Supplementary Provisions
附 則
Supplementary Provisions, Article 1Effective Date
第一条(施行期日)
This Act comes into effect as of the date specified by Cabinet Order within a period not exceeding 3 years from the date of promulgation; provided, however, that the provisions set forth in the following items come into effect as of the dates specified respectively in those items.
この法律は、公布の日から起算して三年を超えない範囲内において政令で定める日から施行する。ただし、次の各号に掲げる規定は、当該各号に定める日から施行する。
the provisions of Article 37 of the Supplementary Provisions: the date of promulgation;
附則第三十七条の規定 公布の日
the provisions of Article 33, paragraph (3) of the Supplementary Provisions: the date specified by Cabinet Order within a period not exceeding one year from the date of promulgation;
附則第三十三条第三項の規定 公布の日から起算して一年を超えない範囲内において政令で定める日
the provisions of Article 21, paragraphs (2) and (3) of the Supplementary Provisions: the date specified by Cabinet Order within a period not exceeding two years and nine months from the date of promulgation.
附則第二十一条第二項及び第三項の規定 公布の日から起算して二年九月を超えない範囲内において政令で定める日
Supplementary Provisions, Article 2Transitional Measures Concerning Mental Capacity
第二条(意思能力に関する経過措置)
The provisions of Article 3-2 of the Civil Code after amendment by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the "New Act") do not apply to a manifestation of intention made before the date on which this Act comes into effect (hereinafter referred to as the "Effective Date").
この法律による改正後の民法(以下「新法」という。)第三条の二の規定は、この法律の施行の日(以下「施行日」という。)前にされた意思表示については、適用しない。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 3Transitional Measures Concerning Capacity to Act
第三条(行為能力に関する経過措置)
With regard to an act performed before the Effective Date by a person with qualified legal capacity (meaning a person with qualified legal capacity prescribed in Article 13, paragraph (1), item (x) of the New Act; the same applies below in this Article) as the legal representative of another person with qualified legal capacity, notwithstanding that paragraph and the provisions of Article 102 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に制限行為能力者(新法第十三条第一項第十号に規定する制限行為能力者をいう。以下この条において同じ。)が他の制限行為能力者の法定代理人としてした行為については、同項及び新法第百二条の規定にかかわらず、なお従前の例による。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 4Transitional Measures Concerning Claims Payable to Bearer
第四条(無記名債権に関する経過措置)
With regard to a claim payable to bearer prescribed in Article 86, paragraph (3) of the Civil Code prior to amendment by this Act (hereinafter referred to as the "Former Act") that arose before the Effective Date (including one for which the juridical act that is its cause was performed before the Effective Date), the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に生じたこの法律による改正前の民法(以下「旧法」という。)第八十六条第三項に規定する無記名債権(その原因である法律行為が施行日前にされたものを含む。)については、なお従前の例による。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 5Transitional Measures Concerning Public Policy
第五条(公序良俗に関する経過措置)
With regard to a juridical act performed before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 90 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
Supplementary Provisions, Article 6Transitional Measures Concerning Manifestations of Intention
第六条(意思表示に関する経過措置)
With regard to a manifestation of intention made before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 93, Article 95, Article 96, paragraphs (2) and (3), and Article 98-2 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
With regard to a manifestation of intention for which notice was sent before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 97 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
Supplementary Provisions, Article 7Transitional Measures Concerning Agency
第七条(代理に関する経過措置)
With regard to agency in the case where the cause giving rise to authority to represent arose before the Effective Date (including the case where an indication of the grant of authority to represent was made), beyond what is prescribed in Article 3 of the Supplementary Provisions, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
With regard to the liability of an unauthorized agent in the case where the unauthorized agent acted as an agent before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 117 of the New Act (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 118 of the New Act), the provisions then in force continue to govern.
Supplementary Provisions, Article 8Transitional Measures Concerning Invalidity and Revocation
第八条(無効及び取消しに関する経過措置)
With regard to the obligation of restoration of a person that has received payment or delivery in the case where the payment or delivery was made before the Effective Date as performance of an obligation based on a void act, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 121-2 of the New Act (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 872, paragraph (2) of the New Act), the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に無効な行為に基づく債務の履行として給付がされた場合におけるその給付を受けた者の原状回復の義務については、新法第百二十一条の二(新法第八百七十二条第二項において準用する場合を含む。)の規定にかかわらず、なお従前の例による。
With regard to the ratification (including statutory ratification) of a revocable act in the case where that act was performed before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 122, 124, and 125 of the New Act (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 872, paragraph (2) of the New Act), the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に取り消すことができる行為がされた場合におけるその行為の追認(法定追認を含む。)については、新法第百二十二条、第百二十四条及び第百二十五条(これらの規定を新法第八百七十二条第二項において準用する場合を含む。)の規定にかかわらず、なお従前の例による。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 9Transitional Measures Concerning Conditions
第九条(条件に関する経過措置)
The provisions of Article 130, paragraph (2) of the New Act do not apply to a juridical act performed before the Effective Date.
