Chapter II Members
第二章 社員
Section 1 Responsibility of Members
第一節 社員の責任等
Article 580Responsibility of Members
第五百八十条（社員の責任）
Members are jointly and severally liable for the performance of obligations of the membership company in the cases set forth below:
社員は、次に掲げる場合には、連帯して、持分会社の債務を弁済する責任を負う。
if the obligations of relevant membership company cannot be fully performed with the assets of the same; or
当該持分会社の財産をもってその債務を完済することができない場合
if judicial enforcement against the assets of relevant membership company has not been successful (except for the cases where the members have proven that relevant membership company has financial resources to pay and that the enforcement can be effected at ease).
当該持分会社の財産に対する強制執行がその効を奏しなかった場合（社員が、当該持分会社に弁済をする資力があり、かつ、強制執行が容易であることを証明した場合を除く。）
Members with limited liability are liable for the performance of the obligations of the membership company to the extent of the value of their investment (excluding the value of the contributions already performed to the membership company).
有限責任社員は、その出資の価額（既に持分会社に対し履行した出資の価額を除く。）を限度として、持分会社の債務を弁済する責任を負う。
第五百八十一条（社員の抗弁）
If members are liable for the performance of the obligations of a membership company, the members may assert defenses against the creditors of relevant membership company that the membership company may raise against creditors.
社員が持分会社の債務を弁済する責任を負う場合には、社員は、持分会社が主張することができる抗弁をもって当該持分会社の債権者に対抗することができる。
In the cases provided for in the preceding paragraph, if a membership company has a right to set-off, right to rescind or right to terminate against its creditors, the members may refuse the performance of obligations to relevant creditors, up to the amount of the membership company's obligations that are to be released as a result of the exercise of those rights.
Article 582Members' Liability in Relation to Contributions
第五百八十二条（社員の出資に係る責任）
If a member provides monies as the subject matter of a contribution, if the member fails to effect that contribution, relevant member must compensate the loss in addition to the payment of interest on that contribution.
社員が金銭を出資の目的とした場合において、その出資をすることを怠ったときは、当該社員は、その利息を支払うほか、損害の賠償をしなければならない。
If a member provides claims as the subject matter of a contribution, if the obligor of relevant claims fails to perform the obligations when they become due, relevant member must be liable for the performance of the same. In these cases, relevant member must compensate the loss in addition to the payment of interest on the obligations.
社員が債権を出資の目的とした場合において、当該債権の債務者が弁済期に弁済をしなかったときは、当該社員は、その弁済をする責任を負う。この場合においては、当該社員は、その利息を支払うほか、損害の賠償をしなければならない。
Article 583Special Provisions in Case of Members' Liability Change
第五百八十三条（社員の責任を変更した場合の特則）
If a member with limited liability has become a member with unlimited liability, the person who has become relevant member with unlimited liability is also liable as a member with unlimited liability for the performance of the obligations of the membership company that arose before relevant person became a member with unlimited liability.
有限責任社員が無限責任社員となった場合には、当該無限責任社員となった者は、その者が無限責任社員となる前に生じた持分会社の債務についても、無限責任社員としてこれを弁済する責任を負う。
Even if a member with limited liability (excluding members of limited liability company) reduce the value of the contributions, relevant member with limited liability is liable to the extent of the member's pre-existing liability for the obligations of the membership company that arose before the registration to that effect.
有限責任社員（合同会社の社員を除く。）が出資の価額を減少した場合であっても、当該有限責任社員は、その旨の登記をする前に生じた持分会社の債務については、従前の責任の範囲内でこれを弁済する責任を負う。
Even if a member with unlimited liability has become a member with limited liability, the person who has become such a member with limited liability is liable as a member with unlimited liability for the performance of the obligations of the membership company that arose before the registration to that effect.
無限責任社員が有限責任社員となった場合であっても、当該有限責任社員となった者は、その旨の登記をする前に生じた持分会社の債務については、無限責任社員として当該債務を弁済する責任を負う。
The liability under the preceding two paragraphs to the creditors of the membership company who do not make their claims, or do not give an advance notice of their claims, within two years from the day of relevant registration is extinguished when two years have elapsed from the day of the registration in the preceding two paragraphs.
Article 584Capacity to Act of Minors Permitted to Become Members with Unlimited Liability
第五百八十四条（無限責任社員となることを許された未成年者の行為能力）
A minor who is permitted to become a member with unlimited liability of a membership company is deemed to be a person with capacity to act regarding any act committed in the minor's capacity as a member.
