Supplementary Provisions, Article 19Transitional Measures Concerning Right to Demand Revocation of Fraudulent Act
第十九条(詐害行為取消権に関する経過措置)
With regard to the right to demand revocation of a fraudulent act relating to an act in the case where, before the Effective Date, an obligor performed a juridical act knowing that it would prejudice an obligee, as prescribed in Article 424, paragraph (1) of the Former Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に旧法第四百二十四条第一項に規定する債務者が債権者を害することを知ってした法律行為がされた場合におけるその行為に係る詐害行為取消権については、なお従前の例による。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 20Transitional Measures Concerning Indivisible Claims, Indivisible Obligations, Joint and Several Claims, and Joint and Several Obligations
第二十条(不可分債権、不可分債務、連帯債権及び連帯債務に関する経過措置)
With regard to an indivisible claim prescribed in Article 428 of the Former Act that arose before the Effective Date (including one for which the juridical act that is its cause was performed before the Effective Date), the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に生じた旧法第四百二十八条に規定する不可分債権(その原因である法律行為が施行日前にされたものを含む。)については、なお従前の例による。
With regard to an indivisible obligation prescribed in Article 430 of the Former Act and a joint and several obligation prescribed in Article 432 of the Former Act that arose before the Effective Date (including those for which the juridical act that is their cause was performed before the Effective Date), the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に生じた旧法第四百三十条に規定する不可分債務及び旧法第四百三十二条に規定する連帯債務(これらの原因である法律行為が施行日前にされたものを含む。)については、なお従前の例による。
The provisions of Articles 432 through 435-2 of the New Act do not apply to a claim prescribed in Article 432 of the New Act that arose before the Effective Date (including one for which the juridical act that is its cause was performed before the Effective Date).
新法第四百三十二条から第四百三十五条の二までの規定は、施行日前に生じた新法第四百三十二条に規定する債権(その原因である法律行為が施行日前にされたものを含む。)については、適用しない。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 21Transitional Measures Concerning Guarantee Obligations
第二十一条(保証債務に関する経過措置)
With regard to a guarantee obligation relating to a guarantee contract concluded before the Effective Date, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に締結された保証契約に係る保証債務については、なお従前の例による。
A person intending to become a guarantor may, even before the Effective Date, request the preparation of the notarial instrument referred to in Article 465-6, paragraph (1) of the New Act (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 465-8, paragraph (1) of the New Act).
保証人になろうとする者は、施行日前においても、新法第四百六十五条の六第一項(新法第四百六十五条の八第一項において準用する場合を含む。)の公正証書の作成を嘱託することができる。
If a request for the preparation of a notarial instrument has been made pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, a notary may, even before the Effective Date, prepare it in accordance with the provisions of Article 465-6, paragraph (2) and Article 465-7 of the New Act (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 465-8, paragraph (1) of the New Act).
公証人は、前項の規定による公正証書の作成の嘱託があった場合には、施行日前においても、新法第四百六十五条の六第二項及び第四百六十五条の七(これらの規定を新法第四百六十五条の八第一項において準用する場合を含む。)の規定の例により、その作成をすることができる。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 22Transitional Measures Concerning Assignment of Claims
第二十二条(債権の譲渡に関する経過措置)
With regard to the assignment of a claim in the case where the juridical act that is the cause of the assignment of the claim was performed before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 466 through 469 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に債権の譲渡の原因である法律行為がされた場合におけるその債権の譲渡については、新法第四百六十六条から第四百六十九条までの規定にかかわらず、なお従前の例による。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 23Transitional Measures Concerning Assumption of Obligation
第二十三条(債務の引受けに関する経過措置)
The provisions of Articles 470 through 472-4 of the New Act do not apply to a contract concerning the assumption of an obligation concluded before the Effective Date.
新法第四百七十条から第四百七十二条の四までの規定は、施行日前に締結された債務の引受けに関する契約については、適用しない。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 24Transitional Measures Concerning Registered Claims Payable to Holder
第二十四条(記名式所持人払債権に関する経過措置)
With regard to a registered claim payable to holder prescribed in Article 471 of the Former Act that arose before the Effective Date (including one for which the juridical act that is its cause was performed before the Effective Date), the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に生じた旧法第四百七十一条に規定する記名式所持人払債権(その原因である法律行為が施行日前にされたものを含む。)については、なお従前の例による。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 25Transitional Measures Concerning Performance
第二十五条(弁済に関する経過措置)
With regard to the performance of an obligation in the case where the obligation arose before the Effective Date, beyond what is prescribed in the following paragraph, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
With regard to the appropriation of performance in the case where the performance was made before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 488 through 491 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に弁済がされた場合におけるその弁済の充当については、新法第四百八十八条から第四百九十一条までの規定にかかわらず、なお従前の例による。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 26Transitional Measures Concerning Set-Off
第二十六条(相殺に関する経過措置)
With regard to a manifestation of intention prescribed in Article 505, paragraph (2) of the Former Act that was made before the Effective Date, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前にされた旧法第五百五条第二項に規定する意思表示については、なお従前の例による。
With regard to a set-off in which a claim that arose before the Effective Date is the passive set-off claim, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 509 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
With regard to a set-off in which a claim that arose on the basis of a cause existing before the Effective Date is the claim used to assert set-off (limited to one in which a claim that has been attached is the passive set-off claim), notwithstanding the provisions of Article 511 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
With regard to the appropriation of a set-off in the case where the manifestation of intention to effect the set-off was made before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 512 and 512-2 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
Supplementary Provisions, Article 27Transitional Measures Concerning Novation
第二十七条(更改に関する経過措置)
With regard to a novation for which a contract of novation prescribed in Article 513 of the Former Act was concluded before the Effective Date, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に旧法第五百十三条に規定する更改の契約が締結された更改については、なお従前の例による。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 28Transitional Measures Concerning Negotiable Instruments of Value
第二十八条(有価証券に関する経過措置)
The provisions of Articles 520-2 through 520-20 of the New Act do not apply to an instrument issued before the Effective Date.
新法第五百二十条の二から第五百二十条の二十までの規定は、施行日前に発行された証券については、適用しない。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 29Transitional Measures Concerning Formation of Contracts
第二十九条(契約の成立に関する経過措置)
With regard to an offer of a contract made before the Effective Date and the acceptance of that offer, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
With regard to an offer of a contract for which notice was issued before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 526 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
With regard to an offer of reward to the public made before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 529 through 530 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前にされた懸賞広告については、新法第五百二十九条から第五百三十条までの規定にかかわらず、なお従前の例による。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 30Transitional Measures Concerning Effect of Contracts
第三十条(契約の効力に関する経過措置)
With regard to the defense of simultaneous performance and the bearing of risk relating to a contract concluded before the Effective Date, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に締結された契約に係る同時履行の抗弁及び危険負担については、なお従前の例による。
The provisions of Article 537, paragraph (2) and Article 538, paragraph (2) of the New Act do not apply to a third party beneficiary contract concluded before the Effective Date.
