When an incorporator, director at incorporation, company auditor at incorporation, executive officer at incorporation, director, accounting advisor or member who is to perform the duties thereof, company auditor, executive officer, financial auditor or member who is to perform the duties thereof, liquidator, liquidator's agent, member who executes the business of a membership company, person to perform duties on behalf of a director, company auditor, executive officer, liquidator or member who executes the business of a membership company who has been appointed based on a provisional disposition order under the provisions of Article 56 of the Civil Provisional Remedies Act, person who is temporarily to perform the duties of a director, accounting advisor, company auditor, representative director, committee member, executive officer or representative executive officer prescribed in Article 960, paragraph (1), item (v), person who is temporarily to perform the duties of a liquidator or representative liquidator prescribed in paragraph (2), item (iii) of that Article, person who is temporarily to perform the duties of a financial auditor prescribed in Article 967, paragraph (1), item (iii), inspector, supervisor, investigator, shareholder register administrator, bond register administrator, bond administrator, bond administrator to succeed to the administration of the bonds, assistant bond administrator, assistant bond administrator to succeed to the administration of the bonds, representative bondholder, resolution administrator, foreign company's representative in Japan or manager falls under any one of the following items, the person is punished by a civil fine of not more than one million yen; provided, however, that this does not apply when the act should be made subject to a criminal punishment:
発起人、設立時取締役、設立時監査役、設立時執行役、取締役、会計参与若しくはその職務を行うべき社員、監査役、執行役、会計監査人若しくはその職務を行うべき社員、清算人、清算人代理、持分会社の業務を執行する社員、民事保全法第五十六条に規定する仮処分命令により選任された取締役、監査役、執行役、清算人若しくは持分会社の業務を執行する社員の職務を代行する者、第九百六十条第一項第五号に規定する一時取締役、会計参与、監査役、代表取締役、委員、執行役若しくは代表執行役の職務を行うべき者、同条第二項第三号に規定する一時清算人若しくは代表清算人の職務を行うべき者、第九百六十七条第一項第三号に規定する一時会計監査人の職務を行うべき者、検査役、監督委員、調査委員、株主名簿管理人、社債原簿管理人、社債管理者、事務を承継する社債管理者、社債管理補助者、事務を承継する社債管理補助者、代表社債権者、決議執行者、外国会社の日本における代表者又は支配人は、次のいずれかに該当する場合には、百万円以下の過料に処する。ただし、その行為について刑を科すべきときは、この限りでない。
when the person fails to complete a registration under the provisions of this Act;
この法律の規定による登記をすることを怠ったとき。
when the person fails to give public notice or notice under the provisions of this Act or has given improper public notice or notice;
この法律の規定による公告若しくは通知をすることを怠ったとき、又は不正の公告若しくは通知をしたとき。
when the person fails to disclose matters under the provisions of this Act;
この法律の規定による開示をすることを怠ったとき。
when, in violation of the provisions of this Act, the person refuses to allow a person to inspect or copy a document or something on which the information recorded in an electronic or magnetic record is displayed in a manner prescribed by Ministry of Justice Order, refuses to issue a transcript or extract of documents, refuses to use an electronic or magnetic means to provide a person with the information recorded in an electronic or magnetic record, or refuses to issue a person a document showing that information, without justifiable grounds for the refusal;
when the person obstructs an inspection under the provisions of this Act;
この法律の規定による調査を妨げたとき。
when the person makes a false statement to or conceals facts from a government agency, shareholders meeting, general meeting of class shareholders, organizational meeting or organizational meeting of class shareholders, bondholders meeting or creditors meeting;