新法第百三十条第二項の規定は、施行日前にされた法律行為については、適用しない。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 10Transitional Measures Concerning Prescription
第十条(時効に関する経過措置)
With regard to the invocation of extinctive prescription of a claim in the case where the claim arose before the Effective Date (including the case where the claim arose on or after the Effective Date and the juridical act that is its cause was performed before the Effective Date; the same applies below), notwithstanding the provisions of Article 145 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
With regard to the effect of a circumstance for interruption of prescription prescribed in Article 147 of the Former Act or a circumstance for suspension of prescription prescribed in Articles 158 through 161 of the Former Act in the case where such a circumstance arose before the Effective Date, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に旧法第百四十七条に規定する時効の中断の事由又は旧法第百五十八条から第百六十一条までに規定する時効の停止の事由が生じた場合におけるこれらの事由の効力については、なお従前の例による。
The provisions of Article 151 of the New Act do not apply to an agreement made in writing before the Effective Date to the effect that discussions concerning a right are to be held (including the case where the agreement was made by means of an electronic or magnetic record that records the content of the agreement (meaning an electronic or magnetic record prescribed in Article 151, paragraph (4) of the New Act; the same applies in Article 33, paragraph (2) of the Supplementary Provisions)).
新法第百五十一条の規定は、施行日前に権利についての協議を行う旨の合意が書面でされた場合(その合意の内容を記録した電磁的記録(新法第百五十一条第四項に規定する電磁的記録をいう。附則第三十三条第二項において同じ。)によってされた場合を含む。)におけるその合意については、適用しない。
With regard to the period of extinctive prescription of a claim in the case where the claim arose before the Effective Date, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に債権が生じた場合におけるその債権の消滅時効の期間については、なお従前の例による。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 11Transitional Measures Concerning Requirements for Perfection of Pledges over Claims
第十一条(債権を目的とする質権の対抗要件に関する経過措置)
With regard to the requirements for perfection of a pledge over a claim for which the contract of creation was concluded before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 364 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
Supplementary Provisions, Article 12Transitional Measures Concerning Claims Payable to Order
第十二条(指図債権に関する経過措置)
With regard to a claim payable to order prescribed in Article 365 of the Former Act that arose before the Effective Date (including one for which the juridical act that is its cause was performed before the Effective Date), the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に生じた旧法第三百六十五条に規定する指図債権(その原因である法律行為が施行日前にされたものを含む。)については、なお従前の例による。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 13Transitional Measures Concerning Revolving Mortgages
第十三条(根抵当権に関する経過措置)
With regard to the scope of secured claims under a revolving mortgage for which the contract of creation was concluded before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 398-2, paragraph (3) and Article 398-3, paragraph (2) of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に設定契約が締結された根抵当権の被担保債権の範囲については、新法第三百九十八条の二第三項及び第三百九十八条の三第二項の規定にかかわらず、なお従前の例による。
The provisions of Article 398-7, paragraph (3) of the New Act do not apply to a contract concerning the assumption of an obligation concluded before the Effective Date.
新法第三百九十八条の七第三項の規定は、施行日前に締結された債務の引受けに関する契約については、適用しない。
With regard to the transfer of a revolving mortgage relating to a contract of novation concluded before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 398-7, paragraph (4) of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に締結された更改の契約に係る根抵当権の移転については、新法第三百九十八条の七第四項の規定にかかわらず、なお従前の例による。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 14Transitional Measures Concerning Subject of Claim
第十四条(債権の目的に関する経過措置)
With regard to the duty of care of the obligor in the case where a claim arose before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 400 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
Supplementary Provisions, Article 15
第十五条
With regard to the statutory interest rate relating to a claim that is to bear interest in the case where interest arose before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 404 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
With regard to the application of the provisions of Article 404, paragraph (4) of the New Act to each term until the first change in the statutory interest rate pursuant to the provisions of that paragraph, the phrase "the most recent term during which there was a change in the statutory interest rate pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph (referred to as the 'most recent term of change' in this paragraph below)" in that paragraph is deemed to be replaced with "the first term after the enforcement of the Act for Partially Amending the Civil Code (Act No. 44 of 2017)", and the phrase "the statutory interest rate for the most recent term of change" is deemed to be replaced with "3% per annum".
新法第四百四条第四項の規定により法定利率に初めて変動があるまでの各期における同項の規定の適用については、同項中「この項の規定により法定利率に変動があった期のうち直近のもの(以下この項において「直近変動期」という。)」とあるのは「民法の一部を改正する法律(平成二十九年法律第四十四号)の施行後最初の期」と、「直近変動期における法定利率」とあるのは「年三パーセント」とする。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 16
第十六条
With regard to the identification of an alternative claim due to impossibility in the case where a claim arose before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 410 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
Supplementary Provisions, Article 17Transitional Measures Concerning Liability for Non-Performance, etc.
第十七条(債務不履行の責任等に関する経過措置)
With regard to liability for non-performance, etc. of an obligation in the case where the obligation arose before the Effective Date (including the case where the obligation arose on or after the Effective Date and the juridical act that is its cause was performed before the Effective Date; the same applies in Article 25, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions), notwithstanding the provisions of Article 412, paragraph (2), Articles 412-2 through 413-2, Article 415, Article 416, paragraph (2), Article 418, and Article 422-2 of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に債務が生じた場合(施行日以後に債務が生じた場合であって、その原因である法律行為が施行日前にされたときを含む。附則第二十五条第一項において同じ。)におけるその債務不履行の責任等については、新法第四百十二条第二項、第四百十二条の二から第四百十三条の二まで、第四百十五条、第四百十六条第二項、第四百十八条及び第四百二十二条の二の規定にかかわらず、なお従前の例による。
The provisions of Article 417-2 of the New Act (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 722, paragraph (1) of the New Act) do not apply to a claim for damages for benefits to be obtained or expenses to be borne in the future that arose before the Effective Date.