新法第五百三十七条第二項及び第五百三十八条第二項の規定は、施行日前に締結された第三者のためにする契約については、適用しない。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 31Transitional Measures Concerning Transfer of Contractual Status
第三十一条(契約上の地位の移転に関する経過措置)
The provisions of Article 539-2 of the New Act do not apply to an agreement to the effect that contractual status is to be transferred that was made before the Effective Date.
新法第五百三十九条の二の規定は、施行日前にされた契約上の地位を譲渡する旨の合意については、適用しない。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 32Transitional Measures Concerning Cancellation of Contracts
第三十二条(契約の解除に関する経過措置)
With regard to the cancellation of a contract in the case where the contract was concluded before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 541 through 543, Article 545, paragraph (3), and Article 548 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に契約が締結された場合におけるその契約の解除については、新法第五百四十一条から第五百四十三条まで、第五百四十五条第三項及び第五百四十八条の規定にかかわらず、なお従前の例による。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 33Transitional Measures Concerning Standard Terms and Conditions
第三十三条(定型約款に関する経過措置)
The provisions of Articles 548-2 through 548-4 of the New Act also apply to a contract relating to a standard transaction (meaning a standard transaction prescribed in Article 548-2, paragraph (1) of the New Act) concluded before the Effective Date; provided, however, that this does not preclude an effect that arose under the provisions of the Former Act.
新法第五百四十八条の二から第五百四十八条の四までの規定は、施行日前に締結された定型取引(新法第五百四十八条の二第一項に規定する定型取引をいう。)に係る契約についても、適用する。ただし、旧法の規定によって生じた効力を妨げない。
The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply if a contrary intention is manifested in writing by one of the parties to the contract prescribed in that paragraph (excluding a person that is currently able to exercise the right to cancel under the contract or the provisions of an Act) (including the case where it is manifested by means of an electronic or magnetic record that records its content).
The manifestation of contrary intention prescribed in the preceding paragraph must be made prior to the Effective Date.
Supplementary Provisions, Article 34Transitional Measures Concerning Gifts, etc.
第三十四条(贈与等に関する経過措置)
With regard to the respective contracts of gift, sale and purchase, loan for consumption (including the preliminary contract for a loan for consumption prescribed in Article 589 of the Former Act), loan for use, lease, employment, contract for work, mandate, deposit, or partnership, in the case where any of those contracts was concluded before the Effective Date, and with regard to those contracts and any buy-back or other special agreement ancillary to those contracts, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に贈与、売買、消費貸借(旧法第五百八十九条に規定する消費貸借の予約を含む。)、使用貸借、賃貸借、雇用、請負、委任、寄託又は組合の各契約が締結された場合におけるこれらの契約及びこれらの契約に付随する買戻しその他の特約については、なお従前の例による。
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the provisions of Article 604, paragraph (2) of the New Act also apply where a lease contract was concluded before the Effective Date and an agreement relating to the renewal of that contract is made on or after the Effective Date.
前項の規定にかかわらず、新法第六百四条第二項の規定は、施行日前に賃貸借契約が締結された場合において施行日以後にその契約の更新に係る合意がされるときにも適用する。
Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), the provisions of Article 605-4 of the New Act also apply where a lease contract for immovables was concluded before the Effective Date and, on or after the Effective Date, a third party disturbs the possession of those immovables or a third party is in possession of those immovables.
Supplementary Provisions, Article 35Transitional Measures Concerning Torts, etc.
第三十五条(不法行為等に関する経過措置)
With regard to the restriction on the period in the case where the period prescribed in the second sentence of Article 724 of the Former Act (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 934, paragraph (3) of the Former Act (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 936, paragraph (3), Article 947, paragraph (3), Article 950, paragraph (2), and Article 957, paragraph (2) of the Former Act)) had already elapsed at the time of the enforcement of this Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
旧法第七百二十四条後段(旧法第九百三十四条第三項(旧法第九百三十六条第三項、第九百四十七条第三項、第九百五十条第二項及び第九百五十七条第二項において準用する場合を含む。)において準用する場合を含む。)に規定する期間がこの法律の施行の際既に経過していた場合におけるその期間の制限については、なお従前の例による。
The provisions of Article 724-2 of the New Act do not apply where the prescription prescribed in the first sentence of Article 724 of the Former Act for a claim for damages by tort had already been completed at the time of the enforcement of this Act.
新法第七百二十四条の二の規定は、不法行為による損害賠償請求権の旧法第七百二十四条前段に規定する時効がこの法律の施行の際既に完成していた場合については、適用しない。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 36Transitional Measures Concerning Remuneration of Executor
第三十六条(遺言執行者の報酬に関する経過措置)
With regard to the remuneration of a person who became an executor before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 648, paragraph (3) and Article 648-2 of the New Act as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 1018, paragraph (2) of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に遺言執行者となった者の報酬については、新法第千十八条第二項において準用する新法第六百四十八条第三項及び第六百四十八条の二の規定にかかわらず、なお従前の例による。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 37Delegation to Cabinet Order
第三十七条(政令への委任)
Beyond what is provided for in these Supplementary Provisions, transitional measures necessary in connection with the enforcement of this Act are specified by Cabinet Order.
この附則に規定するもののほか、この法律の施行に関し必要な経過措置は、政令で定める。
(Remuneration of Executor)
The provisions of Article 648, paragraphs (2) and (3) and Article 648-2 apply mutatis mutandis when an executor receives remuneration.
第六百四十八条第二項及び第三項並びに第六百四十八条の二の規定は、遺言執行者が報酬を受けるべき場合について準用する。
Open this provision(Request by Joint and Several Obligees for Performance)
If the subject of a claim is divisible by nature, and two or more persons hold the claim jointly and severally based on the provisions of laws and regulations or the manifestation of intention of the…
債権の目的がその性質上可分である場合において、法令の規定又は当事者の意思表示によって数人が連帯して債権を有するときは、各債権者は、全ての債権者のために全部又は一部の履行を請求することができ、債務者は、全ての債権者のために各債権者に対して履行をすることができる。
Open this provision(Novation or Release between Obligor and One of Joint and Several Obligees)
If there is a novation or release between one of the joint and several obligees and the obligor, the other obligees may not request performance of the part concerning the benefit which should have…
連帯債権者の一人と債務者との間に更改又は免除があったときは、その連帯債権者がその権利を失わなければ分与されるべき利益に係る部分については、他の連帯債権者は、履行を請求することができない。
Open this provision(Set-Off between Obligor and One of Joint and Several Obligees)
If the obligor has a claim against one of the joint and several obligees, and the obligor invokes a set-off, the set-off becomes effective against other joint and several obligees as well.