when the person fails to state or record matters to be stated or recorded in the articles of incorporation, shareholder register, lost share certificates register, share option register, bond register, minutes, inventory of property, accounting books, balance sheet, profit and loss statement, business report, administration report, annexed detailed statements referred to in Article 435, paragraph (2) or Article 494, paragraph (1), accounting advisor's report, audit report, financial audit report, settlement of accounts, or the documents or an electronic or magnetic record referred to in Article 122, paragraph (1), Article 149, paragraph (1), Article 171-2, paragraph (1), Article 173-2, paragraph (1), Article 179-5, paragraph (1), Article 179-10, paragraph (1), Article 182-2, paragraph (1), Article 182-6, paragraph (1), Article 250, paragraph (1), Article 270, paragraph (1), Article 682, paragraph (1), Article 695, paragraph (1), Article 782, paragraph (1), Article 791, paragraph (1), Article 794, paragraph (1), Article 801, paragraph (1) or (2), Article 803, paragraph (1), Article 811, paragraph (1), Article 815, paragraph (1) or (2), Article 816-2, paragraph (1) or Article 816-10, paragraph (1) or states or records false matters;
定款、株主名簿、株券喪失登録簿、新株予約権原簿、社債原簿、議事録、財産目録、会計帳簿、貸借対照表、損益計算書、事業報告、事務報告、第四百三十五条第二項若しくは第四百九十四条第一項の附属明細書、会計参与報告、監査報告、会計監査報告、決算報告又は第百二十二条第一項、第百四十九条第一項、第百七十一条の二第一項、第百七十三条の二第一項、第百七十九条の五第一項、第百七十九条の十第一項、第百八十二条の二第一項、第百八十二条の六第一項、第二百五十条第一項、第二百七十条第一項、第六百八十二条第一項、第六百九十五条第一項、第七百八十二条第一項、第七百九十一条第一項、第七百九十四条第一項、第八百一条第一項若しくは第二項、第八百三条第一項、第八百十一条第一項、第八百十五条第一項若しくは第二項、第八百十六条の二第一項若しくは第八百十六条の十第一項の書面若しくは電磁的記録に記載し、若しくは記録すべき事項を記載せず、若しくは記録せず、又は虚偽の記載若しくは記録をしたとき。
when the person fails to keep books, documents or electronic or magnetic records in violation of the provisions of Article 31, paragraph (1) or the provisions of Article 74, paragraph (6), Article 75, paragraph (3), Article 76, paragraph (4), Article 81, paragraph (2) or Article 82, paragraph (2) (including the cases where these provisions are applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 86), Article 125, paragraph (1), Article 171-2, paragraph (1), Article 173-2, paragraph (2), Article 179-5, paragraph (1), Article 179-10, paragraph (2), Article 182-2, paragraph (1), Article 182-6, paragraph (2), Article 231, paragraph (1) or Article 252, paragraph (1), Article 310, paragraph (6), Article 311, paragraph (3), Article 312, paragraph (4), Article 318, paragraph (2) or (3) or Article 319, paragraph (2) (including the cases where these provisions are applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 325), Article 371, paragraph (1) (including the cases where these provisions are applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 490, paragraph (5)), Article 378, paragraph (1), Article 394, paragraph (1), Article 399-11, paragraph (1), Article 413, paragraph (1), Article 442, paragraph (1) or (2), Article 496, paragraph (1), Article 684, paragraph (1), Article 731, paragraph (2), Article 782, paragraph (1), Article 791, paragraph (2), Article 794, paragraph (1), Article 801, paragraph (3), Article 803, paragraph (1), Article 811, paragraph (2) Article 815, paragraph (3), Article 816-2, paragraph (1) or Article 816-10, paragraph (2);
第三十一条第一項の規定、第七十四条第六項、第七十五条第三項、第七十六条第四項、第八十一条第二項若しくは第八十二条第二項（これらの規定を第八十六条において準用する場合を含む。）、第百二十五条第一項、第百七十一条の二第一項、第百七十三条の二第二項、第百七十九条の五第一項、第百七十九条の十第二項、第百八十二条の二第一項、第百八十二条の六第二項、第二百三十一条第一項若しくは第二百五十二条第一項、第三百十条第六項、第三百十一条第三項、第三百十二条第四項、第三百十八条第二項若しくは第三項若しくは第三百十九条第二項（これらの規定を第三百二十五条において準用する場合を含む。）、第三百七十一条第一項（第四百九十条第五項において準用する場合を含む。）、第三百七十八条第一項、第三百九十四条第一項、第三百九十九条の十一第一項、第四百十三条第一項、第四百四十二条第一項若しくは第二項、第四百九十六条第一項、第六百八十四条第一項、第七百三十一条第二項、第七百八十二条第一項、第七百九十一条第二項、第七百九十四条第一項、第八百一条第三項、第八百三条第一項、第八百十一条第二項、第八百十五条第三項、第八百十六条の二第一項又は第八百十六条の十第二項の規定に違反して、帳簿又は書類若しくは電磁的記録を備え置かなかったとき。
when the person fails to provide an explanation about the matters for which an explanation was sought by shareholders or shareholders at incorporation at a shareholders meeting, general meeting of class shareholders, organizational meeting or organizational meeting of class shareholders, without justifiable grounds;
when the person acquires shares in violation of the provisions of Article 135, paragraph (1) or fails to dispose of shares in violation of the provisions of paragraph (3) of that Article;
when the person cancels shares in violation of the provisions of Article 178, paragraph (1) or (2);
when the person sells shares by auction or by any other method in violation of the provisions of Article 197, paragraph (1) or (2);
when the person issues share certificates, share option certificates or bond certificates prior to the day of issue of the shares, share options or bonds;
when the person fails to issue share certificates, share option certificates or bond certificates without delay in violation of the provisions of Article 215, paragraph (1), Article 288, paragraph (1) or Article 696;