新法第四百十七条の二(新法第七百二十二条第一項において準用する場合を含む。)の規定は、施行日前に生じた将来において取得すべき利益又は負担すべき費用についての損害賠償請求権については、適用しない。
With regard to the statutory interest rate relating to a claim that is to bear delay damages in the case where the obligor assumed responsibility for delay before the Effective Date, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 419, paragraph (1) of the New Act, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に債務者が遅滞の責任を負った場合における遅延損害金を生ずべき債権に係る法定利率については、新法第四百十九条第一項の規定にかかわらず、なお従前の例による。
With regard to an agreement on liquidated damages prescribed in Article 420, paragraph (1) of the Former Act and an agreement to appropriate anything other than money as compensation for damage prescribed in Article 421 of the Former Act, made before the Effective Date, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前にされた旧法第四百二十条第一項に規定する損害賠償の額の予定に係る合意及び旧法第四百二十一条に規定する金銭でないものを損害の賠償に充てるべき旨の予定に係る合意については、なお従前の例による。
Supplementary Provisions, Article 18Transitional Measures Concerning Obligee's Right of Subrogation
第十八条(債権者代位権に関する経過措置)
With regard to the obligee's right of subrogation relating to a right belonging to the obligor prescribed in Article 423, paragraph (1) of the Former Act, in the case where that right arose before the Effective Date, the provisions then in force continue to govern.
施行日前に旧法第四百二十三条第一項に規定する債務者に属する権利が生じた場合におけるその権利に係る債権者代位権については、なお従前の例による。
The provisions of Article 423-7 of the New Act do not apply to a right that the assignor prescribed in that Article has against a third party and that arose before the Effective Date.
新法第四百二十三条の七の規定は、施行日前に生じた同条に規定する譲渡人が第三者に対して有する権利については、適用しない。
(Agent's Capacity to Act)
An act that a person with qualified legal capacity performs as an agent of another person may not be revoked on the grounds of qualified legal capacity; provided, however…
制限行為能力者が代理人としてした行為は、行為能力の制限によっては取り消すことができない。ただし、制限行為能力者が他の制限行為能力者の法定代理人としてした行為については、この限りでない。
Open this provision(Liability of Unauthorized Agency)
A person who concludes a contract as an agent of another person is liable to the counterparty for the performance of the contract or damages, as chosen by the counterparty…
他人の代理人として契約をした者は、自己の代理権を証明したとき、又は本人の追認を得たときを除き、相手方の選択に従い、相手方に対して履行又は損害賠償の責任を負う。
Open this provision(Unauthorized Agency in Unilateral Juridical Act)
With respect to a unilateral juridical act, the provisions of Articles 113 through the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis only if the counterparty, at the time of the act…
単独行為については、その行為の時において、相手方が、代理人と称する者が代理権を有しないで行為をすることに同意し、又はその代理権を争わなかったときに限り、第百十三条から前条までの規定を準用する。代理権を有しない者に対しその同意を得て単独行為をしたときも、同様とする。
Open this provision(Obligation of Restoration)
A person that has received payment or delivery as the performance of an obligation based on a void act has an obligation to restore the other party to the original state.
無効な行為に基づく債務の履行として給付を受けた者は、相手方を原状に復させる義務を負う。
Open this provision(Ratification of Revocable Acts)
A revocable act may not be revoked after the person prescribed in Article 120 ratifies it.
取り消すことができる行為は、第百二十条に規定する者が追認したときは、以後、取り消すことができない。
Open this provision(Requirements for Ratification)
The ratification of a revocable act does not become effective unless it is made after the circumstances that made the act revocable cease to exist and the person ratifying the act becomes aware of…
取り消すことができる行為の追認は、取消しの原因となっていた状況が消滅し、かつ、取消権を有することを知った後にしなければ、その効力を生じない。
Open this provision(Statutory Ratification)
If, at or after the time when it becomes possible to ratify an act, any of the following facts occur with respect to a revocable act, it is deemed that the act has been ratified; provided, however…
追認をすることができる時以後に、取り消すことができる行為について次に掲げる事実があったときは、追認をしたものとみなす。ただし、異議をとどめたときは、この限りでない。
Open this provision(Acts Requiring Consent of Curator)
A person under curatorship must obtain the consent of the curator in order to perform any of the following acts; provided, however, that this does not apply to an act provided for in the proviso of…
被保佐人が次に掲げる行為をするには、その保佐人の同意を得なければならない。ただし、第九条ただし書に規定する行為については、この限りでない。
Open this provision(Acts Requiring Consent of Curator)
performing any of the acts stated in the preceding items as a legal representative of a person with qualified legal capacity…
前各号に掲げる行為を制限行為能力者(未成年者、成年被後見人、被保佐人及び第十七条第一項の審判を受けた被補助人をいう。以下同じ。)の法定代理人としてすること。
Open this provision(Prevention of Fulfillment of Conditions)
If a party who would enjoy a benefit as a result of the fulfillment of a condition wrongfully has that condition fulfilled, the counterparty may deem that the condition has not been fulfilled.