債務者が連帯債権者の一人に対して債権を有する場合において、その債務者が相殺を援用したときは、その相殺は、他の連帯債権者に対しても、その効力を生ずる。
Open this provision(Merger of Obligor with One of Joint and Several Obligees)
If there is a merger between one of the joint and several obligees and the obligor, the obligor is deemed to have performed the obligation.
連帯債権者の一人と債務者との間に混同があったときは、債務者は、弁済をしたものとみなす。
Open this provision(Principle of Relative Effect)
Except in cases prescribed in Article 432 through the preceding Article, any act of one of the joint and several obligees or any circumstances which have arisen with respect to one of the joint and…
第四百三十二条から前条までに規定する場合を除き、連帯債権者の一人の行為又は一人について生じた事由は、他の連帯債権者に対してその効力を生じない。ただし、他の連帯債権者の一人及び債務者が別段の意思を表示したときは、当該他の連帯債権者に対する効力は、その意思に従う。
Open this provision(Preparation of Notarial Instrument and Effect of Guarantee)
A guarantee contract under which the principal obligation is a loan obligation assumed for business or a contract for a revolving guarantee under which the scope of the principal obligation includes…
事業のために負担した貸金等債務を主たる債務とする保証契約又は主たる債務の範囲に事業のために負担する貸金等債務が含まれる根保証契約は、その契約の締結に先立ち、その締結の日前一箇月以内に作成された公正証書で保証人になろうとする者が保証債務を履行する意思を表示していなければ、その効力を生じない。
Open this provision(Preparation of Notarial Instrument and Effect of Guarantee)
The notarial instrument referred to in the preceding paragraph must be prepared in compliance with the following formalities:
前項の公正証書を作成するには、次に掲げる方式に従わなければならない。
Open this provision(Special Provisions for Formalities of Notarial Instrument on Guarantee)
If a person intending to become a guarantor of a guarantee contract or a contract for a revolving guarantee referred to in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article is unable to speak…
前条第一項の保証契約又は根保証契約の保証人になろうとする者が口がきけない者である場合には、公証人の前で、同条第二項第一号イ又はロに掲げる契約の区分に応じ、それぞれ当該イ又はロに定める事項を通訳人の通訳により申述し、又は自書して、同号の口授に代えなければならない。
Open this provision(Preparation of Notarial Instrument and Effect of Guarantee for Right to Reimbursement)
The provisions of Article 465-6, paragraphs (1) and (2) and the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis to a guarantee contract under which the principal obligation is a loan obligation assumed for…
第四百六十五条の六第一項及び第二項並びに前条の規定は、事業のために負担した貸金等債務を主たる債務とする保証契約又は主たる債務の範囲に事業のために負担する貸金等債務が含まれる根保証契約の保証人の主たる債務者に対する求償権に係る債務を主たる債務とする保証契約について準用する。
Open this provision(Assignability of Claims)
A claim may be assigned; provided, however, that this does not apply if its nature does not permit the assignment.
債権は、譲り渡すことができる。ただし、その性質がこれを許さないときは、この限りでない。
Open this provision(Deposit Made by Obligor for Claim Subject to Manifestation of Intention to Restrict Assignment)
If a claim for payment of money subject to the manifestation of intention to restrict assignment is assigned to a third party, the obligor may deposit the amount of money equivalent to the full…
債務者は、譲渡制限の意思表示がされた金銭の給付を目的とする債権が譲渡されたときは、その債権の全額に相当する金銭を債務の履行地(債務の履行地が債権者の現在の住所により定まる場合にあっては、譲渡人の現在の住所を含む。次条において同じ。)の供託所に供託することができる。
Open this provisionIn the case prescribed in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, if an order commencing bankruptcy proceeding is issued with regard to the assignor, the assignee…
前条第一項に規定する場合において、譲渡人について破産手続開始の決定があったときは、譲受人(同項の債権の全額を譲り受けた者であって、その債権の譲渡を債務者その他の第三者に対抗することができるものに限る。)は、譲渡制限の意思表示がされたことを知り、又は重大な過失によって知らなかったときであっても…
Open this provision(Seizure of Claim Subject to Manifestation of Intention to Restrict Assignment)
The provisions of Article 466, paragraph (3) do not apply to an attaching obligee that has conducted enforcement against a claim that is subject to the manifestation of intention to restrict…
第四百六十六条第三項の規定は、譲渡制限の意思表示がされた債権に対する強制執行をした差押債権者に対しては、適用しない。
Open this provision(Effect of Manifestation of Intention to Restrict Assignment of Claim for Deposits or Claim for Savings)
Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 466, paragraph (2), the manifestation of intention to restrict assignment which is made by a party with regard to a claim for deposits in a deposit account…
預金口座又は貯金口座に係る預金又は貯金に係る債権(以下「預貯金債権」という。)について当事者がした譲渡制限の意思表示は、第四百六十六条第二項の規定にかかわらず、その譲渡制限の意思表示がされたことを知り、又は重大な過失によって知らなかった譲受人その他の第三者に対抗することができる。
Open this provision(Assignability of Claim Yet to Arise)
The assignment of a claim does not require the claim to have already arisen by the time of the manifestation of intention to assign it.
債権の譲渡は、その意思表示の時に債権が現に発生していることを要しない。
Open this provision(Requirement for Perfection of Assignment of Claim)
The assignment of a claim (including the assignment of a claim that is yet to arise) may not be duly asserted against the applicable obligor or any other third party…
債権の譲渡(現に発生していない債権の譲渡を含む。)は、譲渡人が債務者に通知をし、又は債務者が承諾をしなければ、債務者その他の第三者に対抗することができない。
Open this provision(Defense of Obligor upon Assignment of Claim)
An obligor may duly assert against the assignee any event that has taken place with regard to the assignor by the time when the requirements for perfection are satisfied.
