Act on Building Unit Ownership

If there are multiple portions into which a single building is structurally divided that can be used as independent residences, stores, offices, warehouses, or other buildings, each of those portions may be made the subject of ownership, pursuant to the provisions of this Act.

①The term "unit ownership" as used in this Act means ownership whose subject is a portion of a building provided for in the preceding Article (excluding a portion that has been established as a common area pursuant to the provisions of Article 4, paragraph (2)).

②The term "unit owner" as used in this Act means a person with unit ownership.

③The term "exclusively-owned area" as used in this Act means a portion of a building that is the subject of unit ownership.

④The term "common area" as used in this Act means a portion of a building that is not an exclusively-owned area; an appurtenance to a building that is not a part of an exclusively-owned area; or an attached building that has been established as a common area pursuant to the provisions of Article 4, paragraph (2).

⑤The term "grounds of a building" or "building's grounds" as used in this Act means the land on which a building is located and the land that has been established as part of the grounds of the building pursuant to the provisions of Article 5, paragraph (1).

⑥The term "right to use the grounds" as used in this Act means the rights associated with the grounds of a building due to ownership of an exclusively-owned area.

All of the unit owners together may organize an association to manage the building, its grounds, and its attached facilities and, pursuant to the provisions of this Act, may hold meetings, establish bylaws, and appoint a manager. The same applies if a common area that should clearly be available for the common use of only some of the unit owners (hereinafter referred to as a "private common area") is managed by those unit owners.

①A corridor or staircase leading to multiple exclusively-owned areas, or any other portion of the building that, due to its structure, should be available for the common use of all or some of the unit owners, is not to be made the object of unit ownership.

②The bylaws may establish that a portion of a building or an attached building provided for in Article 1 is a common area. In such a case, that portion of the building or that attached building may not be asserted against a third party as a common area unless it has been registered as such.

①The bylaws may establish that a garden, passage, or other land managed or used by a unit owner as an integral part of the building or of the land on which the building is located is part of the grounds of the building.

②If land on which a building is located has become land that does not constitute that on which the building is located due to the partial destruction of the building, it is deemed to have been established as the grounds of the building by the bylaws pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph. The same applies if part of the land on which a building is located has become land that does not constitute that on which the building is located due to the division of the land.

As members of the association prescribed in Article 3, unit owners must cooperate with one another so that the management of the building and its grounds and attached facilities (or, in the case referred to in the second sentence of that Article, the private common area) is carried out properly and smoothly.

①A unit owner must not perform an act that is harmful to the preservation of the building or any other act that goes against the common interest of the unit owners in connection with the management or use of the building.

②Within the scope necessary to preserve or improve an exclusively-owned area or a common area, a unit owner may request to use the exclusively-owned area of another unit owner or to use a common area not under their ownership, or to preserve these areas themselves. In such a case, if another unit owner incurs damage, the requesting unit owner must pay them compensation.

③The provisions of paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis to a possessor of an exclusively-owned area who is not a unit owner (hereinafter referred to as the "possessor").

④The provisions of Article 264-8 and Article 264-14 of the Civil Code (Act No. 89 of 1896) do not apply to exclusively-owned areas and common areas.

①If a unit owner does not have, or will cease to have, an address or residence in Japan (or, for a corporation, its head office or principal office; hereinafter the same applies in this paragraph and paragraph (3)), the unit owner may appoint an administrator from among persons who have an address or residence in Japan, to have the administrator perform the affairs concerning the management of the unit owner's exclusively-owned area and common areas.

②An administrator appointed pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph (referred to as a "domestic administrator" in the following paragraph and paragraph (4)) has the authority to perform the following acts:

③If a unit owner has appointed a domestic administrator pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1), and there is a manager or an incorporated management association exists, the unit owner must notify the manager or the incorporated management association without delay of the fact that they have appointed a domestic administrator, and of the name and the address or residence of the domestic administrator.

④Beyond what is prescribed in paragraph (2), the relationship between a unit owner and the domestic administrator is governed by the provisions on mandate.

①A unit owner holds a statutory lien on the debtor's unit ownership (including the rights related to the common areas and the right to use the grounds) and on the movables with which they have furnished the building in connection with a claim that involves a common area, the grounds of the building, or attached facilities of the building other than a common area, or in connection with a claim that the unit holder holds against another unit owner based on the bylaws or a meeting resolution. The same applies to a claim that the manager or incorporated management association holds against a unit owner and that involves the manager's or association's performance of their duties or work.

②The statutory lien referred to in the preceding paragraph is deemed to be a statutory lien on the expenses for common benefits in terms of its order of priority and its effect.

③The provisions of Article 319 of the Civil Code apply mutatis mutandis to the statutory lien referred to in paragraph (1).

The claims provided for in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article may be exercised against the specific successor of the unit owner who is the debtor.

If a defect in the erection or preservation of a building has caused damage to other persons, the defect is presumed to exist in the erection or preservation of the common areas.

If there is a unit owner who does not have the right to use the grounds, a person who has the right to request the removal of the owner's exclusively-owned area may request that the owner should sell and transfer their unit ownership at its market value.

①Common areas are co-owned by all the unit owners; provided, however, that a private common area is co-owned by the unit owners who should have common use of it.

②The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not preclude any provisions to the contrary in the bylaws; provided, however, that except in the case referred to in Article 27, paragraph (1), a person other than a unit owner may not be established as an owner of a common area.

③The provisions of Article 177 of the Civil Code do not apply to a common area.

If a common area is co-owned by some or all of the unit owners, co-ownership of that common area is governed by the provisions of the following Article through Article 19.

Each co-owner may use a common area in accordance with the purpose of its use.

①Each co-owner's share in a common area is proportionate to the floor area of the exclusively-owned area the co-owner owns.

②The preceding paragraph being the case, if a private common area (excluding one that is an attached building) has a floor area, the floor area of that private common area is to be divided in proportion to the floor area of the exclusive area held by each unit owner who should have common use of that private common area, and this is to be included in the calculation of the floor area of each unit owner's exclusively-owned area.

③The floor area referred to in the preceding two paragraphs is calculated as the horizontally projected area of the part that is bounded by the inner lines of the walls and other partitions.

④The provisions of the preceding three paragraphs do not preclude any provisions to the contrary in the bylaws.

①A co-owner's share in a common area follows any disposition of the exclusively-owned area they own.

②Unless otherwise provided for in this Act, a co-owner may not dispose of their share separately from the exclusively-owned area they own.

The part of the management of a private common area that is related to the interests of all unit owners or that is provided for in the bylaws under Article 31, paragraph (2) is carried out by all unit owners, and all other management of that private common area is carried out only by the unit owners who should have common use of it.