第二百十五条第一項、第二百八十八条第一項又は第六百九十六条の規定に違反して、遅滞なく、株券、新株予約権証券又は社債券を発行しなかったとき。
when the person fails to state matters to be stated in share certificates, share option certificates or bond certificates or states false matters;
株券、新株予約権証券又は社債券に記載すべき事項を記載せず、又は虚偽の記載をしたとき。
when the person fails to cancel a registration of lost share certificate in violation of the provisions of Article 225, paragraph (4), Article 226, paragraph (2), Article 227 or Article 229, paragraph (2);
第二百二十五条第四項、第二百二十六条第二項、第二百二十七条又は第二百二十九条第二項の規定に違反して、株券喪失登録を抹消しなかったとき。
when the person states or records matters in a shareholder register in violation of the provisions of Article 230, paragraph (1);
第二百三十条第一項の規定に違反して、株主名簿に記載し、又は記録したとき。
when the person fails to call a shareholders meeting in violation of the provisions of Article 296, paragraph (1) or a court order under the provisions of Article 307, paragraph (1), item (i) (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 325) or Article 359, paragraph (1), item (i);
第二百九十六条第一項の規定又は第三百七条第一項第一号（第三百二十五条において準用する場合を含む。）若しくは第三百五十九条第一項第一号の規定による裁判所の命令に違反して、株主総会を招集しなかったとき。
when, if a demand under the provisions of Article 303, paragraph (1) or (2) (including the cases where they are applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 325) has been filed, the person fails to include the matter related to that demand in the purpose of the shareholders meeting or general meeting of class shareholders;
when measures for electronic provision are not taken in violation of the provisions of Article 325-3, paragraph (1) (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 325-7);
第三百二十五条の三第一項（第三百二十五条の七において準用する場合を含む。）の規定に違反して、電子提供措置をとらなかったとき。
when outside directors are not appointed in violation of the provisions of Article 327-2;
in violation of the provisions of Article 331, paragraph (6), when outside directors are not elected to fulfill the majority of directors who are audit and supervisory committee members;
第三百三十一条第六項の規定に違反して、社外取締役を監査等委員である取締役の過半数に選任しなかったとき。
when the person fails to elect enough outside company auditors to constitute half or more of the company auditors in violation of the provisions of Article 335, paragraph (3);
第三百三十五条第三項の規定に違反して、社外監査役を監査役の半数以上に選任しなかったとき。
when, if a request under the provisions of Article 343, paragraph (2) (including as applied following the deemed replacement of terms pursuant to the provisions of Article 347, paragraph (2)) or Article 344-2, paragraph (2) (including as applied following the deemed replacement of terms pursuant to the provisions of Article 347, paragraph (1)) has been filed, the person fails to include the matter related to the request in the purpose of a shareholders meeting or general meeting of class shareholders or fails to submit the proposal related to relevant request to a shareholders meeting or general meeting of class shareholders;
第三百四十三条第二項（第三百四十七条第二項の規定により読み替えて適用する場合を含む。）又は第三百四十四条の二第二項（第三百四十七条第一項の規定により読み替えて適用する場合を含む。）の規定による請求があった場合において、その請求に係る事項を株主総会若しくは種類株主総会の目的とせず、又はその請求に係る議案を株主総会若しくは種類株主総会に提出しなかったとき。
when, if there is a shortfall in the number of directors (in cases of a company with audit and supervisory committee, directors who are audit and supervisory committee members or other directors), accounting advisors, company auditors, executive officers or financial auditors prescribed in this Act or the articles of incorporation, the person fails to carry out the procedures for electing a person to assume the position (including the appointment of a person who is temporarily to perform the duties of a financial auditor);
取締役（監査等委員会設置会社にあっては、監査等委員である取締役又はそれ以外の取締役）、会計参与、監査役、執行役又は会計監査人がこの法律又は定款で定めたその員数を欠くこととなった場合において、その選任（一時会計監査人の職務を行うべき者の選任を含む。）の手続をすることを怠ったとき。
when the person fails to make a report to a board of directors or board of liquidators or makes a false report in violation of the provisions of Article 365, paragraph (2) (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 419, paragraph (2) and Article 489, paragraph (8)) or Article 430-2, paragraph (4) (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph (5) of the Article);
