act (including as applied to the like projects of other Acts named in Article 343, paragraph 7) and that someone other than the implementer is using provisionally.
Short name set inArticle 343, paragraph (7)· applies only in this paragraph and in Article 381, paragraph (8)
provisional replotting land, etc.machine translation
「仮換地等」
Provisional replotting land (仮換地), land for temporary use (一時利用地) or other land that may provisionally be used or earned from, designated under laws and regulations or rules (規約) for land in a land readjustment project (土地区画整理事業) or land improvement project (土地改良事業), for which Article 343, paragraph 7 lets the municipality treat the registered owner of the corresponding former land as the owner for fixed assets tax (固定資産税) until the replotting is announced.
Short name set inArticle 343, paragraph (7)· applies only in this paragraph and in Article 349-3-3, paragraph (3); and Article 381, paragraph (8)
base-year pricemachine translation
「基準年度の価格」
The value of a piece of land or a house on the assessment date (賦課期日) of a base fiscal year (基準年度), the year in which fixed assets are revalued every three years, as registered in the land or house tax ledger (課税台帳); it is the fixed assets tax (固定資産税) base for that year.
Short name set inArticle 349, paragraph (1)
pricemachine translation
「価格」
For land or a building (家屋), its price on the assessment date (賦課期日) of the base year (基準年度) registered in the land or building tax ledgers (土地課税台帳等, 家屋課税台帳等), or the price set by comparison with it under the provisos and paragraphs of Article 349 that Article 349-3, paragraph 9 lists; for depreciable assets (償却資産), its price on the assessment date registered in the depreciable assets tax ledger (償却資産課税台帳).
Defined inArticle 349-3, paragraph (9)
comparison-based pricemachine translation
「比準価格」
A collective name for, for land and houses, the value as of the assessment date of the base year (基準年度) or a value that the proviso to Article 349, paragraph 2, the proviso to paragraph 3, paragraph 4, the proviso to paragraph 5 or paragraph 6 treats as comparable to it.
Short name set inArticle 368, paragraph (1)
books and documentsmachine translation
「帳簿書類」
The books and documents on a delinquent taxpayer's property that Article 141 of the National Tax Collection Act names, including the electronic records (電磁的記録) made or kept in their place.
Defined inArticle 375, paragraph (1), item (ii)· applies only in this provision and in Article 375, paragraph (1), item (iii)
electronic or magnetic recordmachine translation
「電磁的記録」
A record made in electronic, magnetic or any other form people cannot perceive directly, for use in computer processing.
Defined inArticle 380, paragraph (2)· applies only in this provision
landmachine translation
「土地」
Rice paddies, upland fields, building land, salt fields, mineral spring sites (鉱泉地), ponds and marshes, forests, pastures, wilderness (原野) and any other land, for the special land holding tax (特別土地保有税).
Defined inArticle 585, paragraph (2)
ownermachine translation
「所有者」
In Article 702, paragraph 1 on city planning tax (都市計画税), the person who is treated as, or deemed to be, the owner of the land or house for fixed assets tax (固定資産税) under Article 343 (other than its paragraphs 3, 9 and 10).
Defined inArticle 702, paragraph (2)
fine
罰金
A criminal punishment of paying money to the state, of 10,000 yen or more, or less where it is reduced (Penal Code, Article 15). It ranks below imprisonment (拘禁刑) and above penal detention (拘留) and a petty fine (科料) (Articles 9 and 10, paragraph (1)). A person who cannot pay it in full is held in a workhouse (労役場) for one day to two years, or up to three years where fines are imposed together, a period set when the sentence is passed (Article 18, paragraphs (1), (3) and (4)); not within thirty days of the sentence becoming final without the person's consent (paragraph (5)). If it is not enforced for three years after the sentence becomes final, the person is released from it by prescription (Articles 31 and 32, item (v)); the three years do not run while its execution is suspended under law or the person is abroad, and an act of execution interrupts them (Articles 33 and 34, paragraph (2)).