①Changes to a common area (excluding those that do not involve significant changes to the shape or function of the common area; the same applies in paragraph (5)) are decided at a meeting at which a majority of the unit owners (excluding those who do not hold voting rights; hereinafter the same applies in this paragraph and paragraph (3)) (or, if a higher proportion is specified in the bylaws, at least that proportion), who hold a majority of the voting rights (or, if a higher proportion is specified in the bylaws, at least that proportion), are present, by resolution by at least a three-fourths majority (or, if a lower proportion (limited to a proportion exceeding one-half) is specified in the bylaws, that proportion) each of the unit owners present and of their voting rights.

②In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, if the changes to the common area will have a particular influence on the use of an exclusively-owned area, the approval of the owner of that exclusively-owned area must be obtained.

③In the case of making changes to a common area by a resolution under paragraph (1), if there is a special provision in the bylaws, an act of preservation of an exclusively-owned area, or an act for the purpose of using or improving an exclusively-owned area to the extent that it does not change the nature of the exclusively-owned area, that becomes necessary in connection with the changes to the common area (referred to as an "act of preservation of an exclusively-owned area, etc." in the following paragraph and paragraph (4) of the following Article) may be decided at a meeting at which a majority of the unit owners (or, if a higher proportion is specified in the bylaws, at least that proportion), who hold a majority of the voting rights (or, if a higher proportion is specified in the bylaws, at least that proportion), are present, by resolution by at least a three-fourths majority (or, if a lower proportion (limited to a proportion exceeding one-half) is specified in the bylaws, that proportion) each of the unit owners present and of their voting rights.

④When adopting a resolution referred to in the preceding paragraph, if matters concerning the manner of the act of preservation of an exclusively-owned area, etc. or the sharing of expenses are to be specified, equity in the interests among unit owners must be ensured by taking into consideration the status of use of the exclusively-owned area subject to the resolution by its unit owner, the price paid by the unit owner for the act of preservation of an exclusively-owned area, etc. concerning that exclusively-owned area, and any other circumstances.

⑤For the purpose of applying the provisions of paragraph (1) and paragraph (3) to changes to a common area that become necessary for removing a defect in the installation or preservation of the common area in the case where the rights or legally protected interests of others are infringed or are likely to be infringed due to the defect, or to changes to a common area that become necessary in order to improve the convenience and safety of the movement of, or the use of facilities by, elderly persons, disabled persons, etc. (meaning elderly persons, disabled persons, etc. as prescribed in Article 2, item (i) of the Act on Promotion of Smooth Transportation, etc. of Elderly Persons, Disabled Persons, etc. (Act No. 91 of 2006)) by reducing the physical burden relating to their movement or their use of facilities, the term "three-fourths" in those provisions is deemed to be replaced with "two-thirds".

①Except in the case referred to in the preceding Article, matters concerning the management of the common areas may be decided by resolution at a meeting; provided, however, that each co-owner may perform an act of preservation.

②The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not preclude any provisions to the contrary in the bylaws.

③The provisions of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis pursuant to the case referred to in the main clause of paragraph (1).

④In the case of managing a common area by a resolution under the main clause of paragraph (1), if there is a special provision in the bylaws, an act of preservation of an exclusively-owned area, etc. that becomes necessary in connection with the management of the common area may be decided by a resolution at a meeting.

⑤The provisions of paragraph (4) of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis to a resolution referred to in the preceding paragraph.

⑥Entering into a non-life insurance contract for a common area is deemed to be a matter that concerns the management of the common areas.

Each co-owner assumes the burdens of the common areas and collects profits arising from the common areas in proportion to their share, except as otherwise provided for in the bylaws.

①The unit owner specified as the owner of a common area by the bylaws pursuant to the provisions of Article 11, paragraph (2) assumes the obligation of managing the common area for the benefit of all the unit owners (or, if applicable, for the benefit of all the unit owners who should have common use of the private common area). This being the case, that unit owner may request reasonable management expenses from the relevant unit owners.

②The owner of a common area referred to in the preceding paragraph may not make changes to a common area prescribed in Article 17, paragraph (1).

If the grounds of the building or attached facilities not constituting a common area (including rights related to the grounds or facilities) is co-owned by unit owners, the provisions of Articles 17 through 19 apply mutatis mutandis to the grounds or attached facilities.

①If the right to use the grounds is a right of ownership or other such right that is held by multiple persons, a unit owner may not dispose of their exclusively-owned area separately from the right to use the grounds that is connected with their exclusively-owned area; provided, however, that this does not apply if otherwise provided for in the bylaws.

②In the case referred to in the main clause of the preceding paragraph, if the unit owner holds two or more exclusively-owned areas, the proportion of the right to use the grounds for each exclusively-owned area is to be based on the proportion specified in Article 14, paragraphs (1) through (3); provided, however, that if a proportion different from this proportion is specified in the bylaws, the right to use the grounds for each exclusively-owned area is to be based on that proportion.

③The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs apply mutatis mutandis if the right to use the grounds that is held by the person who owns all the exclusively-owned areas in the building is an ownership right or any other such right that is held by a single person.

The invalidity of a disposition of an exclusively-owned area or of the right to use the grounds that is in violation of the provisions of the main clause of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph (3) of that Article), may not be asserted against the other party if they acted in good faith; provided, however, that this does not apply if the exclusively-owned areas and the right to use the grounds are disposed of after it has been registered that they may not be disposed of separately, as provided for in the Real Property Registration Act (Act No. 123 of 2004).

In the case referred to in the main clause of Article 22, paragraph (1), the provisions of Article 255 of the Civil Code (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 264 of that Act) do not apply to the right to use the grounds.

①Except as otherwise provided for in the bylaws, the unit owners may appoint or dismiss a manager by resolution at a meeting.

②If the manager has committed a wrongful act or if there are other circumstances due to which it is not suitable for them to carry out their duties, each of the unit owners may file a request with the court for the dismissal of that manager.

①The manager has the right and the obligation to preserve the common areas and to preserve the grounds of the building and its attached facilities in the case prescribed in Article 21 (each of these is referred to as a "common area or co-owned grounds or attached facilities" in the following paragraph), to implement meeting resolutions, and to engage in the acts specified in the bylaws.

②In connection with their duties (including claims for and the receipt of insurance money based on a non-life insurance contract under the provisions of Article 18, paragraph (6) (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 21), as well as compensation for damages arising in connection with a common area or co-owned grounds or attached facilities and monies to be returned due to unjust enrichment (hereinafter referred to as "insurance money, etc." in this Article and Article 47); the same applies in paragraph (4)), the manager acts as the agent of the unit owners (or, with regard to claims for and the receipt of insurance money, etc., of the persons who hold the right to claim insurance money, etc. (limited to unit owners or persons who were unit owners (excluding persons who were unit owners and who have manifested an intention to the contrary in writing or by electronic or magnetic means (meaning the means of using an electronic data processing system or of making use of information and communications technology that is specified by Ministry of Justice Order; the same applies hereinafter))); hereinafter the same applies in this Article and Article 47); the same applies in that paragraph).