第三百六十五条第二項（第四百十九条第二項及び第四百八十九条第八項において準用する場合を含む。）又は第四百三十条の二第四項（同条第五項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定に違反して、取締役会又は清算人会に報告せず、又は虚偽の報告をしたとき。
when the person fails to select a full-time company auditor in violation of the provisions of Article 390, paragraph (3);
第三百九十条第三項の規定に違反して、常勤の監査役を選定しなかったとき。
when the person fails to record capital reserves or reserves in violation of the provisions of Article 445, paragraph (3) or (4) or reduces the amount of reserves in violation of the provisions of Article 448;
第四百四十五条第三項若しくは第四項の規定に違反して資本準備金若しくは準備金を計上せず、又は第四百四十八条の規定に違反して準備金の額の減少をしたとき。
when the person reduces the amount of stated capital or reserves, refunds equity interest, disposes of property of a membership company, effects an entity conversion, absorption-type merger, consolidation-type merger, absorption-type company split, incorporation-type company split, share exchange share transfer, or partial share exchange or effects the resignation of all of a foreign company's representatives in Japan in violation of the provisions of Article 449, paragraph (2) or (5), Article 627, paragraph (2) or (5), Article 635, paragraph (2) or (5), Article 670, paragraph (2) or (5), Article 779, paragraph (2) or (5) (including the cases where they are applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 781, paragraph (2)), Article 789, paragraph (2) or (5) (including the cases where they are applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 793, paragraph (2)), Article 799, paragraph (2) or (5) (including the cases where they are applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 802, paragraph (2)), Article 810, paragraph (2) or (5) (including the cases where they are applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 813, paragraph (2)), Article 816-8, paragraph (2) or paragraph (5), or Article 820, paragraph (1) or (2);
第四百四十九条第二項若しくは第五項、第六百二十七条第二項若しくは第五項、第六百三十五条第二項若しくは第五項、第六百七十条第二項若しくは第五項、第七百七十九条第二項若しくは第五項（これらの規定を第七百八十一条第二項において準用する場合を含む。）、第七百八十九条第二項若しくは第五項（これらの規定を第七百九十三条第二項において準用する場合を含む。）、第七百九十九条第二項若しくは第五項（これらの規定を第八百二条第二項において準用する場合を含む。）、第八百十条第二項若しくは第五項（これらの規定を第八百十三条第二項において準用する場合を含む。）、第八百十六条の八第二項若しくは第五項又は第八百二十条第一項若しくは第二項の規定に違反して、資本金若しくは準備金の額の減少、持分の払戻し、持分会社の財産の処分、組織変更、吸収合併、新設合併、吸収分割、新設分割、株式交換、株式移転、株式交付又は外国会社の日本における代表者の全員の退任をしたとき。
when the person fails to file a petition for the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings in violation of the provisions of Article 484, paragraph (1) or Article 656, paragraph (1) or fails to file a petition for the commencement of special liquidation in violation of the provisions of Article 511, paragraph (2);
第四百八十四条第一項若しくは第六百五十六条第一項の規定に違反して破産手続開始の申立てを怠ったとき、又は第五百十一条第二項の規定に違反して特別清算開始の申立てをすることを怠ったとき。
when the person inappropriately prescribes the period referred to in Article 499, paragraph (1), Article 660, paragraph (1) or Article 670, paragraph (2) for the purpose of delaying the completion of liquidation;
清算の結了を遅延させる目的で、第四百九十九条第一項、第六百六十条第一項又は第六百七十条第二項の期間を不当に定めたとき。
when the person performs obligations in violation of the provisions of Article 500, paragraph (1), Article 537, paragraph (1) or Article 661, paragraph (1);
第五百条第一項、第五百三十七条第一項又は第六百六十一条第一項の規定に違反して、債務の弁済をしたとき。
when the person distributes property of a liquidating stock company or liquidating membership company in violation of the provisions of Article 502 or Article 664;
when the person violates the provisions of Article 535, paragraph (1) or Article 536, paragraph (1);
第五百三十五条第一項又は第五百三十六条第一項の規定に違反したとき。
when the person violates a provisional order under the provisions of Article 540, paragraph (1) or (2) or Article 542, paragraph (1) or (2);
第五百四十条第一項若しくは第二項又は第五百四十二条第一項若しくは第二項の規定による保全処分に違反したとき。
when the person issues bonds in violation of the provisions of Article 702 or fails to specify a bond administrator or assistant bond administrator to succeed to the administration of the bonds in violation of the provisions of Article 714, paragraph (1) (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 714-7);
when the person violates a court order under the provisions of Article 827, paragraph (1); or
第八百二十七条第一項の規定による裁判所の命令に違反したとき。
when the person fails to request an electronic public notice investigation in violation of the provisions of Article 941.