Written by AI using Penal Code, Arts. 9, 10, 15, 18, 31 to 34 as a reference.
imprisonment
拘禁刑
The punishment of being held in a penal institution (刑事施設), for life or for a fixed term of one month to twenty years (Penal Code, Article 12, paragraphs (1) and (2)); a fixed term can be raised to thirty years where the punishment is aggravated, or cut below one month where it is reduced (Article 14, paragraph (2)). To help the person reform and rehabilitate, they may be made to do work or given guidance (Article 12, paragraph (3)). It ranks below the death penalty and above a fine (罰金) among the principal punishments (Articles 9 and 10, paragraph (1)). It replaced imprisonment with work (懲役) and imprisonment without work (禁錮) when the Act Partially Amending the Penal Code, etc. (Act No. 67 of 2022) came into force (Act No. 67 of 2022, Article 2), and a person sentenced to either is treated, for the rules on a person's qualifications, as sentenced to imprisonment for the same term (Act No. 68 of 2022, Article 443, paragraph (1)).
Written by AI using Penal Code, Arts. 9, 10, 12, 14, Act No. 67 of 2022, Art. 2 and Act No. 68 of 2022, Art. 443 as a reference.
Prefectural or Municipal Ordinance
条例
A rule a local government makes for itself: a prefecture (都道府県), a city, town or village (市町村), or one of Tokyo's special wards (特別区) (Local Autonomy Act, Articles 1-3, 281 and 283). Its assembly (議会), whose members the residents elect, passes it (Articles 89 and 96, paragraph (1), item (i)), and its head — the governor or the mayor (Article 139) — promulgates it, that is, makes it public so that it can take effect (Article 16). The Constitution lets local governments make them within the limits of Acts (Constitution, Article 94), and one may not go against the national laws and regulations (法令), such as Acts, Cabinet Orders (政令) and Ministerial Orders (省令) (Local Autonomy Act, Article 14, paragraph (1)). Unless national laws and regulations provide otherwise, a local government can impose a duty or restrict a right only by one of these (Article 14, paragraph (2)), and it may write into one penalties for breaking it, within limits the Local Autonomy Act sets (Article 14, paragraph (3)). It is made for that local government's own affairs (Article 2, paragraph (2) and Article 14, paragraph (1)), so the same matter can be handled differently from one place to the next. It is a local rule, not a national one: an "ordinance" in the name of a national rule, such as an Ordinance for Enforcement of an Act, is usually a Ministerial Order (省令) or another national instrument.
Written by AI using Constitution, Art. 94 and Local Autonomy Act, Arts. 1-3, 2, 14, 16, 89, 96, 139, 281, 283 as a reference.
registration
登記
Entry in a public register kept by a registry office (登記所) — a Legal Affairs Bureau or one of its branch offices — so that the matter is made public (Real Property Registration Act, Articles 1 and 6, paragraph (1)). Rights in land and buildings, such as ownership, a superficies (地上権), a statutory lien (先取特権), a mortgage and a right of lease (賃借権), can be registered under that Act (Article 3), and matters the Commercial Code, the Companies Act and other Acts require to be registered are registered under the Commercial Registration Act (Article 1). Registration also lets a right be asserted against third parties: acquiring, losing or changing a right in rem (物権) in land or a building, such as ownership, cannot be asserted against third parties until it is registered (Civil Code, Article 177), and a matter the Companies Act requires to be registered cannot be asserted against a third party who does not know of it until it has been registered, nor, even after that, against one who had a justifiable reason for not knowing of the registration (Companies Act, Article 908, paragraph (1)).
Written by AI using Real Property Registration Act, Arts. 1, 3, 6, Commercial Registration Act, Art. 1, Civil Code, Art. 177 and Companies Act, Art. 908 as a reference.
superficies
地上権
A right to use another person's land in order to own buildings or other structures, or trees or bamboo, on it (Civil Code, Article 265). It can be entered in the land register (Real Property Registration Act, Article 3, item (ii)). The Act on Land and Building Leases counts a superficies held in order to own a building as a land leasehold right (借地権), just as it counts a lease of land for that purpose (Article 2, item (i)).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Art. 265, Real Property Registration Act, Art. 3 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Art. 2 as a reference.