③A limitation on a manager's authority to act as agent may not be asserted against a third party in good faith.

④Pursuant to the provisions of the bylaws or meeting resolutions, the manager may be named as plaintiff or defendant for a unit owner, in connection with their duties.

⑤In the cases set forth in the following items, the manager must notify the persons specified in the respective items of this without delay. In such a case, the provisions of Article 35, paragraphs (2) through (4) apply mutatis mutandis to the notice to unit owners.

①The manager may own common areas if there are special provisions in the bylaws permitting this.

②The provisions of Article 6, paragraph (2) and Article 20 apply mutatis mutandis to the case referred to in the preceding paragraph.

Beyond what is prescribed in this Act and in the bylaws, the rights and obligations of a manager are governed by the provisions on delegation.

①The proportion of liability that a unit owner assumes in connection with the acts the manager has performed with a third party within the scope of their duties is the same as the proportion specified in Article 14;provided, however, that if the bylaws have specified a proportion for sharing in the expenses necessary for the management of the building, its grounds, and its attached facilities, the proportion of liability is to be based on that proportion.

②A claim that a third party holds against a unit owner due to an act under the preceding paragraph may be brought against the specific successor of the unit owner.

①Beyond what is provided for in this Act, the bylaws may provide for matters among the unit owners that concern the management or use of a building or its grounds or attached facilities.

②Matters concerning a private common area that do not affect the interests of all of the unit owners may be provided for in the bylaws of the unit owners who are to have common use of that area, unless these are provided for in the bylaws of all the unit owners.

③The bylaws prescribed in the preceding two paragraphs must be established in a manner that ensures equity in the interests among unit owners by comprehensively taking into consideration the shapes, areas, positional relationships, purpose of use, and status of use, as well as the price paid by each unit owner and any other circumstances concerning the exclusively-owned areas, common areas, or grounds or attached facilities of the building (including rights related to the grounds or attached facilities).

④In the cases referred to in paragraph (1) and paragraph (2), the bylaws may not prejudice the rights of persons other than unit owners.

⑤The bylaws must be prepared in writing or by means of electronic or magnetic records (meaning a record that is created in an electronic format, a magnetic format, or any other format that cannot be perceived by the human senses, and that is specified by Ministry of Justice Order as being used in computerized information processing; the same applies hereinafter).

①The establishment, amendment, or repeal of the bylaws is effected by resolution at a meeting at which a majority of the unit owners (excluding those who do not hold voting rights; hereinafter the same applies in the first sentence of this paragraph) (or, if a higher proportion is specified in the bylaws, at least that proportion), who hold a majority of the voting rights (or, if a higher proportion is specified in the bylaws, at least that proportion), are present, by at least a three-fourths majority of the unit owners present and a three-fourths majority of their votes. In such a case, if the establishment, amendment, or repeal of the bylaws will have a special influence on the rights of some unit owners, their approval must be obtained.

②The establishment, amendment, or repeal of the bylaws of all the unit owners concerning a matter prescribed in paragraph (2) of the preceding Article may not be effected if more than one-fourth of the unit owners who should have common use of the private common area (excluding those who do not hold voting rights) or persons who hold more than one-fourth of the voting rights connected with the private common area oppose the establishment, amendment, or repeal.

A person who initially owns all the exclusively-owned areas of a building may establish the bylaws under Article 4, paragraph (2), Article 5, paragraph (1), the proviso to Article 22, paragraph (1), and the proviso to paragraph (2) of that Article (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph (3) of that Article) by a notarial deed.

①The bylaws must be retained by the manager; provided, however, that if there is no manager, the bylaws must be retained by a unit owner who is using the building or their agent who has been specified in the bylaws or by meeting resolution.

②If the person who has retained the bylaws pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph receives a request from an interested party, the person must not refuse to allow them to inspect the bylaws (or, if the bylaws have been prepared in the form of electronic or magnetic records, to inspect the content of the data recorded in the electronic or magnetic records, displayed in a means that is specified by Ministry of Justice Order at the place where the bylaws are retained), unless there are legitimate grounds for doing so.

③If the bylaws have been prepared in the form of electronic or magnetic records, the person who retains the bylaws pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) may, in lieu of allowing the inspection under the preceding paragraph of the content of the data recorded in the electronic or magnetic records displayed in a means specified by Ministry of Justice Order, provide the data recorded in the electronic or magnetic records by electronic or magnetic means with the consent of the interested party who made the request under that paragraph, pursuant to the provisions of Ministry of Justice Order. In such a case, the person who retains the bylaws is deemed to have allowed the inspection under that paragraph.

④The place where the bylaws are retained must be posted somewhere conspicuous within the building.

①Meetings are to be convened by the manager.

②The manager must convene a meeting at least once a year.

③One-fifth or more of the unit owners (excluding those who do not hold voting rights; the same applies in paragraph (5)) who hold at least one-fifth of all of the voting rights may indicate a subject matter for a meeting and request that the manager convene one; provided, however, that this quorum may be reduced by the bylaws.

④If a request under the preceding paragraph has been made, but, within two weeks, the manager does not send any convocation notice for a meeting setting a day within four weeks from the request date as the date of the meeting, the unit owners who made the request may convene a meeting.

⑤If there is no manager, persons who constitute one-fifth or more of the unit owners and who hold at least one-fifth of all the voting rights may convene a meeting; provided, however, that this quorum may be reduced by the bylaws.

①The convocation notice for a meeting must indicate the subject matter of the meeting and the outline of the proposal and be sent to each unit owner (excluding those who do not hold voting rights) at least one week prior to the date of the meeting; provided, however that this period may be extended by the bylaws.

②If an exclusively-owned area is under the co-ownership of multiple persons, it is sufficient to send the notice under the preceding paragraph to the person whom it has been decided will exercise their voting rights (or to one of the co-owners, if there is no such person) pursuant to the provisions of Article 40.

③It is sufficient to send the notice under paragraph (1) to the place where the unit owner has notified the manager that they will receive notices, and if the unit owner has not notified the manager of such a place, to the place where the exclusively-owned area owned by the unit owner is located. In such a case, the notice under that paragraph is deemed to have arrived at the time when the notice should have normally arrived.

④If a special provision is provided in the bylaws, the notice under paragraph (1) may be given to a unit owner whose address is in the building, or to a unit owner who has not notified the manager of the place where they are to receive notices under the preceding paragraph, by posting the notice somewhere conspicuous within the building. In such a case, the notice under paragraph (1) is deemed to have arrived at the time when the notice is posted.