Read this with the articles around it
foreign company
「外国会社」
A corporation or other body formed under a foreign country's law that is of the same kind as, or similar to, a company under this Act.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (ii)· applies throughout the law
company with audit and supervisory committee
「監査等委員会設置会社」
A stock company that has an audit and supervisory committee, made up of directors.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xi-2)· applies throughout the law
general meeting of class shareholders
「種類株主総会」
A meeting of the shareholders who hold a particular class of shares in a company with class shares.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xiv)· applies throughout the law
outside director
「社外取締役」
A director of a stock company who meets all the independence requirements in Article 2, item (xv), such as not running, and not having run in the previous ten years, the business of the company or its subsidiaries.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xv)· applies throughout the law
outside company auditor
「社外監査役」
A company auditor of a stock company who meets all the independence requirements in Article 2, item (xvi), such as not having been a director or employee of the company or its subsidiaries in the ten years before taking office.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xvi)· applies throughout the law
share option
「新株予約権」
A right that entitles its holder, by exercising it against a stock company, to receive shares of that company.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xxi)· applies throughout the law
bond
「社債」
A money claim against a company, arising from an allotment the company makes under this Act, that is to be repaid according to the terms set under Article 676.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xxiii)· applies throughout the law
entity conversion
「組織変更」
A company's changing its legal form, either from a stock company into a membership company (a general partnership, limited partnership or limited liability company) or the other way round.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xxvi)· applies throughout the law
absorption-type merger
「吸収合併」
A merger in which one existing company survives and takes over all the rights and obligations of the other company, which ceases to exist.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xxvii)· applies throughout the law
consolidation-type merger
「新設合併」
A merger of two or more companies in which all of them cease to exist and a new company formed by the merger takes over all their rights and obligations.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xxviii)· applies throughout the law
absorption-type company split
「吸収分割」
A stock company or limited liability company's handing over all or part of the rights and obligations of its business to another existing company, which takes them over.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xxix)· applies throughout the law
incorporation-type company split
「新設分割」
One or more stock companies or limited liability companies handing over all or part of the rights and obligations of their business to a new company formed by the split.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xxx)· applies throughout the law
share exchange
「株式交換」
A stock company's having all of its issued shares acquired by another existing stock company or limited liability company, which becomes its sole owner.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xxxi)· applies throughout the law
share transfer
「株式移転」
One or more stock companies having all of their issued shares acquired by a newly formed stock company, which becomes their sole owner.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xxxii)· applies throughout the law
partial share exchange
「株式交付」
A stock company's acquiring shares of another stock company to make it a subsidiary, handing its own shares to the sellers in exchange; unlike a share exchange, it need not acquire all of them.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xxxii-2)· applies throughout the law
electronic or magnetic means
「電磁的方法」
A method that uses an electronic data processing system or other information and communications technology, of a kind set by Ministry of Justice Order (法務省令).
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xxxiv)
electronic or magnetic record
「電磁的記録」
A record made in electronic, magnetic or any other form people cannot perceive directly, of a kind that Ministry of Justice Order (法務省令) specifies as used in computer processing.