条件が成就することによって利益を受ける当事者が不正にその条件を成就させたときは、相手方は、その条件が成就しなかったものとみなすことができる。
Open this provision(Invocation of Prescription)
The court may not make a judicial decision relying on prescription unless a party (in the case of extinctive prescription, including a guarantor, third-party collateral provider, third party…
時効は、当事者(消滅時効にあっては、保証人、物上保証人、第三取得者その他権利の消滅について正当な利益を有する者を含む。)が援用しなければ、裁判所がこれによって裁判をすることができない。
Open this provision(Postponement of Expiration of Prescription Period through Agreement on Holding Discussion)
If an agreement on holding a discussion concerning a right is made in writing, the prescription period does not expire until the earliest of the following points in time:
権利についての協議を行う旨の合意が書面でされたときは、次に掲げる時のいずれか早い時までの間は、時効は、完成しない。
Open this provision(Postponement of Expiration of Prescription Period through Agreement on Holding Discussion)
If an agreement referred to in paragraph (1) is made by means of an electronic or magnetic record (meaning a record used in computerized information processing which is created in electronic form…
第一項の合意がその内容を記録した電磁的記録(電子的方式、磁気的方式その他人の知覚によっては認識することができない方式で作られる記録であって、電子計算機による情報処理の用に供されるものをいう。以下同じ。)によってされたときは、その合意は、書面によってされたものとみなして、前三項の規定を適用する。
Open this provisionIf the person performing a juridical act did not have mental capacity when manifesting the relevant intention, the juridical act is void.
法律行為の当事者が意思表示をした時に意思能力を有しなかったときは、その法律行為は、無効とする。
Open this provision(Requirements for Perfection of Pledges over Claims)
The creation of a pledge over a claim (including a pledge over a claim which has not yet arisen) may not be duly asserted against a third party obligor and other third parties unless notice of the…
債権を目的とする質権の設定(現に発生していない債権を目的とするものを含む。)は、第四百六十七条の規定に従い、第三債務者にその質権の設定を通知し、又は第三債務者がこれを承諾しなければ、これをもって第三債務者その他の第三者に対抗することができない。
Open this provision(Revolving Mortgages)
Claims that arise continuously with the obligor pursuant to a specific cause, claims under negotiable instruments or checks, or electronically recorded monetary claims…
特定の原因に基づいて債務者との間に継続して生ずる債権、手形上若しくは小切手上の請求権又は電子記録債権(電子記録債権法(平成十九年法律第百二号)第二条第一項に規定する電子記録債権をいう。次条第二項において同じ。)は、前項の規定にかかわらず、根抵当権の担保すべき債権とすることができる。
Open this provision(Scope of Secured Claims Under Revolving Mortgages)
If a claim under a negotiable instrument or check or electronically recorded monetary claim acquired from causes other than the transactions with the obligor is agreed to be treated as a claim to be…
債務者との取引によらないで取得する手形上若しくは小切手上の請求権又は電子記録債権を根抵当権の担保すべき債権とした場合において、次に掲げる事由があったときは、その前に取得したものについてのみ、その根抵当権を行使することができる。
Open this provision(Assignments of Secured Claims Under Revolving Mortgages)
If the discharging assumption of an obligation is effected before the principal is fixed, the obligee may not transfer the revolving mortgage to the obligation assumed by the new obligor…
元本の確定前に免責的債務引受があった場合における債権者は、第四百七十二条の四第一項の規定にかかわらず、根抵当権を引受人が負担する債務に移すことができない。
Open this provision(Assignments of Secured Claims Under Revolving Mortgages)
If any novation due to the substitution of the obligee is effected before the principal is fixed, the obligee before the novation may not transfer the revolving mortgage to the obligations after the…
元本の確定前に債権者の交替による更改があった場合における更改前の債権者は、第五百十八条第一項の規定にかかわらず、根抵当権を更改後の債務に移すことができない。元本の確定前に債務者の交替による更改があった場合における債権者も、同様とする。
Open this provision(Duty of Care in Cases of Delivery of Specific Things)
If the subject of a claim is the delivery of a specific thing, the obligor must retain the thing with the due care of a prudent manager, which is determined in light of the contract or other sources…
債権の目的が特定物の引渡しであるときは、債務者は、その引渡しをするまで、契約その他の債権の発生原因及び取引上の社会通念に照らして定まる善良な管理者の注意をもって、その物を保存しなければならない。
Open this provision(Statutory Interest Rate)
Unless the parties manifest a particular intention with respect to a claim which bears interest, the rate of the interest is the statutory interest rate on the time when the interest first accrues.