If all of the unit owners (excluding those who do not hold voting rights) have given their consent, a meeting may be held without going through convocation procedures.

①Only a matter for which notice has been given in advance pursuant to the provisions of Article 35 may be voted on as a resolution at a meeting.

②The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not preclude any provisions to the contrary in the bylaws, except for matters concerning which this Act prescribes a special quorum for meeting resolutions.

③The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs do not apply to a meeting under the provisions of the preceding Article.

The voting rights of each unit owner are to be in accordance with the proportion specified in Article 14, except as otherwise provided for in the bylaws.

①If a unit owner cannot be identified or the whereabouts of a unit owner cannot be ascertained, the court may, at the request of the unit owners other than that unit owner (referred to as an "unknown or missing unit owner" in the following paragraph) (hereinafter referred to as "general unit owners" in this paragraph and paragraph (3)) or of the manager, make a judicial decision to the effect that a resolution at a meeting may be adopted by the general unit owners.

②Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding Article, a person who has been found to be an unknown or missing unit owner by the judicial decision referred to in the preceding paragraph does not hold voting rights at a meeting (or, if the building to which that judicial decision pertains has been destroyed, voting rights at a meeting held by the persons who hold the right to use the grounds pertaining to that building or who hold a share of co-ownership in the attached facilities of the building (including rights related to them)).

③If the judicial decision referred to in paragraph (1) has been made at the request of general unit owners, those general unit owners must notify the manager of this without delay; provided, however, that if there is no manager, they must post a notice to that effect somewhere conspicuous within the building.

①A meeting's decisions are to be decided by a majority of the unit owners present (excluding those who do not hold voting rights) and with a majority of their votes, except as otherwise provided for in this Act or in the bylaws.

②Voting rights may also be exercised in writing or through an agent. In such a case, the number of unit owners who have exercised their voting rights in writing or through an agent is included in the number of unit owners present, and the number of those voting rights is included in the number of voting rights of the unit owners present.

③Pursuant to the bylaws or a resolution at a meeting, a unit owner may exercise voting rights by electronic or magnetic means in lieu of the exercise of voting rights in writing under the provisions of the preceding paragraph. In such a case, the provisions of the second sentence of that paragraph apply by deeming the exercise of voting rights by electronic or magnetic means to be the exercise of voting rights in writing.

If an exclusively-owned area is co-owned by multiple persons, the co-owners must decide upon one person who will exercise their voting rights, by a majority in accordance with the value of the share of each co-owner.

The manager or one of the unit owners who convened the meeting is to serve as the chairperson at the meeting, unless otherwise provided for in the bylaws or if it has been otherwise resolved.

①The chairperson must prepare minutes of the proceedings of a meeting in writing or in the form of electronic or magnetic records.

②An outline of the proceedings of the meeting and their results must be entered or recorded in the minutes.

③In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, if the minutes have been prepared in writing, the chairperson and two unit owners who attended the meeting must sign them.

④In the case referred to in paragraph (2), if the minutes have been prepared in the form of electronic or magnetic records, measures specified by Ministry of Justice Order that are used in place of signatures and that are implemented by the chairperson and two unit owners who attended the meeting must be taken for the data recorded in the electronic or magnetic records.

⑤The provisions of Article 33 apply mutatis mutandis to the minutes.

A manager must report on their administrative affairs at a meeting, at a certain time once a year.

①If a person who has possession of an exclusively-owned area with the consent of the unit owner holds an interest in the subject matter of the meeting, the person may attend the meeting and state their opinion.

②In the case prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the person who convened the meeting must post the date and place of the meeting, the subject matter of the meeting, and the outline of the proposal somewhere conspicuous within the building without delay after sending the convocation notice pursuant to the provisions of Article 35.

①If a resolution is required to be voted on at a meeting pursuant to the provisions of this Act or the bylaws and if all of the unit owners (excluding those who do not hold voting rights; the same applies in the following paragraph) consent, the resolution may be voted on either in writing or by electronic or magnetic means; provided, however, that the consent of the unit owners concerning a resolution voted on by electronic or magnetic means must be obtained pursuant to the provisions of Ministry of Justice Order.

②If all of the unit owners agree unanimously in writing or by electronic or magnetic means, a matter that was required to have been decided by a resolution voted on at a meeting pursuant to the provisions of this Act or the bylaws, is deemed to have been decided by a resolution voted on in writing or by electronic or magnetic means.

③A resolution that has been voted on in writing or by electronic or magnetic means concerning a matter that was required to have been decided by a resolution voted on at a meeting pursuant to the provisions of this Act or the bylaws has the same effect as a meeting resolution.

④The provisions of Article 33 apply mutatis mutandis to documents related to a resolution voted on in writing or by electronic or magnetic means, and to the electronic or magnetic records that are prepared by electronic or magnetic means in a case in which the electronic or magnetic means referred to in paragraph (1) or paragraph (2) are used.

⑤The provisions concerning meetings apply mutatis mutandis to resolutions voted on in writing or by electronic or magnetic means.

①Bylaws and meeting resolutions also become effective against the specific successor of a unit owner.

②A possessor has the same obligations as the obligations that the unit owners have based on the bylaws or meeting resolutions, as it concerns the way in which the possessor uses the building, its grounds, or its attached facilities.

①If a unit owner of an exclusively-owned area cannot be identified or their whereabouts cannot be ascertained (or, if the exclusively-owned area is under the co-ownership of multiple persons, with regard to a share of co-ownership in the exclusively-owned area whose co-owner cannot be identified or whose co-owner's whereabouts cannot be ascertained), the court may, if it finds it necessary, at the request of an interested person, issue a disposition ordering management by an administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner (meaning the administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner prescribed in paragraph (4); the same applies in paragraph (3)), covering the exclusively-owned area or the share of co-ownership to which the request pertains (hereinafter referred to as an "order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner").

②The effect of an order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner extends to movables located in the exclusively-owned area subject to that order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner (or, if the order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner was issued with a share of co-ownership as its subject, the exclusively-owned area that is the co-owned property) or in a common area, attached facilities, or the grounds of the building (limited to movables owned by the unit owner of the exclusively-owned area subject to that order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner or by the person who holds the share of co-ownership), and to rights related to the common areas and attached facilities and to the right to use the grounds (in both cases, limited to those held by the unit owner of the exclusively-owned area subject to that order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner or by the person who holds the share of co-ownership).