Defined inArticle 26, paragraph (2)
director at incorporation
「設立時取締役」
A person who is to become a director when the stock company is formed.
Defined inArticle 38, paragraph (1)
audit and supervisory committee membermachine translation
「監査等委員」
A member of the audit and supervisory committee of a company with audit and supervisory committee.
Defined inArticle 38, paragraph (2)
company auditor at incorporationmachine translation
「設立時監査役」
A person who is to become a company auditor when the stock company is formed.
Defined inArticle 38, paragraph (3), item (ii)
representative director
「代表取締役」
A director who represents a stock company, acting in its name toward everyone else.
Defined inArticle 47, paragraph (1)
executive officers at incorporation
「設立時執行役」
A person who is to become an executive officer when a company with nominating committee, etc. is formed.
Short name set inArticle 48, paragraph (1), item (ii)
organizational meeting
「創立総会」
The meeting of the shareholders at incorporation that the incorporators must call when a stock company is being formed with outside subscribers for its shares.
Short name set inArticle 65, paragraph (1)
shareholders at incorporation
「設立時株主」
A person who is to become a shareholder of the stock company when it is formed, having subscribed and paid for shares issued at incorporation.
Defined inArticle 65, paragraph (1)
organizational meeting of class shareholdersmachine translation
「種類創立総会」
A meeting of the shareholders at incorporation who hold one class of the shares issued at incorporation, whose resolution may be needed as well as the organizational meeting's.
Defined inArticle 84, paragraph (1)
shareholder register administrator
「株主名簿管理人」
A person whom a stock company engages to prepare, keep and otherwise handle its shareholder register on its behalf.
Defined inArticle 123, paragraph (1)
registration of a lost share certificate
「株券喪失登録」
The entry, at the request of a person who has lost a share certificate, of that certificate's details in the issuing company's register of lost share certificates, after which the certificate can become void and a new one be issued.
Short name set inArticle 223, paragraph (1)
measures for electronic provisionmachine translation
「電子提供措置」
Putting the materials for a shareholders meeting (株主総会) online, by a method set by Ministry of Justice Order (法務省令), so that shareholders can obtain them by electronic means, which a company may choose through its articles of incorporation.
Defined inArticle 325-2, paragraph (1)· applies only in this subsection and in Article 911, paragraph (3), item (xii-2); and Article 976, paragraph (1), item (xix)
reserves
「準備金」
Capital reserves and retained earnings reserves taken together: amounts a stock company keeps on its books apart from its capital, including the one tenth of each dividend of surplus it must set aside when it pays one.
Short name set inArticle 445, paragraph (4)
liquidating stock companies
「清算株式会社」
A stock company that is being wound up, which is treated as still existing for the purposes of the liquidation until the liquidation is completed.
Short name set inArticle 476, paragraph (1)
representative liquidatormachine translation
「代表清算人」
A liquidator who represents a stock company that is being wound up (a liquidating stock company).
Defined inArticle 483, paragraph (1)
membership company
「持分会社」
General partnership companies, limited partnership companies and limited liability companies taken together: the three kinds of company under this Act that are owned by members rather than by shareholders.
Short name set inArticle 575, paragraph (1)
liquidating membership companies
「清算持分会社」
A membership company that is being wound up, which is treated as still existing for the purposes of the liquidation until the liquidation is completed.
Short name set inArticle 645, paragraph (1)
bond register administrator
「社債原簿管理人」
A person whom a company engages to prepare, keep and otherwise handle its bond register on its behalf.
Defined inArticle 683, paragraph (1)
resolution administrator
「決議執行者」
A person, other than the representative bondholder, designated by a resolution of a bondholders meeting to carry out that meeting's resolutions.
Defined inArticle 961, paragraph (1)
electronic public notice investigation
「電子公告調査」
An investigation by a registered investigation body into whether a company's electronic public notice stayed available to the public throughout the notice period.
Defined inArticle 973, paragraph (1)
articles of incorporation
定款
A company's own basic rules, written by its founders when it is formed: at least its purpose, its trade name, where its head office is, the value of the property contributed at incorporation and who the founders are (Companies Act, Article 27). A stock company's must be certified by a notary before it takes effect (Article 30, paragraph (1)), and can later be changed by a resolution of the shareholders meeting (Article 466). Many rules in the Act apply "unless the articles of incorporation provide otherwise", so a company's articles decide a great deal of how the Act applies to it.