利息を生ずべき債権について別段の意思表示がないときは、その利率は、その利息が生じた最初の時点における法定利率による。
Open this provision(Statutory Interest Rate)
The statutory interest rate for each term is the rate calculated by adding or deducting the rate equivalent to the difference between the benchmark rate for the most recent term during which there…
各期における法定利率は、この項の規定により法定利率に変動があった期のうち直近のもの(以下この項において「直近変動期」という。)における基準割合と当期における基準割合との差に相当する割合(その割合に一パーセント未満の端数があるときは、これを切り捨てる。)を直近変動期における法定利率に加算し、又は減算した割合とする。
Open this provision(Identification of Alternative Obligation Due to Impossibility)
If a performance included in the subject of a claim is impossible, and the impossibility is by negligence of the party that has the right to choose, the claim exists to the extent of the remaining…
債権の目的である給付の中に不能のものがある場合において、その不能が選択権を有する者の過失によるものであるときは、債権は、その残存するものについて存在する。
Open this provision(Impossibility of Performance)
If the performance of an obligation is impossible in light of the contract or other sources of claims and common sense trading practices in the transaction…
債務の履行が契約その他の債務の発生原因及び取引上の社会通念に照らして不能であるときは、債権者は、その債務の履行を請求することができない。
Open this provision(Time of Performance and Delay in Performance)
If an uncertain due date is assigned to the performance of an obligation, the obligor is liable for delay from the time when the obligor receives the request for performance after the due date…
債務の履行について不確定期限があるときは、債務者は、その期限の到来した後に履行の請求を受けた時又はその期限の到来したことを知った時のいずれか早い時から遅滞の責任を負う。
Open this provision(Obligee's Delay in Acceptance)
If the obligee refuses, or is unable, to accept the tender of the performance of an obligation, and the subject of the obligation is the delivery of a specific thing…
債権者が債務の履行を受けることを拒み、又は受けることができない場合において、その債務の目的が特定物の引渡しであるときは、債務者は、履行の提供をした時からその引渡しをするまで、自己の財産に対するのと同一の注意をもって、その物を保存すれば足りる。
Open this provision(Impossibility of Performance during Obligor's Delay in Performance or Obligee's Delay in Acceptance, and Grounds Attributable)
If the performance of an obligation becomes impossible due to grounds not attributable to either party during a period in which the obligor is liable for delay in performance of the obligation…
債務者がその債務について遅滞の責任を負っている間に当事者双方の責めに帰することができない事由によってその債務の履行が不能となったときは、その履行の不能は、債務者の責めに帰すべき事由によるものとみなす。
Open this provision(Claim for Damages Due to Non-Performance)
If an obligor fails to perform consistent with the main purport of the obligation or the performance of an obligation is impossible, the obligee may claim compensation for damage arising from the…
債務者がその債務の本旨に従った履行をしないとき又は債務の履行が不能であるときは、債権者は、これによって生じた損害の賠償を請求することができる。ただし、その債務の不履行が契約その他の債務の発生原因及び取引上の社会通念に照らして債務者の責めに帰することができない事由によるものであるときは、この限りでない。
Open this provision(Scope of Damages)
The obligee may also claim the compensation for damage which has arisen from any special circumstances if the party did foresee, or should have foreseen, the circumstances.
特別の事情によって生じた損害であっても、当事者がその事情を予見すべきであったときは、債権者は、その賠償を請求することができる。
Open this provision(Deduction of Interim Interest)
In the case of determining the amount of damages in relation to profits to be acquired in the future and deducting an amount equivalent to interest that is to accrue until the time of acquiring the…
将来において取得すべき利益についての損害賠償の額を定める場合において、その利益を取得すべき時までの利息相当額を控除するときは、その損害賠償の請求権が生じた時点における法定利率により、これをする。
Open this provision(Comparative Negligence)
If the obligee is negligent regarding the failure to perform the obligation or the occurrence or spreading of a damage caused by that failure, the court determines the liability for damages and the…
債務の不履行又はこれによる損害の発生若しくは拡大に関して債権者に過失があったときは、裁判所は、これを考慮して、損害賠償の責任及びその額を定める。
Open this provision(Special Provisions for Monetary Debt)
The amount of damages for failure to perform an obligation to deliver money is determined with reference to the statutory interest rate on the time when the obligor first assumes the responsibility…
金銭の給付を目的とする債務の不履行については、その損害賠償の額は、債務者が遅滞の責任を負った最初の時点における法定利率によって定める。ただし、約定利率が法定利率を超えるときは、約定利率による。
Open this provision(Right to Demand Substitute)
If the obligor acquires a right or profit as a substitute for the subject matter of the obligation due to the same cause as the one that has rendered the performance of the obligation impossible…
債務者が、その債務の履行が不能となったのと同一の原因により債務の目的物の代償である権利又は利益を取得したときは、債権者は、その受けた損害の額の限度において、債務者に対し、その権利の移転又はその利益の償還を請求することができる。
Open this provision(Obligee's Right of Subrogation to Preserve the Right to Request Registration)
A person that has acquired by assignment from another person a property for which the acquisition or loss of rights and the change to rights cannot be duly asserted against a third party unless…
登記又は登録をしなければ権利の得喪及び変更を第三者に対抗することができない財産を譲り受けた者は、その譲渡人が第三者に対して有する登記手続又は登録手続をすべきことを請求する権利を行使しないときは、その権利を行使することができる。この場合においては、前三条の規定を準用する。
Open this provision(Method to Compensate for Damage, Deduction of Interim Interest, and Comparative Negligence)
The provisions of Articles 417 and 417-2 apply mutatis mutandis to compensation for damages caused by tort.