③An order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner may also be issued, in the case where an order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner has been issued and that order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner has subsequently been rescinded, if it is found necessary with regard to the property obtained by the administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner through the management or disposition of, or any other cause relating to, the exclusively-owned area or share of co-ownership covered by that order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner, the movables on which that order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner has effect, rights related to the common areas and the attached facilities, and the right to use the grounds.

④When issuing an order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner, the court must appoint an administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner in that order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner.

①If an administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner has been appointed pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (4) of the preceding Article, the right to manage and dispose of the exclusively-owned area or share of co-ownership covered by the order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner, the movables on which the order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner has effect, rights related to the common areas and the attached facilities, the right to use the grounds, and the property obtained by the administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner through the management or disposition of, or any other cause relating to, these (hereinafter referred to as the "exclusively-owned area, etc. with an unknown owner") is vested exclusively in the administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner.

②In order to perform an act exceeding the scope of the following acts, the administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner must obtain the permission of the court; provided, however, that the lack of this permission may not be asserted against a third party acting in good faith:

①If an order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner has been issued, the administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner is to be the plaintiff or defendant in an action concerning the exclusively-owned area, etc. with an unknown owner.

②If an order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner has been issued, litigation proceedings concerning the exclusively-owned area, etc. with an unknown owner to which the owner of that exclusively-owned area, etc. with an unknown owner (including a person who holds a share of co-ownership in it; the same applies in paragraph (5)) is a party are interrupted.

③The administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner may take over the litigation proceedings interrupted pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph. In such a case, a petition for the taking over of the proceedings may also be filed by the other party.

④If an order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner has been rescinded, litigation proceedings concerning the exclusively-owned area, etc. with an unknown owner to which the administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner is a party are interrupted.

⑤The owner of the exclusively-owned area, etc. with an unknown owner must take over the litigation proceedings interrupted pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph. In such a case, a petition for the taking over of the proceedings may also be filed by the other party.

①The administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner must exercise their authority with the due care of a prudent manager for the benefit of the owner of the exclusively-owned area, etc. with an unknown owner (including a person who holds a share of co-ownership in it).

②If an order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner has been issued covering the shares of co-ownership of multiple persons, the administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner must exercise their authority in good faith and impartially for the benefit of all of the persons who hold the shares of co-ownership covered by that order for management of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner.

①If the administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner has caused significant damage to the exclusively-owned area, etc. with an unknown owner in breach of their duties, or if there are any other material grounds, the court may dismiss the administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner at the request of an interested person.

②The administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner may resign with the permission of the court if there are legitimate grounds.

①The administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner may receive, from the exclusively-owned area, etc. with an unknown owner, advance payment of expenses and remuneration in the amount determined by the court.

②Expenses and remuneration necessary for the management of the exclusively-owned area, etc. with an unknown owner by the administrator of an exclusively-owned area with an unknown owner are borne by the owner of the exclusively-owned area, etc. with an unknown owner (including a person who holds a share of co-ownership in it).

①If the rights or legally protected interests of others are infringed or are likely to be infringed as a result of the inappropriate management of an exclusively-owned area by its unit owner, the court may, if it finds it necessary, at the request of an interested person, issue a disposition ordering management by the administrator of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area prescribed in paragraph (3), covering that exclusively-owned area (hereinafter referred to as an "order for management of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area").

②The effect of an order for management of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area extends to movables located in the exclusively-owned area subject to that order for management of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area or in a common area, attached facilities, or the grounds of the building (limited to movables owned by the unit owner of the exclusively-owned area subject to that order for management of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area or by a person who holds a share of co-ownership in it), and to rights related to the common areas and attached facilities and to the right to use the grounds (in both cases, limited to those held by the unit owner of the exclusively-owned area subject to that order for management of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area or by a person who holds a share of co-ownership in it).

③When issuing an order for management of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area, the court must appoint an administrator of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area in that order for management of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area.

①The administrator of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area has the authority to manage and dispose of the exclusively-owned area covered by the order for management of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area, the movables on which the order for management of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area has effect, rights related to the common areas and the attached facilities, the right to use the grounds, and the property obtained by the administrator of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area through the management or disposition of, or any other cause relating to, these (hereinafter referred to as the "poorly managed exclusively-owned area, etc.").

②Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the administrator of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area may not exercise voting rights at a meeting.

③In order to perform an act exceeding the scope of the following acts, the administrator of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area must obtain the permission of the court; provided, however, that the lack of this permission may not be asserted against a third party acting in good faith and without negligence:

④The permission referred to in the preceding paragraph for the disposition of the exclusively-owned area covered by an order for management of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area may not be granted without the consent of its unit owner.

①The administrator of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area must exercise their authority with the due care of a prudent manager for the benefit of the owner of the poorly managed exclusively-owned area, etc.

②If the poorly managed exclusively-owned area, etc. is under the co-ownership of multiple persons, the administrator of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area must exercise their authority in good faith and impartially for the benefit of all of the persons who hold the shares of co-ownership in it.

①If the administrator of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area has caused significant damage to the poorly managed exclusively-owned area, etc. in breach of their duties, or if there are any other material grounds, the court may dismiss the administrator of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area at the request of an interested person.

②The administrator of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area may resign with the permission of the court if there are legitimate grounds.

①The administrator of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area may receive, from the poorly managed exclusively-owned area, etc., advance payment of expenses and remuneration in the amount determined by the court.

②Expenses and remuneration necessary for the management of the poorly managed exclusively-owned area, etc. by the administrator of a poorly managed exclusively-owned area are borne by the owner of the poorly managed exclusively-owned area, etc.

①If the rights or legally protected interests of others are infringed or are likely to be infringed as a result of the inappropriate management of a common area by the unit owners, the court may, if it finds it necessary, at the request of an interested person, issue a disposition ordering management by the administrator of a poorly managed common area prescribed in paragraph (3), covering that common area (hereinafter referred to as an "order for management of a poorly managed common area").

②The effect of an order for management of a poorly managed common area extends to movables located in the common area subject to that order for management of a poorly managed common area (limited to movables owned by the owner of the common area subject to that order for management of a poorly managed common area or by a person who holds a share of co-ownership in it).

③When issuing an order for management of a poorly managed common area, the court must appoint an administrator of a poorly managed common area in that order for management of a poorly managed common area.

The provisions of Articles 46-9 through 46-12 apply mutatis mutandis to an order for management of a poorly managed common area and an administrator of a poorly managed common area. In such a case, the term "poorly managed exclusively-owned area, etc." in those provisions is deemed to be replaced with "poorly managed common area, etc."; the term "exclusively-owned area" in Article 46-9, paragraph (1) is deemed to be replaced with "common area", and the phrase "movables on which the order has effect, rights related to the common areas and the attached facilities, the right to use the grounds" in that paragraph is deemed to be replaced with "movables on which the order has effect"; the term "exclusively-owned area" in paragraph (4) of that Article is deemed to be replaced with "common area", and the term "unit owner" in that paragraph is deemed to be replaced with "owner"; and the phrase "are borne by the owner of" in Article 46-12, paragraph (2) is deemed to be replaced with "are jointly and severally borne by the persons who co-own".