債務者は、対抗要件具備時までに譲渡人に対して生じた事由をもって譲受人に対抗することができる。
Open this provision(Right to Set-Off upon Assignment of Claim)
An obligor may duly assert against the assignee a set-off based on a claim against the assignor that the obligor acquired before the time when the requirements for perfection are satisfied.
債務者は、対抗要件具備時より前に取得した譲渡人に対する債権による相殺をもって譲受人に対抗することができる。
Open this provision(Requirements for and Effect of Cumulative Assumption of an Obligation)
An additional obligor resulting from the cumulative assumption of an obligation assumes, jointly and severally with the initial obligor, an obligation of the same content as the obligation assumed by…
併存的債務引受の引受人は、債務者と連帯して、債務者が債権者に対して負担する債務と同一の内容の債務を負担する。
Open this provision(Defense by Additional Obligor in Cumulative Assumption of an Obligation)
An additional obligor may duly assert against the obligee any defense that could have been asserted by the initial obligor at the time when the cumulative assumption of an obligation became effective…
引受人は、併存的債務引受により負担した自己の債務について、その効力が生じた時に債務者が主張することができた抗弁をもって債権者に対抗することができる。
Open this provision(Requirements for and Effect of Discharging Assumption of an Obligation)
A new obligor resulting from the discharging assumption of an obligation assumes an obligation of the same content as the obligation of the initial obligor to the obligee…
免責的債務引受の引受人は債務者が債権者に対して負担する債務と同一の内容の債務を負担し、債務者は自己の債務を免れる。
Open this provision(Defense by New Obligor in Discharging Assumption of an Obligation)
A new obligor may duly assert against the obligee any defense that could have been asserted by the initial obligor at the time when the discharging assumption of an obligation became effective…
引受人は、免責的債務引受により負担した自己の債務について、その効力が生じた時に債務者が主張することができた抗弁をもって債権者に対抗することができる。
Open this provision(Right to Reimbursement of New Obligor Resulting from Discharging Assumption of an Obligation)
A new obligor resulting from the discharging assumption of an obligation does not acquire a right to reimbursement from the obligor.
免責的債務引受の引受人は、債務者に対して求償権を取得しない。
Open this provision(Transfer of Security Resulting from Discharging Assumption of an Obligation)
An obligee may transfer a security right that has been created as security for the obligation from which the initial obligor is released pursuant to the provisions of Article 472…
債権者は、第四百七十二条第一項の規定により債務者が免れる債務の担保として設定された担保権を引受人が負担する債務に移すことができる。ただし、引受人以外の者がこれを設定した場合には、その承諾を得なければならない。
Open this provision(Appropriation of One Payment or Delivery among Two or More Obligations Requiring the Same Kind of Payment or Delivery)
If an obligor bears to a single obligee two or more obligations which require the same kind of payment or delivery, and the payment or delivery provided in performance of the obligations is not…
債務者が同一の債権者に対して同種の給付を目的とする数個の債務を負担する場合において、弁済として提供した給付が全ての債務を消滅させるのに足りないとき(次条第一項に規定する場合を除く。)は、弁済をする者は、給付の時に、その弁済を充当すべき債務を指定することができる。
Open this provision(Appropriation to Principal, Interest and Expenses Payable)
If the obligor is liable to pay interest and expenses in addition to principal with respect to one or more obligations…
債務者が一個又は数個の債務について元本のほか利息及び費用を支払うべき場合(債務者が数個の債務を負担する場合にあっては、同一の債権者に対して同種の給付を目的とする数個の債務を負担するときに限る。)において、弁済をする者がその債務の全部を消滅させるのに足りない給付をしたときは、これを順次に費用…
Open this provision(Appropriation of Performance by Agreement)
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding two Articles, if the person that makes performance and the person that accepts performance agree on the order of appropriation of performance…
前二条の規定にかかわらず、弁済をする者と弁済を受領する者との間に弁済の充当の順序に関する合意があるときは、その順序に従い、その弁済を充当する。
Open this provision(Appropriation in Cases More Than One Performance Should Be Tendered)
If more than one performance should be tendered to discharge a single obligation, if the person that must perform tenders any performance which is not sufficient to extinguish the obligation in its…
一個の債務の弁済として数個の給付をすべき場合において、弁済をする者がその債務の全部を消滅させるのに足りない給付をしたときは、前三条の規定を準用する。
Open this provision(Prohibition of Effecting Set-Offs Against Claims Arising from Tort as Passive Sett-Off Claim)
The obligor of either of the following obligations may not duly assert a set-off against the obligee; provided, however, that this does not apply if the obligee acquires a claim corresponding to the…
次に掲げる債務の債務者は、相殺をもって債権者に対抗することができない。ただし、その債権者がその債務に係る債権を他人から譲り受けたときは、この限りでない。
Open this provision(Prohibition of Set-Offs Against Any Claim Attached)
A third party obligor of a claim which has been seized may not duly assert sett-off as defense with any claim acquired after the seizure against the attaching obligee…
差押えを受けた債権の第三債務者は、差押え後に取得した債権による相殺をもって差押債権者に対抗することはできないが、差押え前に取得した債権による相殺をもって対抗することができる。
Open this provision(Appropriation of Set-Off)
If an obligee manifests the intention to effect a set-off using one or more claims held by the obligee against the obligor against one or more obligations borne by the obligee to the obligor…
債権者が債務者に対して有する一個又は数個の債権と、債権者が債務者に対して負担する一個又は数個の債務について、債権者が相殺の意思表示をした場合において、当事者が別段の合意をしなかったときは、債権者の有する債権とその負担する債務は、相殺に適するようになった時期の順序に従って、その対当額について相殺によって消滅する。
Open this provisionThe provisions of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis to a set-off if the claims held by the obligee against the obligor include a claim for which more than one payment or delivery should be…
債権者が債務者に対して有する債権に、一個の債権の弁済として数個の給付をすべきものがある場合における相殺については、前条の規定を準用する。債権者が債務者に対して負担する債務に、一個の債務の弁済として数個の給付をすべきものがある場合における相殺についても、同様とする。
Open this provision(Right to Examine of Obligor of Negotiable Instrument Payable to Order)
The obligor of a negotiable instrument payable to order has the right, but not the duty, to examine the identity of the holder of the instrument and the signature and seal affixed thereon; provided…
指図証券の債務者は、その証券の所持人並びにその署名及び押印の真偽を調査する権利を有するが、その義務を負わない。ただし、債務者に悪意又は重大な過失があるときは、その弁済は、無効とする。
Open this provision(Forfeiture of Negotiable Instrument Payable to Order)
A negotiable instrument payable to order may be made invalid through the public notification proceedings prescribed in Article 100 of the Non-Contentious Case Procedures Act (Act No. 51 of 2011).