第四百十七条及び第四百十七条の二の規定は、不法行為による損害賠償について準用する。
Open this provision(Rescission of Contracts between the Minor Ward and the Guardian)
The provisions of Article 20 and Article 121 through Article 126 apply mutatis mutandis to a case as referred to in the preceding paragraph.
第二十条及び第百二十一条から第百二十六条までの規定は、前項の場合について準用する。
Open this provision(Public Policy)
A juridical act that is against public policy is void.
公の秩序又は善良の風俗に反する法律行為は、無効とする。
Open this provision(Mental Reservations)
The validity of a manifestation of intention is not impaired even if the person making it does so while knowing that it does not reflect that person's true intention; provided, however…
意思表示は、表意者がその真意ではないことを知ってしたときであっても、そのためにその効力を妨げられない。ただし、相手方がその意思表示が表意者の真意ではないことを知り、又は知ることができたときは、その意思表示は、無効とする。
Open this provision(Mistakes)
A manifestation of intention may be revoked if it is based on either of the following mistakes, and the mistake is material in light of the purpose of the juridical act and common sense trading…
意思表示は、次に掲げる錯誤に基づくものであって、その錯誤が法律行為の目的及び取引上の社会通念に照らして重要なものであるときは、取り消すことができる。
Open this provision(Fraud or Duress)
If a third party commits a fraud inducing a first party to make a manifestation of intention to a second party, that manifestation of intention may be revoked only if the second party knew or could…
相手方に対する意思表示について第三者が詐欺を行った場合においては、相手方がその事実を知り、又は知ることができたときに限り、その意思表示を取り消すことができる。
Open this provision(Fraud or Duress)
The revocation of a manifestation of intention induced by fraud under the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs may not be duly asserted against a third party in good faith acting without…
前二項の規定による詐欺による意思表示の取消しは、善意でかつ過失がない第三者に対抗することができない。
Open this provision(Timing of Entry into Effect of Manifestations of Intention)
A manifestation of intention becomes effective at the time notice of the manifestation reaches the other party.
意思表示は、その通知が相手方に到達した時からその効力を生ずる。
Open this provision(Capacity to Receive Manifestations of Intention)
Any person may not assert a manifestation of intention against the other party to that if that other party had no mental capacity or was a minor or an adult ward at the time of receiving it; provided…
意思表示の相手方がその意思表示を受けた時に意思能力を有しなかったとき又は未成年者若しくは成年被後見人であったときは、その意思表示をもってその相手方に対抗することができない。ただし、次に掲げる者がその意思表示を知った後は、この限りでない。
Open this provisionTransitional Measures Concerning Guarantee Obligations
A person intending to become a guarantor may, even before the Effective Date, request the preparation of the notarial instrument referred to in Article 465-6…
保証人になろうとする者は、施行日前においても、新法第四百六十五条の六第一項(新法第四百六十五条の八第一項において準用する場合を含む。)の公正証書の作成を嘱託することができる。
Open this provisionTransitional Measures Concerning Guarantee Obligations
If a request for the preparation of a notarial instrument has been made pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, a notary may, even before the Effective Date…
公証人は、前項の規定による公正証書の作成の嘱託があった場合には、施行日前においても、新法第四百六十五条の六第二項及び第四百六十五条の七(これらの規定を新法第四百六十五条の八第一項において準用する場合を含む。)の規定の例により、その作成をすることができる。
Open this provisionTransitional Measures Concerning Performance
With regard to the performance of an obligation in the case where the obligation arose before the Effective Date, beyond what is prescribed in the following paragraph…
施行日前に債務が生じた場合におけるその債務の弁済については、次項に規定するもののほか、なお従前の例による。
Open this provisionTransitional Measures Concerning Capacity to Act
With regard to an act performed before the Effective Date by a person with qualified legal capacity (meaning a person with qualified legal capacity prescribed in Article 13, paragraph (1), item (x)…
施行日前に制限行為能力者(新法第十三条第一項第十号に規定する制限行為能力者をいう。以下この条において同じ。)が他の制限行為能力者の法定代理人としてした行為については、同項及び新法第百二条の規定にかかわらず、なお従前の例による。
Open this provisionTransitional Measures Concerning Standard Terms and Conditions
The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply if a contrary intention is manifested in writing by one of the parties to the contract prescribed in that paragraph…
前項の規定は、同項に規定する契約の当事者の一方(契約又は法律の規定により解除権を現に行使することができる者を除く。)により反対の意思の表示が書面でされた場合(その内容を記録した電磁的記録によってされた場合を含む。)には、適用しない。
Open this provisionTransitional Measures Concerning Standard Terms and Conditions
The manifestation of contrary intention prescribed in the preceding paragraph must be made prior to the Effective Date.
前項に規定する反対の意思の表示は、施行日前にしなければならない。
Open this provisionDelegation to Cabinet Order
Beyond what is provided for in these Supplementary Provisions, transitional measures necessary in connection with the enforcement of this Act are specified by Cabinet Order.