①The association prescribed in Article 3 becomes a corporation by deciding that it is to become a corporation and its name and office through a meeting resolution adopted at a meeting at which a majority of the unit owners (excluding those who do not hold voting rights; hereinafter the same applies in this paragraph) (or, if a higher proportion is specified in the bylaws, at least that proportion), who hold a majority of the voting rights (or, if a higher proportion is specified in the bylaws, at least that proportion), are present, by at least a three-fourths majority each of the unit owners present and of their voting rights, and by making a registration in the locality of its principal office.

②A corporation under the provisions of the preceding paragraph is called an "incorporated management association".

③Beyond what is provided for in this Act, Cabinet Order prescribes the necessary matters for the registration of an incorporated management association.

④A matter that is required to be registered for an incorporated management association may not be asserted against a third party until after it has been registered.

⑤The meeting resolutions, the bylaws, and the acts performed within the scope of the duties of a manager before the establishment of an incorporated management association, become effective against the incorporated management association.

⑥An incorporated management association acts as the agent of the unit owners (or, with regard to claims for and the receipt of insurance money, etc., of the persons who hold the right to claim insurance money, etc.; the same applies in that paragraph) in connection with its administrative affairs (including claims for and the receipt of insurance money, etc.; the same applies in paragraph (8)).

⑦A limitation on an incorporated management association's authority to act as agent may not be asserted against a third party in good faith.

⑧Pursuant to the provisions of the bylaws or meeting resolutions, an incorporated management association may be named as plaintiff or defendant for a unit owner, in connection with its administrative affairs.

⑨In the cases set forth in the following items, the incorporated management association must notify the persons specified in the respective items of this without delay. In such a case, the provisions of Article 35, paragraphs (2) through (4) apply mutatis mutandis to the notice to unit owners.

⑩The provisions of Article 4 and Article 78 of the Act on General Incorporated Associations and General Incorporated Foundations (Act No. 48 of 2006) apply mutatis mutandis to an incorporated management association, and the provisions of Article 16, paragraph (2) of the Bankruptcy Act (Act No. 75 of 2004) apply mutatis mutandis to an existing incorporated management association.

⑪The provisions of Section 4 and the proviso to Article 33, paragraph (1) (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 42, paragraph (5) and Article 45, paragraph (4)) do not apply to an incorporated management association.

⑫For the purpose of applying the provisions of the main clause of Article 33, paragraph (1) (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 42, paragraph (5) and Article 45, paragraph (4); hereinafter the same applies in this paragraph), Article 34, paragraphs (1) through (3) and paragraph (5), Article 35, paragraph (3), Article 38-2, paragraphs (1) and (3), Article 41, and Article 43 in the case where an incorporated management association exists, the term "manager" in those provisions (excluding the main clause of Article 33, paragraph (1) and Article 38-2, paragraph (1)) is deemed to be replaced with "director", the term "by the manager" in the main clause of Article 33, paragraph (1) is deemed to be replaced with "by the director at the office of an incorporated management association", and the term "manager" in Article 38-2, paragraph (1) is deemed to be replaced with "incorporated management association".

⑬To apply the provisions of the Corporation Tax Act (Act No. 34 of 1965) and other laws and regulations related to corporation tax, an incorporated management association is deemed to be a corporation in the public interest, etc. prescribed in Article 2, item (vi) of that Act. This being the case, when the provisions of Article 37 of that Act apply, the phrase "corporation in the public interest, etc. (excluding" in Article 37, paragraph (4) of that Act is deemed to be replaced with "corporation in the public interest, etc. (excluding an incorporated management association"; and when the provisions of Article 66 of that Act apply, the term "ordinary corporation" in paragraph (1) of Article 66 of that Act is deemed to be replaced with "ordinary corporation (including an incorporated management association)", the phrase "excluding a mutual company as prescribed in the Insurance Business Act" in paragraph (2) of that Article is deemed to be replaced with "excluding a mutual company as prescribed in the Insurance Business Act, and including an incorporated management association", and the phrase "corporation in the public interest, etc. (excluding" in Article 66, paragraph (3) of the Act is deemed to be replaced with "corporation in the public interest, etc. (excluding an incorporated management association and".

⑭To apply the provisions of the Consumption Tax Act (Act No. 108 of 1988) and other laws and regulations related to consumption tax, an incorporated management association is deemed to be a corporation set forth in the Appended Table No. 3 of that Act.

①An incorporated management association must use the characters "管理組合法人" [transliterated as "kanri-kumiai-houjin" and meaning "incorporated management association"] in its name.

②No person other than an incorporated management association may use the characters "管理組合法人" [transliterated as "kanri-kumiai-houjin" and meaning "incorporated management association"] in its name.

①An incorporated management association must prepare an inventory of assets at the time of its establishment and also annually at a time between January and March, and must keep this at its principal office at all times; provided, however, that if an incorporated management association expressly establishes a business year, it must prepare an inventory of assets at the time of its establishment and at the end of each business year.

②An incorporated management association must keep a register of unit owners and make the necessary changes to the register whenever there is a change in the unit owners.

①An incorporated management association must have a director.

②If there are multiple directors, an incorporated management association's administrative affairs are decided by the majority of the directors, unless otherwise provided for in the bylaws.

③The director acts as the representative of the incorporated management association.

④If there are multiple directors, each director acts as a representative of the incorporated management association.

⑤The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not preclude an incorporated management association from designating a director to act as the incorporated management association's representative or from providing for multiple directors to jointly act as the incorporated management association's representatives in its bylaws or by resolution at a meeting, or from specifying that the director who is to act as the incorporated management association's representative is to be chosen by the election of a director by and from among the directors themselves under the provisions of the bylaws.

⑥The director's term of office is to be two years; provided, however, that if the bylaws specify a different period of no longer than three years, that period is to be the director's term of office.

⑦If there is a vacancy in the office of a director, or a shortfall in the number of directors as specified in the bylaws, a director who has retired due to expiration of their term of office or has resigned from their office is to perform the duties of a director until a newly appointed director (including a provisional director referred to in Article 49-4, paragraph (1)) assumes office.

⑧The provisions of Article 25 apply mutatis mutandis to a director.

A limitation on a director's authority to act as agent may not be asserted against a third party in good faith.

A director may delegate their authority to undertake a specific act as an agent to other persons, but only if that delegation is not prohibited by the bylaws or a meeting resolution.