指図証券は、非訟事件手続法(平成二十三年法律第五十一号)第百条に規定する公示催告手続によって無効とすることができる。
Open this provision(Method of Exercising Right in Case of Forfeiture of Negotiable Instrument Payable to Order)
If the holder of a negotiable instrument payable to order for the delivery of things such as money or of negotiable instruments of value loses the negotiable instrument payable to order…
金銭その他の物又は有価証券の給付を目的とする指図証券の所持人がその指図証券を喪失した場合において、非訟事件手続法第百十四条に規定する公示催告の申立てをしたときは、その債務者に、その債務の目的物を供託させ、又は相当の担保を供してその指図証券の趣旨に従い履行をさせることができる。
Open this provision(Assignment of Registered Negotiable Instrument Payable to Holder)
Assignment of a registered negotiable instrument payable to holder (meaning a negotiable instrument on which the name of the obligee is written with a supplementary note that payment should be made…
記名式所持人払証券(債権者を指名する記載がされている証券であって、その所持人に弁済をすべき旨が付記されているものをいう。以下同じ。)の譲渡は、その証券を交付しなければ、その効力を生じない。
Open this provision(Presumption of Right of Holder of Registered Negotiable Instrument Payable to Holder)
The holder of a registered negotiable instrument payable to holder is presumed to lawfully hold rights embodied on the instrument.
記名式所持人払証券の所持人は、証券上の権利を適法に有するものと推定する。
Open this provision(Good Faith Acquisition of Registered Negotiable Instrument Payable to Holder)
If a person, for any reason, loses possession of a registered negotiable instrument payable to holder, and the holder of the instrument proves that holder's rights pursuant to the provisions of the…
何らかの事由により記名式所持人払証券の占有を失った者がある場合において、その所持人が前条の規定によりその権利を証明するときは、その所持人は、その証券を返還する義務を負わない。ただし、その所持人が悪意又は重大な過失によりその証券を取得したときは、この限りでない。
Open this provision(Limitation on Defense of Obligor in Case of Assignment of Registered Negotiable Instrument Payable to Holder)
The obligor of a registered negotiable instrument payable to holder may not duly assert against an assignee in good faith any grounds which could have been duly asserted against the obligee before…
記名式所持人払証券の債務者は、その証券に記載した事項及びその証券の性質から当然に生ずる結果を除き、その証券の譲渡前の債権者に対抗することができた事由をもって善意の譲受人に対抗することができない。
Open this provision(Pledge of Registered Negotiable Instrument Payable to Holder)
The provisions of Article 520-13 through the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis to the creation of a pledge on a registered negotiable instrument payable to holder.
第五百二十条の十三から前条までの規定は、記名式所持人払証券を目的とする質権の設定について準用する。
Open this provision(Application Mutatis Mutandis of Provisions on Negotiable Instruments Payable to Order)
The provisions of Articles 520-8 through 520-12 apply mutatis mutandis to registered negotiable instruments payable to holder.
第五百二十条の八から第五百二十条の十二までの規定は、記名式所持人払証券について準用する。
Open this provisionNegotiable instruments on which the name of the obligee is written, other than negotiable instruments payable to order and registered negotiable instruments payable to holder…
債権者を指名する記載がされている証券であって指図証券及び記名式所持人払証券以外のものは、債権の譲渡又はこれを目的とする質権の設定に関する方式に従い、かつ、その効力をもってのみ、譲渡し、又は質権の目的とすることができる。
Open this provision(Assignment of Negotiable Instrument Payable to Order)
Assignment of a negotiable instrument payable to order does not become effective unless the instrument is indorsed and delivered to the assignee.
指図証券の譲渡は、その証券に譲渡の裏書をして譲受人に交付しなければ、その効力を生じない。
Open this provisionThe provisions of Subsection 2 (Registered Negotiable Instruments Payable to Holder) apply mutatis mutandis to bearer instruments.
第二款(記名式所持人払証券)の規定は、無記名証券について準用する。
Open this provision(Method of Indorsement of Negotiable Instrument Payable to Order)
With regard to assignment of a negotiable instrument payable to order, the provisions concerning the method of indorsement in the Negotiable Instrument Act (Act No. 20 of 1932) apply mutatis mutandis…
指図証券の譲渡については、その指図証券の性質に応じ、手形法(昭和七年法律第二十号)中裏書の方式に関する規定を準用する。
Open this provision(Presumption of Right of Holder of Negotiable Instrument Payable to Order)
If the holder of a negotiable instrument payable to order proves that holder's rights by means of an uninterrupted series of indorsements, the holder is presumed to lawfully hold rights embodied on…
指図証券の所持人が裏書の連続によりその権利を証明するときは、その所持人は、証券上の権利を適法に有するものと推定する。
Open this provision(Good Faith Acquisition of Negotiable Instrument Payable to Order)
If a person, for any reason, loses possession of a negotiable instrument payable to order, and the holder of the instrument proves the holder's rights pursuant to the provisions of the preceding…
何らかの事由により指図証券の占有を失った者がある場合において、その所持人が前条の規定によりその権利を証明するときは、その所持人は、その証券を返還する義務を負わない。ただし、その所持人が悪意又は重大な過失によりその証券を取得したときは、この限りでない。
Open this provision(Limitation on Defense of Obligor in Case of Assignment of Negotiable Instrument Payable to Order)
The obligor of a negotiable instrument payable to order may not duly assert against an assignee in good faith any grounds which could have been duly asserted against the obligee before the assignment…
指図証券の債務者は、その証券に記載した事項及びその証券の性質から当然に生ずる結果を除き、その証券の譲渡前の債権者に対抗することができた事由をもって善意の譲受人に対抗することができない。
Open this provision(Pledge of Negotiable Instrument Payable to Order)
The provisions of Article 520-2 through the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis to the creation of a pledge on a negotiable instrument payable to order.
第五百二十条の二から前条までの規定は、指図証券を目的とする質権の設定について準用する。
Open this provision(Place of Payment of Negotiable Instrument Payable to Order)
Payment of a negotiable instrument payable to order must be made at the current domicile of the obligor.