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 26, 27, 30, 466, 575 as a reference.
board of directors
取締役会
The body made up of all of a stock company's directors (Companies Act, Article 362, paragraph (1)). It decides how the company's business is carried out, supervises the directors, and appoints and removes the representative directors (代表取締役) (Article 362, paragraphs (2) and (3)) — except in a company with a nominating committee and the other committees (指名委員会等設置会社), where it appoints representative executive officers (代表執行役) instead (Articles 416 and 420). Some decisions, such as disposing of important assets or borrowing a large amount, it normally may not hand to the directors (Article 362, paragraph (4)). A company with an audit and supervisory committee (監査等委員会設置会社) can hand more of them to directors (Article 399-13, paragraphs (5) and (6)), and a company with the committees hands them to executive officers (執行役) rather than directors (Article 416, paragraphs (3) and (4)). A company chooses in its articles of incorporation whether to have one (Article 326, paragraph (2)), but a public company (公開会社), among others, must (Article 327, paragraph (1)): a public company is one whose articles of incorporation let at least some of its shares change hands without the company's approval (Article 2, item (v)). A company with a board must have at least three directors (Article 331, paragraph (5)).
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 2, 326, 327, 331, 362, 399-13, 416, 420 as a reference.
company auditor
監査役
An officer of a stock company, elected by the shareholders meeting (Companies Act, Article 329, paragraph (1)), whose job is to audit how the directors carry out their duties and to write an audit report on it (Article 381, paragraph (1)). Not an outside accountant — that is the financial auditor (会計監査人) — and not a director: a company auditor may not also be a director or employee of the company or its subsidiaries (Article 335, paragraph (2)). The term normally runs to the annual shareholders meeting for the last business year ending within four years of election (Article 336, paragraph (1)).
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 329, 335, 336, 381 as a reference.
director
取締役
An officer of a stock company, elected by the shareholders meeting (Companies Act, Article 329, paragraph (1)). Every stock company has at least one (Article 326, paragraph (1)). Where there is no board of directors, the directors run the company's business unless the articles of incorporation say otherwise (Article 348, paragraph (1)), and each of them represents it unless the company has chosen representative directors (代表取締役) or others to do that (Article 349, paragraphs (1) and (3)). Where there is a board (取締役会, board of directors), the directors are its members, and the board decides the business and normally chooses the representative directors from among them (Article 362). The term normally runs to the annual shareholders meeting for the last business year ending within two years of election (Article 332, paragraph (1)).
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 326, 329, 332, 348, 349, 362 as a reference.
registration
登記
Entry in a public register kept by a registry office (登記所) — a Legal Affairs Bureau or one of its branch offices — so that the matter is made public (Real Property Registration Act, Articles 1 and 6, paragraph (1)). Rights in land and buildings, such as ownership, a superficies (地上権), a statutory lien (先取特権), a mortgage and a right of lease (賃借権), can be registered under that Act (Article 3), and matters the Commercial Code, the Companies Act and other Acts require to be registered are registered under the Commercial Registration Act (Article 1). Registration also lets a right be asserted against third parties: acquiring, losing or changing a right in rem (物権) in land or a building, such as ownership, cannot be asserted against third parties until it is registered (Civil Code, Article 177), and a matter the Companies Act requires to be registered cannot be asserted against a third party who does not know of it until it has been registered, nor, even after that, against one who had a justifiable reason for not knowing of the registration (Companies Act, Article 908, paragraph (1)).
Written by AI using Real Property Registration Act, Arts. 1, 3, 6, Commercial Registration Act, Art. 1, Civil Code, Art. 177 and Companies Act, Art. 908 as a reference.
shareholders meeting
株主総会
The meeting of a stock company's shareholders, and the body through which they decide the company's basic matters. It elects the directors and company auditors (Companies Act, Article 329, paragraph (1)) and changes the articles of incorporation (Article 466). In a company without a board of directors it may decide any matter about the company; in one with a board, only what the Act or the articles of incorporation leave to it (Article 295). An annual shareholders meeting must be called after the end of every business year, and another may be called whenever needed (Article 296). A resolution normally passes by a majority of the votes present, with holders of a majority of the votes entitled to vote attending (Article 309, paragraph (1)).
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 295, 296, 309, 329, 466 as a reference.