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Leave, part-time staff, overtime agreements, rules of employment: the questions an HR team answers every week, checked against the text in force today rather than last year's.

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Example questions

The answers here are examples written for these pages, to show how an answer rests on the law. They are not legal advice: for your own case, read the official text and ask a qualified professional.

Example question

Do our part-time staff get paid annual leave too?

Yes. Paid leave is not only for full-time staff: those who work considerably fewer days a week get a number of days set by a Ministerial Order (省令), in proportion to the days they work.

Article 39, paragraph (3)

Labor Standards Act 労働基準法

  1. Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, the number of days of paid leave for a worker stated in the following items (excluding one whose prescribed weekly working hours are more than the hours prescribed by Order of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare) is prescribed by Order of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare based on the number of days of paid leave specified in the preceding two paragraphs in consideration of the ratio of the number of days prescribed by Order of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare as the prescribed working days in a week for a worker with a standard employment status (referred to as "the prescribed weekly working days of a worker with a standard employment status" in item (i)) to either the number of prescribed weekly working days for the relevant worker or the average number of prescribed working days per week for that worker:

    次に掲げる労働者(一週間の所定労働時間が厚生労働省令で定める時間以上の者を除く。)の有給休暇の日数については、前二項の規定にかかわらず、これらの規定による有給休暇の日数を基準とし、通常の労働者の一週間の所定労働日数として厚生労働省令で定める日数(第一号において「通常の労働者の週所定労働日数」という。)と当該労働者の一週間の所定労働日数又は一週間当たりの平均所定労働日数との比率を考慮して厚生労働省令で定める日数とする。

  2. (i)

    a worker for whom the number of prescribed weekly working days is less than the number of days prescribed by Order of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare as constituting a number that is considerably lower than the number of prescribed weekly working days of an ordinarily employed worker;

    一週間の所定労働日数が通常の労働者の週所定労働日数に比し相当程度少ないものとして厚生労働省令で定める日数以下の労働者

  3. (ii)

    a worker whose number of prescribed working days is calculated on the basis of units of time rather than weeks, and whose number of prescribed annual working days is less than the number of days prescribed by Order of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in consideration of the number of prescribed annual working days of a worker whose number of prescribed weekly working days is the number determined when one day is added to the number prescribed by Order of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, referred to in the preceding item and of other circumstances.

    週以外の期間によつて所定労働日数が定められている労働者については、一年間の所定労働日数が、前号の厚生労働省令で定める日数に一日を加えた日数を一週間の所定労働日数とする労働者の一年間の所定労働日数その他の事情を考慮して厚生労働省令で定める日数以下の労働者

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Example question

Can we pay part-time staff a lower base salary for the same job?

Not without a reason. Differences in base pay, bonuses and other treatment must not be unreasonable in view of the duties, the responsibility and the scope of transfers. Where a part-time worker's duties and transfers match a regular employee's for the whole employment, any difference because they work part-time is prohibited.

Article 8

Act on Improvement of Personnel Management and Conversion of Employment Status for Part-Time Workers and Fixed-Term Workers 短時間労働者及び有期雇用労働者の雇用管理の改善等に関する法律

  1. (1)

    An employer must not create differences between the base pay, bonuses, and other treatment of the part-time/fixed term workers it employs and its corresponding treatment of its workers with standard employment statuses that are found to be unreasonable in consideration of the circumstances, including the substance of the duties of those part-time/fixed term workers and workers with standard employment statuses and the level of responsibility associated with those duties (hereinafter referred to as the "job description") and the scope of changes in their job descriptions and assignment, that are found to be appropriate in light of the nature of the treatment and the purpose of treating workers in that way.

    事業主は、その雇用する短時間・有期雇用労働者の基本給、賞与その他の待遇のそれぞれについて、当該待遇に対応する通常の労働者の待遇との間において、当該短時間・有期雇用労働者及び通常の労働者の業務の内容及び当該業務に伴う責任の程度(以下「職務の内容」という。)、当該職務の内容及び配置の変更の範囲その他の事情のうち、当該待遇の性質及び当該待遇を行う目的に照らして適切と認められるものを考慮して、不合理と認められる相違を設けてはならない。

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Example question

An employee asked for childcare leave. Can we say no?

As a rule, no. A worker raising a child under one year old may take childcare leave by applying for it, and the employer must not refuse. A written agreement with the workers' majority union or representative can exclude only certain workers, such as those employed for less than a year.

Article 5, paragraph (1)

Act on Childcare Leave, Caregiver Leave, and Other Measures for the Welfare of Workers Caring for Children or Other Family Members 育児休業、介護休業等育児又は家族介護を行う労働者の福祉に関する法律

  1. A worker may take childcare leave (excluding the parental leave prescribed in Article 9-2, paragraph (1); the same applies in this Article through Article 9) upon applying to their employer if the child that worker takes care of is less than one year of age; provided, however, that a person employed for a fixed period of time may only file that application in cases where it is not clear that the term of that person's labor contract (or, if the labor contract has been renewed, the renewed labor contract; the same applies in paragraph (3), Article 9-2, paragraph (1), and Article 11, paragraph (1)) expires before the date on which the child that worker takes care of reaches one year and six months of age.

    労働者は、その養育する一歳に満たない子について、その事業主に申し出ることにより、育児休業(第九条の二第一項に規定する出生時育児休業を除く。以下この条から第九条までにおいて同じ。)をすることができる。ただし、期間を定めて雇用される者にあっては、その養育する子が一歳六か月に達する日までに、その労働契約(労働契約が更新される場合にあっては、更新後のもの。第三項、第九条の二第一項及び第十一条第一項において同じ。)が満了することが明らかでない者に限り、当該申出をすることができる。

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