指図証券の弁済は、債務者の現在の住所においてしなければならない。
Open this provision(Presentation of Negotiable Instrument Payable to Order and Delay in Performance)
Even if a due date is specified for the performance of an obligation of a negotiable instrument payable to order, the obligor of the instrument is responsible for the delay on and after the time the…
指図証券の債務者は、その債務の履行について期限の定めがあるときであっても、その期限が到来した後に所持人がその証券を提示してその履行の請求をした時から遅滞の責任を負う。
Open this provision(Death of Offeror)
If an offeror dies, comes to be in a constant state wherein the offeror lacks mental capacity, or becomes subject to restrictions on legal capacity to act after issuing notice of the offer…
申込者が申込みの通知を発した後に死亡し、意思能力を有しない常況にある者となり、又は行為能力の制限を受けた場合において、申込者がその事実が生じたとすればその申込みは効力を有しない旨の意思を表示していたとき、又はその相手方が承諾の通知を発するまでにその事実が生じたことを知ったときは、その申込みは、その効力を有しない。
Open this provision(Offers of Reward to the Public)
A person that makes an offer to the public indicating that a person that performs a certain act will be given a certain reward (referred to as an "offer of reward to the public" below) is obligated…
ある行為をした者に一定の報酬を与える旨を広告した者(以下「懸賞広告者」という。)は、その行為をした者がその広告を知っていたかどうかにかかわらず、その者に対してその報酬を与える義務を負う。
Open this provision(Offers of Reward to the Public Made by Specifying Period for Performance of Requested Act)
An offeror of reward to the public may not withdraw the offer to the public made by specifying a period during which the requested act should be performed; provided, however…
懸賞広告者は、その指定した行為をする期間を定めてした広告を撤回することができない。ただし、その広告において撤回をする権利を留保したときは、この限りでない。
Open this provision(Offers of Reward to the Public Made Without Specifying Period for Performance of Requested Act)
An offeror of reward to the public may withdraw the offer to the public made without specifying a period during which the requested act should be performed, if no person completes the requested act…
懸賞広告者は、その指定した行為を完了する者がない間は、その指定した行為をする期間を定めないでした広告を撤回することができる。ただし、その広告中に撤回をしない旨を表示したときは、この限りでない。
Open this provision(Method of Withdrawal of Offers of Reward to the Public)
Withdrawal of an offer to the public by the same method as the one used to make a previous offer to the public is effective in relation to any person that does not know about it.
前の広告と同一の方法による広告の撤回は、これを知らない者に対しても、その効力を有する。
Open this provision(Third Party Beneficiary Contract)
The validity of the contract referred to in the preceding paragraph is not impaired even if a third party does not exist or a third party is not specified at the time of its formation.
前項の契約は、その成立の時に第三者が現に存しない場合又は第三者が特定していない場合であっても、そのためにその効力を妨げられない。
Open this provision(Determination of Rights of the Third Party)
If, after rights of the third party accrue pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, the obligor does not perform the obligation to the third party…
前条の規定により第三者の権利が発生した後に、債務者がその第三者に対する債務を履行しない場合には、同条第一項の契約の相手方は、その第三者の承諾を得なければ、契約を解除することができない。
Open this provisionIf one of the parties to a contract made an agreement with a third party to transfer that party's contractual status to that third party, and the other party to the contract gives consent to the…
契約の当事者の一方が第三者との間で契約上の地位を譲渡する旨の合意をした場合において、その契約の相手方がその譲渡を承諾したときは、契約上の地位は、その第三者に移転する。
Open this provision(Cancellation After Demand)
If one of the parties does not perform that party's obligation, and the other party demands performance of that obligation, specifying a reasonable period of time…
当事者の一方がその債務を履行しない場合において、相手方が相当の期間を定めてその履行の催告をし、その期間内に履行がないときは、相手方は、契約の解除をすることができる。ただし、その期間を経過した時における債務の不履行がその契約及び取引上の社会通念に照らして軽微であるときは、この限りでない。
Open this provision(Cancellation Without Demand)
In the following cases, the obligee may immediately cancel the contract without making the demand referred to in the preceding Article:
次に掲げる場合には、債権者は、前条の催告をすることなく、直ちに契約の解除をすることができる。
Open this provision(Non-Performance Due to Grounds Attributable to Obligee)
If non-performance of an obligation is due to grounds attributable to the obligee, the obligee may not cancel the contract under the preceding two Articles.
債務の不履行が債権者の責めに帰すべき事由によるものであるときは、債権者は、前二条の規定による契約の解除をすることができない。
Open this provision(Effect of Cancellation)
In the case referred to in the main clause of paragraph (1), if a thing other than money is to be returned, fruits that have accrued on or after the time of the receipt of the thing must also be…
第一項本文の場合において、金銭以外の物を返還するときは、その受領の時以後に生じた果実をも返還しなければならない。
Open this provision(Extinguishment of Right to Cancel by Damage Caused to Object Intentionally by Holder of Right to Cancel)
The right to cancel is extinguished if the holder of the right to cancel, intentionally or negligently, causes significant damage to, or makes it impossible to return the object of the contract…
解除権を有する者が故意若しくは過失によって契約の目的物を著しく損傷し、若しくは返還することができなくなったとき、又は加工若しくは改造によってこれを他の種類の物に変えたときは、解除権は、消滅する。ただし、解除権を有する者がその解除権を有することを知らなかったときは、この限りでない。
Open this provision(Agreement on Standard Terms and Conditions)
In the following cases, a person making an agreement to conduct a standard transaction (meaning a transaction conducted by a specified person with an unspecified and large number of persons as the…
定型取引(ある特定の者が不特定多数の者を相手方として行う取引であって、その内容の全部又は一部が画一的であることがその双方にとって合理的なものをいう。以下同じ。)を行うことの合意(次条において「定型取引合意」という。)をした者は、次に掲げる場合には…
Open this provision(Agreement on Standard Terms and Conditions)
In the following cases, a person making an agreement to conduct a standard transaction (meaning a transaction conducted by a specified person with an unspecified and large number of persons as the…
定型取引(ある特定の者が不特定多数の者を相手方として行う取引であって、その内容の全部又は一部が画一的であることがその双方にとって合理的なものをいう。以下同じ。)を行うことの合意(次条において「定型取引合意」という。)をした者は、次に掲げる場合には…
Open this provision(Disclosure of Details of Standard Terms and Conditions)
A preparer of the standard terms and conditions that conducts or seeks to conduct a standard transaction must disclose the details of the standard terms and conditions by a reasonable method without…
定型取引を行い、又は行おうとする定型約款準備者は、定型取引合意の前又は定型取引合意の後相当の期間内に相手方から請求があった場合には、遅滞なく、相当な方法でその定型約款の内容を示さなければならない。
Open this provision(Amendment to Standard Terms and Conditions)
In the following cases, a preparer of the standard terms and conditions may, by amending the standard terms and conditions, amend the contract terms without making separate agreements with each of…
定型約款準備者は、次に掲げる場合には、定型約款の変更をすることにより、変更後の定型約款の条項について合意があったものとみなし、個別に相手方と合意をすることなく契約の内容を変更することができる。
Open this provision(Duration of Lease)
The duration of a lease may be renewed; provided, however, that the term may not exceed 50 years from the time of the renewal.