この附則に規定するもののほか、この法律の施行に関し必要な経過措置は、政令で定める。
Open this provisionrevolving mortgage
「根抵当権」
A mortgage (抵当権) created, as Article 398-2, paragraph (1) allows, to secure unspecified claims within a certain range up to a maximum amount (極度額), as the act creating it provides.
Short name set inArticle 398-2, paragraph (2)
the New Actmachine translation
「新法」
This Act as amended by Act No. 44 of 2017.
Short name set inSupplementary Provisions, Article 2, paragraph (1)
the Effective Datemachine translation
「施行日」
The date Act No. 44 of 2017, the amending Act these supplementary provisions (附則) belong to, comes into effect.
Short name set inSupplementary Provisions, Article 2, paragraph (1)
person with qualified legal capacitycorrected by this site
「制限行為能力者」
A person whose capacity to act (行為能力) is limited: a minor, an adult ward (成年被後見人), a person under curatorship (被保佐人), or a person under assistance (被補助人) for whom the family court has made a decision under Article 17, paragraph (1) that certain acts need the assistant's consent.
Defined inSupplementary Provisions, Article 3, paragraph (1)· applies only in this article
the Former Actmachine translation
「旧法」
This Act as it stood before Act No. 44 of 2017 amended it.
Short name set inSupplementary Provisions, Article 4, paragraph (1)
electronic or magnetic record
「電磁的記録」
A record made in electronic, magnetic or any other form people cannot perceive directly, for use in computer processing.
Defined inSupplementary Provisions, Article 10, paragraph (3)· applies only in this provision and in Supplementary Provisions, Article 33, paragraph (2)
assert against
対抗
To be able to rely on a right, or on a fact about it, against someone who is not a party to it. Acquiring, losing or changing a right in rem (物権) in land or a building cannot be asserted against third parties until it is registered (登記) (Civil Code, Article 177), and a registered lease of land or a building can be asserted against a person who acquires a right in rem in it, such as a buyer, and against other third parties (Article 605). The Act on Land and Building Leases lets a tenant do without registering the lease itself: a right to use land for a building (借地権) can be asserted against third parties once the tenant owns a registered building on the land (Article 10, paragraph (1)), and a building lease takes effect against anyone who later acquires a right in rem in the building, such as a new owner, once the building has been handed over (Article 31). Some rules protect only a third party who did not know: a rescission for fraud cannot be asserted against a third party who did not know of the fraud and was not careless in not knowing (善意でかつ過失がない) (Civil Code, Article 96, paragraph (3)).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 96, 177, 605 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Arts. 10, 31 as a reference.
damages
損害賠償
Compensation for loss one person has caused another. A debtor who does not perform an obligation as it should be performed, or cannot perform it, must compensate the creditor for the loss that results, unless the failure comes from a cause the debtor is not responsible for, judged by the contract or other source of the obligation and by accepted views in dealings (Civil Code, Article 415, paragraph (1)); and a person who, intentionally or negligently, infringes another's rights or legally protected interests must compensate for the loss that results (Article 709). It is paid in money unless otherwise agreed (Articles 417 and 722, paragraph (1)), and the parties to a contract may agree in advance the amount due if it is not performed; a sum fixed for breach (違約金) is presumed to be such an agreement (Article 420, paragraphs (1) and (3)). The Consumer Contract Act makes void the part of such an amount in a consumer contract, for its cancellation, with any penalty added, above the average loss the business would suffer from the cancellation of consumer contracts of that kind, measured separately for each category the clause sets, such as the reason for and time of cancellation (Consumer Contract Act, Article 9, paragraph (1), item (i)).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 415, 417, 420, 709, 722 and Consumer Contract Act, Art. 9 as a reference.
juridical act
法律行為
An act by which a person, by manifesting their intention (意思表示), brings about the legal effect they intend, such as making a contract or buying everyday goods (Civil Code, Articles 3-2, 9, paragraph (1), and 91; Act on General Rules for Application of Laws, Article 10, paragraphs (1) and (4)). A contract is formed when one party's offer, a manifestation of intention showing its terms, is accepted by the other (Civil Code, Article 522, paragraph (1)). Where the parties to a juridical act manifest an intention that differs from a provision of laws and regulations not related to public policy, their intention prevails (Article 91). It is void if a party lacked mental capacity (意思能力) when manifesting the intention (Article 3-2), or if it goes against public order or good morals (公の秩序又は善良の風俗) (Article 90). A minor (under 18, Article 4) needs the consent of their legal representative to do one, except one by which they merely acquire a right or are released from an obligation, or a disposal of property the representative has allowed them to dispose of, and one done without that consent may be rescinded (取消し) (Article 5); a rescinded act is treated as void from the start (Article 121), and a void act does not take effect even if the parties later confirm it, though confirming it knowing it is void counts as doing a new act (Article 119). One made subject to a condition precedent (停止条件) takes effect when the condition is fulfilled, and one subject to a condition subsequent (解除条件) loses effect then (Article 127, paragraphs (1) and (2)). Under the Act on General Rules for Application of Laws, the formation and effect of a juridical act are governed by the law of the place its parties chose when they did it (Article 7), or, where they chose none, by the law of the place most closely connected with it at that time (Article 8, paragraph (1)); but a consumer can ask for the protective rules of the law where they habitually live, which governs a consumer contract where no law was chosen, and a worker can ask for those of the place most closely connected with the labor contract, usually where the work is done (Articles 11 and 12) — except in the cases Article 11, paragraph (6) lists, such as a consumer who went to a place under the same law as the business's office and made the contract there, unless the business had invited them, where they habitually live, to make it there.