持分会社の無限責任社員となることを許された未成年者は、社員の資格に基づく行為に関しては、行為能力者とみなす。
Section 2 Transfers of Equity Interests
第二節 持分の譲渡等
Article 585Transfers of Equity Interest
第五百八十五条（持分の譲渡）
A member cannot transfer all or part of the member's own equity interests to others without the approval of all other members.
社員は、他の社員の全員の承諾がなければ、その持分の全部又は一部を他人に譲渡することができない。
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, a member with limited liability who does not execute business may transfer some or all of the 'ember's own equity interests to others if the approval of all other members who execute the business is obtained.
前項の規定にかかわらず、業務を執行しない有限責任社員は、業務を執行する社員の全員の承諾があるときは、その持分の全部又は一部を他人に譲渡することができる。
Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 637, if a change in the articles of incorporation arises in conjunction with the transfer of equity interests of any member with limited liability who does not execute the business, the change in the articles of incorporation due to the transfer of that equity interest may be effected with the consent of all members who execute the business.
第六百三十七条の規定にかかわらず、業務を執行しない有限責任社員の持分の譲渡に伴い定款の変更を生ずるときは、その持分の譲渡による定款の変更は、業務を執行する社員の全員の同意によってすることができる。
The provisions of the preceding three paragraphs do not preclude the provisions to the contrary in the articles of incorporation.
前三項の規定は、定款で別段の定めをすることを妨げない。
Article 586Liability of Members Who Transfer Entire Equity Interests
第五百八十六条（持分の全部の譲渡をした社員の責任）
A member who transferred all of the member's own equity interests to others is liable to the extent of the member's pre-existing liability for the obligations of the membership company that arose before the registration to that effect.
持分の全部を他人に譲渡した社員は、その旨の登記をする前に生じた持分会社の債務について、従前の責任の範囲内でこれを弁済する責任を負う。
Liability in the preceding paragraph to the creditors of the membership company who do not state their claims or do not give an advance notice of their claims, within two years from the day of relevant registration is extinguished when two years have elapsed from the day of the registration in that paragraph.
第五百八十七条
membership companies may not accept the transfer of some or all of their own equity interests.
持分会社は、その持分の全部又は一部を譲り受けることができない。
If a membership company has acquired any equity interest in relevant membership company, relevant equity interest is extinguished when relevant membership company acquires the same.
持分会社が当該持分会社の持分を取得した場合には、当該持分は、当該持分会社がこれを取得した時に、消滅する。
Section 3 Liability for Mistaken Acts
第三節 誤認行為の責任
第五百八十八条（無限責任社員であると誤認させる行為等をした有限責任社員の責任）
If a member with limited liability of a limited partnership company engages in an act that causes relevant member with limited liability to be mistaken as a member with unlimited liability, relevant member with limited liability assumes the same liability as that assumed by a member with unlimited liability in relation to persons who transact with the limited partnership company based on that mistaken belief.
合資会社の有限責任社員が自己を無限責任社員であると誤認させる行為をしたときは、当該有限責任社員は、その誤認に基づいて合資会社と取引をした者に対し、無限責任社員と同一の責任を負う。
If a member with limited liability of a limited partnership company or limited liability company engages in an act that causes mistake as to the extent of the liability of relevant member with limited liability(excluding that in the preceding paragraph), relevant member with limited liability assumes the liability to perform the obligations of relevant limited partnership company or limited liability company in relation to persons who transact with the limited partnership company or limited liability company on the bases of that mistaken belief, to the extent of the liability so mistaken.
合資会社又は合同会社の有限責任社員がその責任の限度を誤認させる行為（前項の行為を除く。）をしたときは、当該有限責任社員は、その誤認に基づいて合資会社又は合同会社と取引をした者に対し、その誤認させた責任の範囲内で当該合資会社又は合同会社の債務を弁済する責任を負う。
Article 589Responsibility for Acts Mistaken as Acts of Members
第五百八十九条（社員であると誤認させる行為をした者の責任）
If a person who is neither a member of a general partnership company nor limited partnership company engages in an act that causes relevant person to be mistaken as a member with unlimited liability, relevant person assumes the same liability as that assumed by a member with unlimited liability in relation to persons who transact with the general partnership company or limited partnership company on the bases of that mistaken belief.