賃貸借の存続期間は、更新することができる。ただし、その期間は、更新の時から五十年を超えることができない。
Open this provision(Demand by Lessee of Immovables for Discontinuation of Disturbance)
If the lessee of immovables satisfies the requirements for perfection prescribed in Article 605-2, paragraph (1), the lessee may seek as specified in each of the following items in the cases stated…
不動産の賃借人は、第六百五条の二第一項に規定する対抗要件を備えた場合において、次の各号に掲げるときは、それぞれ当該各号に定める請求をすることができる。
Open this provision(Remuneration for Result)
If the parties agree that remuneration will be paid for any result that may be obtained through the performance of the mandated business, and the result is required to be delivered…
委任事務の履行により得られる成果に対して報酬を支払うことを約した場合において、その成果が引渡しを要するときは、報酬は、その成果の引渡しと同時に、支払わなければならない。
Open this provision(Remuneration for Mandatary)
In the following cases, the mandatary may demand remuneration in proportion to the performance already completed:
受任者は、次に掲げる場合には、既にした履行の割合に応じて報酬を請求することができる。
Open this provision(Extinctive Prescription of Claim for Damages Arising from Death to Person or Injury to Person Caused by Tort)
For the purpose of the application of the provisions of item (i) of the preceding Article with regard to the extinctive prescription of the claim for damages for death or injury to person caused by…
人の生命又は身体を害する不法行為による損害賠償請求権の消滅時効についての前条第一号の規定の適用については、同号中「三年間」とあるのは、「五年間」とする。
Open this provisionTransitional Measures Concerning Guarantee Obligations
A person intending to become a guarantor may, even before the Effective Date, request the preparation of the notarial instrument referred to in Article 465-6…
保証人になろうとする者は、施行日前においても、新法第四百六十五条の六第一項(新法第四百六十五条の八第一項において準用する場合を含む。)の公正証書の作成を嘱託することができる。
Open this provisionTransitional Measures Concerning Performance
With regard to the appropriation of performance in the case where the performance was made before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 488 through 491 of the New Act…
施行日前に弁済がされた場合におけるその弁済の充当については、新法第四百八十八条から第四百九十一条までの規定にかかわらず、なお従前の例による。
Open this provisionTransitional Measures Concerning Standard Terms and Conditions
The provisions of Articles 548-2 through 548-4 of the New Act also apply to a contract relating to a standard transaction…
新法第五百四十八条の二から第五百四十八条の四までの規定は、施行日前に締結された定型取引(新法第五百四十八条の二第一項に規定する定型取引をいう。)に係る契約についても、適用する。ただし、旧法の規定によって生じた効力を妨げない。
Open this provisionTransitional Measures Concerning Standard Terms and Conditions
The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply if a contrary intention is manifested in writing by one of the parties to the contract prescribed in that paragraph…
前項の規定は、同項に規定する契約の当事者の一方(契約又は法律の規定により解除権を現に行使することができる者を除く。)により反対の意思の表示が書面でされた場合(その内容を記録した電磁的記録によってされた場合を含む。)には、適用しない。
Open this provisionTransitional Measures Concerning Gifts, etc.
With regard to the respective contracts of gift, sale and purchase, loan for consumption (including the preliminary contract for a loan for consumption prescribed in Article 589 of the Former Act)…
施行日前に贈与、売買、消費貸借(旧法第五百八十九条に規定する消費貸借の予約を含む。)、使用貸借、賃貸借、雇用、請負、委任、寄託又は組合の各契約が締結された場合におけるこれらの契約及びこれらの契約に付随する買戻しその他の特約については、なお従前の例による。
Open this provisionoffer
「申込み」
A declaration of intention (意思表示) that shows the content of a contract and proposes concluding it.
Short name set inArticle 522, paragraph (1)
standard transactionmachine translation
「定型取引」
A transaction that a particular person conducts with an unspecified large number of people as the other party, in which it is reasonable for both sides that all or part of its content is uniform.
Defined inArticle 548-2, paragraph (1)
the New Actmachine translation
「新法」
This Act as amended by Act No. 44 of 2017.
Short name set inSupplementary Provisions, Article 2, paragraph (1)
the Effective Datemachine translation
「施行日」
The date Act No. 44 of 2017, the amending Act these supplementary provisions (附則) belong to, comes into effect.
Short name set inSupplementary Provisions, Article 2, paragraph (1)
the Former Actmachine translation
「旧法」
This Act as it stood before Act No. 44 of 2017 amended it.
Short name set inSupplementary Provisions, Article 4, paragraph (1)
electronic or magnetic record
「電磁的記録」
A record made in electronic, magnetic or any other form people cannot perceive directly, for use in computer processing.
Defined inSupplementary Provisions, Article 10, paragraph (3)· applies only in this provision and in Supplementary Provisions, Article 33, paragraph (2)
cancellation
解除
Ending a contract by one party's notice to the other, where the contract or the law gives that party a right to cancel (Civil Code, Article 540, paragraph (1)). The Civil Code lets a party cancel for the other's failure to perform: after a demand to perform within a reasonable time that is not met, unless what is still missing is minor (Article 541), or at once where performance has become wholly impossible, or the other party has clearly refused to perform, among other cases where performance clearly will not come (Article 542, paragraph (1)). On cancellation each party must put the other back in the position before the contract, and damages can still be claimed (Article 545, paragraphs (1) and (4)); a lease, though, ends only from then on (Article 620). Cancellation differs from rescission (取消し), after which the act is treated as void from the start (Article 121).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 121, 540, 541, 542, 545, 620 as a reference.