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 3-2, 4, 5, 9, 90, 91, 119, 121, 127, 522 and Act on General Rules for Application of Laws, Arts. 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 as a reference.
manifestation of intention
意思表示
A person's expression of an intention to which the law gives a legal effect, such as an offer to conclude a contract, which shows its terms and forms the contract once the other party accepts it (Civil Code, Article 522, paragraph (1)), the acceptance itself (Article 527), or the notice to the other party by which a party rescinds (取消し) an act or cancels (解除) a contract (Articles 123 and 540, paragraph (1)). One made to another person takes effect when notice of it reaches that person, or when it would normally have reached them if they blocked it without good reason (Article 97, paragraphs (1) and (2)), and does not lose its effect because the person who made it dies, loses mental capacity (意思能力) or comes under legal limits on what they can do alone after sending the notice (Article 97, paragraph (3)); where the person making it cannot find out who the other party is or where they are, it can be made by public notice (Article 98, paragraph (1)). It is not void just because the person making it knew it was not their true intention, unless the other party knew or could have known that (Article 93, paragraph (1)); a false one made in collusion with the other party is void (Article 94, paragraph (1)); and neither voidness can be asserted against a third party who did not know of it (善意) (Articles 93, paragraph (2), and 94, paragraph (2)). One based on a mistake that is material in light of the purpose of the juridical act (法律行為) and accepted views in dealings may be rescinded — one based on a mistaken view of the circumstances behind the act only if it had been shown that the act was based on them, and as a rule not where the mistake came from the gross negligence of the person who made it (Article 95, paragraphs (1) to (3)) — and so may one made under fraud or duress, though one induced by a third party's fraud only if the other party knew of the fraud or could have known of it (Article 96, paragraphs (1) and (2)); a rescission for mistake or fraud cannot be relied on against a third party who did not know and was not careless in not knowing (Article 95, paragraph (4), and Article 96, paragraph (3)). One that an agent makes within the agent's authority, showing that it is made for the principal, takes effect directly for the principal (Article 99, paragraph (1)). The Consumer Contract Act lets a consumer rescind an offer or acceptance of a consumer contract made because the business, when soliciting it, told them something untrue about an important matter and they believed it, among other grounds (Consumer Contract Act, Article 4, paragraph (1), item (i)), and the Act on Specified Commercial Transactions does the same where, in a door-to-door sale, the seller or service provider told them something untrue about such matters as the goods or the price (Article 6, paragraph (1), and Article 9-3, paragraph (1), item (i)).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 123, 522, 527, 540, Consumer Contract Act, Art. 4 and Act on Specified Commercial Transactions, Arts. 6, 9-3 as a reference.
rescission
取消し
Undoing a legal act, such as an offer or acceptance of a contract (意思表示, a manifestation of intention), that the law says may be rescinded: for example one made through an important mistake, though a mistake about the circumstances behind the act only if it had been made clear that they were its basis, and as a rule not where the person was grossly careless (Civil Code, Article 95), or one made under fraud or duress, though fraud by a third party only if the other party knew of it or could have known (Article 96), or one a minor made without the consent of their legal representative (Article 5, paragraph (2)). Once rescinded, the act is treated as void from the start (Article 121). Only the person who made it, their representative or successor, or someone whose consent it needed may rescind it (Article 120). The right is lost if not used within five years from when the act could be confirmed — once the mistake, fraud or other cause has ended and the person knows they can rescind (Article 124) — or twenty years from the act (Article 126). It is lost sooner if the person confirms the act, and once it could be confirmed, performing it or demanding performance without reserving objections counts as confirming it (Articles 122 and 125). The Consumer Contract Act adds grounds of its own, such as a business telling the consumer something untrue about an important matter when soliciting the contract, where the consumer believed it and made the contract because of it (Article 4, paragraph (1), item (i)), and gives most of them a shorter time: one year from when the act could be confirmed, and five years from the contract (Article 7, paragraph (1)).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 5, 95, 96, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126 and Consumer Contract Act, Arts. 4, 7 as a reference.
void
無効
Having no legal effect from the start. A void act does not take effect even if the parties later confirm it; confirming it knowing it is void counts as making a new act (Civil Code, Article 119). An act against public order or good morals is void (Article 90). Some Acts that protect one side make void a term that takes that protection away: a term of a land lease that is worse for the tenant than the Act on Land and Building Leases' rules on how long the lease lasts and how it is renewed (Article 9), a clause of a consumer contract that frees a business from all liability for damage its failure to perform causes the consumer (Consumer Contract Act, Article 8, paragraph (1), item (i)), or the part of a labor contract that falls short of the Labor Standards Act's standards, which the Act's standard replaces (Labor Standards Act, Article 13).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 90, 119, Act on Land and Building Leases, Art. 9, Consumer Contract Act, Art. 8 and Labor Standards Act, Art. 13 as a reference.