①If there is a vacancy in the office of a director and damage is likely to occur due to a delay in administrative affairs, the court must appoint a provisional director, at the request of an interested person or the public prosecutor.

②Cases concerning the appointment of a provisional director are to be subject to the jurisdiction of the district court with jurisdiction in the locality of the incorporated management association's principal office.

①An incorporated management association is to have an auditor.

②An auditor may not concurrently hold the position of the director or employee of an incorporated management association.

③The duties of an auditor are as follows:

④The provisions of Article 25, Article 49, paragraph (6) and paragraph (7), and the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis to an auditor.

The auditor represents an incorporated management association in connection with a matter involving a conflict of interest between an incorporated management association and directors.

①Beyond what is provided for in this Act, all administrative affairs of an incorporated management association are carried out based on meeting resolutions; provided, however, that except for matters concerning which this Act prescribes a special quorum for meeting resolutions and the matters prescribed in Article 57, paragraph (2), the bylaws may provide that matters are to be decided by the directors and other officers.

②Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the director may decide on an act of preservation.

①If it is necessary in order to manage the building and its grounds and attached facilities, an incorporated management association may acquire the unit ownership of that building, or land that should be managed or used together with that building and the land on which that building is located, by a resolution adopted at a meeting at which a majority of the unit owners (excluding those who do not hold voting rights; hereinafter the same applies in this paragraph) (or, if a higher proportion is specified in the bylaws, at least that proportion), who hold a majority of the voting rights (or, if a higher proportion is specified in the bylaws, at least that proportion), are present, by at least a three-fourths majority each of the unit owners present and of their voting rights.

②Even if an incorporated management association has acquired unit ownership pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, it does not hold voting rights at a meeting of that incorporated management association, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 38.

①If an incorporated management association is unable to satisfy its obligations in full with its assets, the unit owners are liable for the performance of obligations in the same proportion as that specified in Article 14;provided, however, that if a proportion for sharing expenses prescribed in the proviso to Article 29, paragraph (1) has been specified, the unit owners' liability is to be in accordance with that proportion.

②The provisions of the preceding paragraph also apply if enforcement against the assets of the incorporated management association does not prove to be effective.

③The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply if the unit owners have proved that the incorporated management association has sufficient financial resources and that the execution can be easily performed.

A unit owner's specific successor has the same liability as that which the unit owner has pursuant to the preceding Article, even if it concerns obligations of the incorporated management association that arose before the succession.

①An incorporated management association is dissolved on the following grounds:

②The resolution referred to in item (iii) of the preceding paragraph is adopted at a meeting at which a majority of the unit owners (excluding those who do not hold voting rights; hereinafter the same applies in this paragraph) (or, if a higher proportion is specified in the bylaws, at least that proportion), who hold a majority of the voting rights (or, if a higher proportion is specified in the bylaws, at least that proportion), are present, by at least a three-fourths majority each of the unit owners present and of their voting rights.

A dissolved incorporated management association is deemed to continue to exist inasmuch as the purpose of liquidation is concerned, until the completion of the liquidation.

If an incorporated management association is dissolved, unless it is dissolved due to an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings, the director is to be the liquidator; provided, however, that this does not apply if otherwise provided for in the bylaws or if a person other than a director has been appointed at a meeting.

If there is no person to become a liquidator pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article or if damage is likely to occur due to a vacancy in the office of liquidator, the court may appoint a liquidator at the request of an interested person or the public prosecutor, or by its own authority.

If there are material grounds, the court may dismiss a liquidator at the request of an interested person or the public prosecutor, or by its own authority.

①The duties of a liquidator are as follows:

②A liquidator may engage in any and all acts necessary for the performance of the duties set forth in the items of the preceding paragraph.

①Within two months from the day on which a liquidator takes office, the liquidator must demand that creditors file their claims within a stated period of time, by giving public notice on at least three occasions. In such a case, the stated period of time may not be shorter than two months.

②The public notice set forth in the preceding paragraph must be accompanied by a supplementary note stating that if a creditor does not file a claim within the stated period the creditor will be excluded from the liquidation; provided, however, that the liquidator may not exclude any known creditor.

③A liquidator must separately make a demand to each known creditor to file their claims.

④The public notice referred to in paragraph (1) is given by publication in the Official Gazette.

A creditor who files a claim after the lapse of the period referred to in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article may only make a claim against the assets that have not been delivered to persons with vested rights, after all obligations of the incorporated management association have been fully performed.

①If it becomes apparent during liquidation that the assets of an incorporated management association are insufficient for the full performance of its obligations, the liquidator must immediately file a petition to commence bankruptcy proceedings and give public notice to that effect.

②If an incorporated management association under liquidation has become subject to an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings, the liquidator is considered to have completed their duties once the association's administrative affairs are transferred to a bankruptcy trustee.

③In the case prescribed in the preceding paragraph, if the incorporated management association under liquidation has already paid any money to the creditors, or has delivered any assets to persons with vested rights, the bankruptcy trustee may retrieve that money or those assets.

④The public notice pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) is given by publication in the Official Gazette.

The assets of a dissolved incorporated management association, unless otherwise provided for in the bylaws, are to vest in each unit owner in the same proportion as that specified in Article 14.

①The dissolution and liquidation of an incorporated management association are subject to the supervision of the court.

②The court, on its own authority, may conduct any inspection that is necessary for the supervision referred to in the preceding paragraph at any time.

Cases concerning the supervision of the dissolution and liquidation of an incorporated management association and cases concerning the liquidator are subject to the jurisdiction of the district court with jurisdiction in the locality of the incorporated management association's principal office.

No appeal may be entered against a judicial decision on the appointment of a liquidator.

If the court has appointed a liquidator pursuant to the provisions of Article 55-4, it may fix the amount of remuneration that the incorporated management association is to pay to the liquidator. In such a case, the court must hear statements from the liquidator and the auditor.

①The court may appoint an inspector for the purpose of having them carry out any investigation that is necessary for the supervision of the dissolution and liquidation of an incorporated management association.

②The provisions of Article 56-4 and Article 56-5 apply mutatis mutandis if the court has appointed an inspector pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph. In such a case, the term "the liquidator and the auditor" in that Article is deemed to be replaced with "the incorporated management association and the inspector".

①If a unit owner has performed an act prescribed in Article 6, paragraph (1) or if a unit owner is likely to perform such an act, all of the other unit owners or the incorporated management association may request that the unit owner discontinue the act, remove the outcome of the act, or take necessary measures to prevent the act, for the common interest of the unit owners.

②In order for an action to be filed based on the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the decision to file must be adopted as a meeting resolution.