damages
損害賠償
Compensation for loss one person has caused another. A debtor who does not perform an obligation as it should be performed, or cannot perform it, must compensate the creditor for the loss that results, unless the failure comes from a cause the debtor is not responsible for, judged by the contract or other source of the obligation and by accepted views in dealings (Civil Code, Article 415, paragraph (1)); and a person who, intentionally or negligently, infringes another's rights or legally protected interests must compensate for the loss that results (Article 709). It is paid in money unless otherwise agreed (Articles 417 and 722, paragraph (1)), and the parties to a contract may agree in advance the amount due if it is not performed; a sum fixed for breach (違約金) is presumed to be such an agreement (Article 420, paragraphs (1) and (3)). The Consumer Contract Act makes void the part of such an amount in a consumer contract, for its cancellation, with any penalty added, above the average loss the business would suffer from the cancellation of consumer contracts of that kind, measured separately for each category the clause sets, such as the reason for and time of cancellation (Consumer Contract Act, Article 9, paragraph (1), item (i)).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 415, 417, 420, 709, 722 and Consumer Contract Act, Art. 9 as a reference.
juridical act
法律行為
An act by which a person, by manifesting their intention (意思表示), brings about the legal effect they intend, such as making a contract or buying everyday goods (Civil Code, Articles 3-2, 9, paragraph (1), and 91; Act on General Rules for Application of Laws, Article 10, paragraphs (1) and (4)). A contract is formed when one party's offer, a manifestation of intention showing its terms, is accepted by the other (Civil Code, Article 522, paragraph (1)). Where the parties to a juridical act manifest an intention that differs from a provision of laws and regulations not related to public policy, their intention prevails (Article 91). It is void if a party lacked mental capacity (意思能力) when manifesting the intention (Article 3-2), or if it goes against public order or good morals (公の秩序又は善良の風俗) (Article 90). A minor (under 18, Article 4) needs the consent of their legal representative to do one, except one by which they merely acquire a right or are released from an obligation, or a disposal of property the representative has allowed them to dispose of, and one done without that consent may be rescinded (取消し) (Article 5); a rescinded act is treated as void from the start (Article 121), and a void act does not take effect even if the parties later confirm it, though confirming it knowing it is void counts as doing a new act (Article 119). One made subject to a condition precedent (停止条件) takes effect when the condition is fulfilled, and one subject to a condition subsequent (解除条件) loses effect then (Article 127, paragraphs (1) and (2)). Under the Act on General Rules for Application of Laws, the formation and effect of a juridical act are governed by the law of the place its parties chose when they did it (Article 7), or, where they chose none, by the law of the place most closely connected with it at that time (Article 8, paragraph (1)); but a consumer can ask for the protective rules of the law where they habitually live, which governs a consumer contract where no law was chosen, and a worker can ask for those of the place most closely connected with the labor contract, usually where the work is done (Articles 11 and 12) — except in the cases Article 11, paragraph (6) lists, such as a consumer who went to a place under the same law as the business's office and made the contract there, unless the business had invited them, where they habitually live, to make it there.
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 3-2, 4, 5, 9, 90, 91, 119, 121, 127, 522 and Act on General Rules for Application of Laws, Arts. 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 as a reference.
lease
賃貸借
A contract in which one party, the lessor (賃貸人), agrees to let the other use a thing and take what it yields, and the other party, the lessee (賃借人), agrees to pay rent for it and to return it when the contract ends (Civil Code, Article 601). It ends when the thing can no longer be used at all, for example because it has been destroyed (Article 616-2), and where a lease is cancelled the cancellation takes effect only from then on (Article 620). For land held in order to own a building, and for buildings, the Act on Land and Building Leases sets special rules (特別の定め) on how long a lease lasts, how it is renewed and what effect it has, among other things (Article 1).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 601, 616-2, 620 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Art. 1 as a reference.
manifestation of intention
意思表示
A person's expression of an intention to which the law gives a legal effect, such as an offer to conclude a contract, which shows its terms and forms the contract once the other party accepts it (Civil Code, Article 522, paragraph (1)), the acceptance itself (Article 527), or the notice to the other party by which a party rescinds (取消し) an act or cancels (解除) a contract (Articles 123 and 540, paragraph (1)). One made to another person takes effect when notice of it reaches that person, or when it would normally have reached them if they blocked it without good reason (Article 97, paragraphs (1) and (2)), and does not lose its effect because the person who made it dies, loses mental capacity (意思能力) or comes under legal limits on what they can do alone after sending the notice (Article 97, paragraph (3)); where the person making it cannot find out who the other party is or where they are, it can be made by public notice (Article 98, paragraph (1)). It is not void just because the person making it knew it was not their true intention, unless the other party knew or could have known that (Article 93, paragraph (1)); a false one made in collusion with the other party is void (Article 94, paragraph (1)); and neither voidness can be asserted against a third party who did not know of it (善意) (Articles 93, paragraph (2), and 94, paragraph (2)). One based on a mistake that is material in light of the purpose of the juridical act (法律行為) and accepted views in dealings may be rescinded — one based on a mistaken view of the circumstances behind the act only if it had been shown that the act was based on them, and as a rule not where the mistake came from the gross negligence of the person who made it (Article 95, paragraphs (1) to (3)) — and so may one made under fraud or duress, though one induced by a third party's fraud only if the other party knew of the fraud or could have known of it (Article 96, paragraphs (1) and (2)); a rescission for mistake or fraud cannot be relied on against a third party who did not know and was not careless in not knowing (Article 95, paragraph (4), and Article 96, paragraph (3)). One that an agent makes within the agent's authority, showing that it is made for the principal, takes effect directly for the principal (Article 99, paragraph (1)). The Consumer Contract Act lets a consumer rescind an offer or acceptance of a consumer contract made because the business, when soliciting it, told them something untrue about an important matter and they believed it, among other grounds (Consumer Contract Act, Article 4, paragraph (1), item (i)), and the Act on Specified Commercial Transactions does the same where, in a door-to-door sale, the seller or service provider told them something untrue about such matters as the goods or the price (Article 6, paragraph (1), and Article 9-3, paragraph (1), item (i)).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 123, 522, 527, 540, Consumer Contract Act, Art. 4 and Act on Specified Commercial Transactions, Arts. 6, 9-3 as a reference.
notarial deed
公正証書
A document drawn up by a notary (公証人), a public officer appointed by the Minister of Justice, at the request of the people concerned (Notary Act, Articles 1 and 11). A notary will not draw one up for anything unlawful or void (Article 26). In the Act on Land and Building Leases it decides whether a lease can end without renewal: a contract for a land lease of 10 to under 50 years for a building used only for business must be made by notarial deed (Article 23, paragraph (3)), while the terms of a land lease of 50 years or more that rule out renewal, and a building lease with no renewal, need only be "in writing, such as a notarial deed" (Article 22, paragraph (1), and Article 38, paragraph (1)), so an ordinary written contract is enough for those two.
Written by AI using Notary Act, Arts. 1, 11, 26 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Arts. 22, 23, 38 as a reference.