合名会社又は合資会社の社員でない者が自己を無限責任社員であると誤認させる行為をしたときは、当該社員でない者は、その誤認に基づいて合名会社又は合資会社と取引をした者に対し、無限責任社員と同一の責任を負う。
If a person who is a member in neither a limited partnership company nor limited liability company engages in an act that causes relevant person to be mistaken as a member with limited liability, relevant person assumes liability to perform the obligations of relevant limited partnership company or limited liability company in relation to persons who transact with the limited partnership company or limited liability company on the bases of that mistaken belief to the extent of the liability so mistaken.
合資会社又は合同会社の社員でない者が自己を有限責任社員であると誤認させる行為をしたときは、当該社員でない者は、その誤認に基づいて合資会社又は合同会社と取引をした者に対し、その誤認させた責任の範囲内で当該合資会社又は合同会社の債務を弁済する責任を負う。
membership company
「持分会社」
General partnership companies, limited partnership companies and limited liability companies taken together: the three kinds of company under this Act that are owned by members rather than by shareholders.
Short name set inArticle 575, paragraph (1)
articles of incorporation
定款
A company's own basic rules, written by its founders when it is formed: at least its purpose, its trade name, where its head office is, the value of the property contributed at incorporation and who the founders are (Companies Act, Article 27). A stock company's must be certified by a notary before it takes effect (Article 30, paragraph (1)), and can later be changed by a resolution of the shareholders meeting (Article 466). Many rules in the Act apply "unless the articles of incorporation provide otherwise", so a company's articles decide a great deal of how the Act applies to it.
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 26, 27, 30, 466, 575 as a reference.
assert against
対抗
To be able to rely on a right, or on a fact about it, against someone who is not a party to it. Acquiring, losing or changing a right in rem (物権) in land or a building cannot be asserted against third parties until it is registered (登記) (Civil Code, Article 177), and a registered lease of land or a building can be asserted against a person who acquires a right in rem in it, such as a buyer, and against other third parties (Article 605). The Act on Land and Building Leases lets a tenant do without registering the lease itself: a right to use land for a building (借地権) can be asserted against third parties once the tenant owns a registered building on the land (Article 10, paragraph (1)), and a building lease takes effect against anyone who later acquires a right in rem in the building, such as a new owner, once the building has been handed over (Article 31). Some rules protect only a third party who did not know: a rescission for fraud cannot be asserted against a third party who did not know of the fraud and was not careless in not knowing (善意でかつ過失がない) (Civil Code, Article 96, paragraph (3)).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 96, 177, 605 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Arts. 10, 31 as a reference.
cancellation
解除
Ending a contract by one party's notice to the other, where the contract or the law gives that party a right to cancel (Civil Code, Article 540, paragraph (1)). The Civil Code lets a party cancel for the other's failure to perform: after a demand to perform within a reasonable time that is not met, unless what is still missing is minor (Article 541), or at once where performance has become wholly impossible, or the other party has clearly refused to perform, among other cases where performance clearly will not come (Article 542, paragraph (1)). On cancellation each party must put the other back in the position before the contract, and damages can still be claimed (Article 545, paragraphs (1) and (4)); a lease, though, ends only from then on (Article 620). Cancellation differs from rescission (取消し), after which the act is treated as void from the start (Article 121).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 121, 540, 541, 542, 545, 620 as a reference.
registration
登記
Entry in a public register kept by a registry office (登記所) — a Legal Affairs Bureau or one of its branch offices — so that the matter is made public (Real Property Registration Act, Articles 1 and 6, paragraph (1)). Rights in land and buildings, such as ownership, a superficies (地上権), a statutory lien (先取特権), a mortgage and a right of lease (賃借権), can be registered under that Act (Article 3), and matters the Commercial Code, the Companies Act and other Acts require to be registered are registered under the Commercial Registration Act (Article 1). Registration also lets a right be asserted against third parties: acquiring, losing or changing a right in rem (物権) in land or a building, such as ownership, cannot be asserted against third parties until it is registered (Civil Code, Article 177), and a matter the Companies Act requires to be registered cannot be asserted against a third party who does not know of it until it has been registered, nor, even after that, against one who had a justifiable reason for not knowing of the registration (Companies Act, Article 908, paragraph (1)).
Written by AI using Real Property Registration Act, Arts. 1, 3, 6, Commercial Registration Act, Art. 1, Civil Code, Art. 177 and Companies Act, Art. 908 as a reference.