③Pursuant to a meeting resolution, a manager or a unit owner who has been designated at a meeting may file an action prescribed in the preceding paragraph on behalf of all of the other unit owners referred to in paragraph (1).

④The provisions of the preceding three paragraphs apply mutatis mutandis if the possessor has performed an act set forth in Article 6, paragraph (1) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph (3) of that Article and if the possessor is likely to perform such an act.

①In the case prescribed in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, if the act specified in Article 6, paragraph (1) significantly impedes the unit owners' community life and if there is difficulty in removing the impediment and securing the use of the common area or maintaining the other unit owners' community life by making a request under the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, all of the other unit owners or the incorporated management association, based on a meeting resolution, may file an action seeking to prohibit the unit owner involved in the act from using the exclusively-owned area for a reasonable period of time.

②A resolution referred to in the preceding paragraph is adopted at a meeting at which a majority of the unit owners (excluding those who do not hold voting rights; hereinafter the same applies in this paragraph) (or, if a higher proportion is specified in the bylaws, at least that proportion), who hold a majority of the voting rights (or, if a higher proportion is specified in the bylaws, at least that proportion), are present, by at least a three-fourths majority each of the unit owners present and of their voting rights.

③In order for the resolution referred to in paragraph (1) to be decided on, the relevant unit owner must be given the opportunity to give an explanation in advance.

④The provisions of paragraph (3) of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis to the filing of an action as referred to in paragraph (1).

①In the case prescribed in Article 57, paragraph (1), if the act prescribed in Article 6, paragraph (1) significantly impedes the unit owners' community life and if there is difficulty in removing the impediment and securing the use of the common area or maintaining the other unit owners' community life through other means, all of the other unit owners or the incorporated management association, based on a meeting resolution, may file an action seeking to auction off the unit ownership and the right to use the grounds held by the unit owner who is involved in the act.

②The provisions of Article 57, paragraph (3) apply mutatis mutandis to the filing of an action referred to in the preceding paragraph, and the provisions of paragraph (2) and paragraph (3) of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis to the resolution referred to in the preceding paragraph.

③A petition for an auction based on the judgment pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) may not be filed once six months have elapsed from the day on which the judgment has become final and binding.

④In the auction referred to in the preceding paragraph, neither the unit owner who is subject to the petition for the auction nor any person seeking to purchase the unit ownership or the right to use the grounds on the unit owner's account may make a purchase offer.

①In the case prescribed in Article 57, paragraph (4), if the act prescribed in Article 6, paragraph (1) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph (3) of that Article significantly impedes the unit owners' community life and if there is difficulty in removing the impediment and securing the use of the common area or maintaining the other unit owners' community life through other means, all of the unit owners or the incorporated management association, based on a meeting resolution, may file an action seeking to cancel the contract concluded for the purpose of using or profiting from the exclusively-owned area in the possession of the possessor involved in the act and seeking the transfer of that exclusively-owned area.

②The provisions of Article 57, paragraph (3) apply mutatis mutandis to the filing of the action referred to in the preceding paragraph, and the provisions of Article 58, paragraph (2) and paragraph (3) apply mutatis mutandis to the resolution referred to in the preceding paragraph.

③A person to whom an exclusively-owned area has been transferred based on a judgment under the provisions of paragraph (1) must further transfer the exclusively-owned area to the person who holds the title to possess the area without delay.

①If part of a building equivalent to up to half of the building's value has been destroyed, each unit owner may restore the common areas and their own exclusively-owned area that have been destroyed; provided, however, that this does not apply to the common areas if the resolution referred to in paragraph (3), paragraph (1) of the following Article, Article 64-5, paragraph (1), Article 64-6, paragraph (1), Article 64-7, paragraph (1), Article 64-8, paragraph (1), Article 70, paragraph (1), Article 71, paragraph (1), or Article 84, paragraph (1) has been adopted before the commencement of restoration work.

②A unit owner who has restored a common area pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph may request the other unit owners to reimburse them for the amount required for the restoration in accordance with the proportion specified in Article 14.

③In the case prescribed in the main clause of paragraph (1), a resolution to restore the destroyed common areas may be brought before a meeting.

④The provisions of the preceding three paragraphs do not preclude any provisions to the contrary in the bylaws.

⑤Except in the cases prescribed in the main clause of paragraph (1), if part of a building has been destroyed, a resolution to restore the destroyed common areas may be adopted at a meeting at which a majority of the unit owners (excluding those who do not hold voting rights; hereinafter the same applies in this paragraph) (or, if a higher proportion is specified in the bylaws, at least that proportion), who hold a majority of the voting rights (or, if a higher proportion is specified in the bylaws, at least that proportion), are present, by at least a two-thirds majority each of the unit owners present and of their voting rights.

⑥In the minutes of a meeting at which a resolution under the preceding paragraph was adopted, whether each unit owner's vote was in favor of or against the resolution must be entered or recorded.

⑦Other than in the cases referred to in the following paragraph, if a resolution under paragraph (5) has been adopted, once two weeks have elapsed from the day of the resolution, unit owners other than those who were in favor of the resolution (including the successors of those who were in favor of the resolution; hereinafter referred to as "those in favor of the resolution" in this Article) may request that some or all of those in favor of the resolution purchase the building and the rights to the building's grounds at their market value. In such a case, within two months from the day of the request, those in favor of the resolution who have been so requested may request that some or all of the others who were in favor of the resolution purchase the building and the rights to its grounds at their market value in accordance with the proportion specified in Article 14, calculated by excluding the unit owners other than those in favor of the resolution.

⑧If a person who is capable of purchasing the building and the rights to its grounds has been designated by those in favor of the resolution by unanimous consent, and the designated person (hereinafter referred to as the "designated purchaser" in this Article) has notified the unit owners other than those in favor of the resolution to that effect in writing within two weeks from the day of the resolution under paragraph (5), the unit owners who have been so notified may only make the request prescribed in the first sentence of the preceding paragraph against the designated purchaser.

⑨Pursuant to the provisions of Ministry of Justice Order and with the consent of the unit owners who are to be notified under the preceding paragraph, a designated purchaser may use electronic or magnetic means to notify the unit owners that a designated purchaser has been designated, in lieu of the written notice under the preceding paragraph. In such a case, the designated purchaser is deemed to have given the written notice.

⑩If a designated purchaser does not perform all or part of the obligations connected with the purchase money for the transaction based on a request prescribed in the first sentence of paragraph (7), those in favor of the resolution (excluding those who have become designated purchasers; hereinafter the same applies in this paragraph and paragraph (15)) will be jointly and severally liable to perform those obligations in whole or in part; provided, however, that this does not apply if those in favor of the resolution have proved that the designated purchaser has sufficient financial resources, and that the execution can be easily performed.