Chapter III Administration
第三章 管理
Section 1 General Provisions
第一節 総則
Article 590Execution of Business
第五百九十条（業務の執行）
A member executes the business of the membership company, unless otherwise provided for in the articles of incorporation.
社員は、定款に別段の定めがある場合を除き、持分会社の業務を執行する。
If there are two or more members, the business of the membership company is determined by a majority of the members, unless otherwise provided for in the articles of incorporation.
社員が二人以上ある場合には、持分会社の業務は、定款に別段の定めがある場合を除き、社員の過半数をもって決定する。
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, each member may perform the ordinary business of the membership company individually; provided, however, that this does not apply if other members raise objections before the completion of the same.
Article 591Where Articles of Incorporation Provide for Members Who Execute Business
第五百九十一条（業務を執行する社員を定款で定めた場合）
If members who execute the business are provided for in the articles of incorporation, and there are two or more members who execute the business, the business of the membership company is determined by a majority of the members who execute the operations, unless otherwise provided for in the articles of incorporation. For the purpose of the application of the provisions of paragraph (3) of the preceding Article to these cases, "member" in that paragraph is deemed to be replaced with "member who executes the business".
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, in the cases provided for in that paragraph, the appointment and dismissal of managers are determined by a majority of the members; provided, however, that this does not preclude the provisions to the contrary in the articles of incorporation.
If members who execute the business are provided for in the articles of incorporation, and all members who execute the operations leave the company, relevant provisions of the articles of incorporation become ineffective.
業務を執行する社員を定款で定めた場合において、その業務を執行する社員の全員が退社したときは、当該定款の定めは、その効力を失う。
If members who execute the business are provided for in the articles of incorporation, members who execute the business may not resign without justifiable grounds.
業務を執行する社員を定款で定めた場合には、その業務を執行する社員は、正当な事由がなければ、辞任することができない。
Members who execute the business under the preceding paragraph may be dismissed with the unanimous consent of other members, limited to cases where there are justifiable grounds.
前項の業務を執行する社員は、正当な事由がある場合に限り、他の社員の一致によって解任することができる。
The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs do not preclude the provisions to the contrary in the articles of incorporation.
前二項の規定は、定款で別段の定めをすることを妨げない。
Article 592Members' Investigations Regarding Status of Business and Assets of Membership Companies
第五百九十二条（社員の持分会社の業務及び財産状況に関する調査）
If members who execute the business are provided for in the articles of incorporation, each member may investigate the status of the business and assets of the membership company even if the member does not have the rights to execute the business of the same.
業務を執行する社員を定款で定めた場合には、各社員は、持分会社の業務を執行する権利を有しないときであっても、その業務及び財産の状況を調査することができる。
The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not preclude provisions to the contrary in the articles of incorporation; provided, however, that even the articles of incorporation may not provide to the effect of restricting the carrying out of investigations by members provided for in that paragraph at the end of the business year or if there are significant grounds to do so.
Section 2 Members Who Execute Business
第二節 業務を執行する社員
Article 593Relationship between Members Executing Business and Membership Companies
第五百九十三条（業務を執行する社員と持分会社との関係）
Members who execute the business have the obligation to perform their duties with due care of a prudent manager.
業務を執行する社員は、善良な管理者の注意をもって、その職務を行う義務を負う。
Members who execute the business must perform their duties for the membership company in a loyal manner in compliance with the laws and regulations and articles of incorporation.
業務を執行する社員は、法令及び定款を遵守し、持分会社のため忠実にその職務を行わなければならない。
Members who execute the business must report the status of the execution of their duties whenever there are requests by the membership company or other members, and must report the progress and outcome of their duties without delay after those duties end.
業務を執行する社員は、持分会社又は他の社員の請求があるときは、いつでもその職務の執行の状況を報告し、その職務が終了した後は、遅滞なくその経過及び結果を報告しなければならない。
The provisions of Articles 646 through 650 of the Civil Code apply mutatis mutandis to the relationship between members who execute the business and the membership company. In these cases, the term "mandated business" in Article 646, paragraph (1), Article 648, paragraph (2), Article 648-2, Article 649 and Article 650 is deemed to be replaced with "their duties", and the terms "mandated business" in Article 648, paragraph (3), item (i) and the term "mandate" in item (ii) of the paragraph of the same Code are deemed to be replaced with "duties in the preceding paragraph".
民法第六百四十六条から第六百五十条までの規定は、業務を執行する社員と持分会社との関係について準用する。この場合において、同法第六百四十六条第一項、第六百四十八条第二項、第六百四十八条の二、第六百四十九条及び第六百五十条中「委任事務」とあるのは「その職務」と、同法第六百四十八条第三項第一号中「委任事務」とあり、及び同項第二号中「委任」とあるのは「前項の職務」と読み替えるものとする。
The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs do not preclude provisions to the contrary in the articles of incorporation.
前二項の規定は、定款で別段の定めをすることを妨げない。
第五百九十四条（競業の禁止）
Members who execute the business may not carry out the following acts without the approval of all members other than relevant members; provided, however, that this does not apply if the articles of incorporation provide otherwise:
業務を執行する社員は、当該社員以外の社員の全員の承認を受けなければ、次に掲げる行為をしてはならない。ただし、定款に別段の定めがある場合は、この限りでない。
carrying out, for themselves or for a third party, any transaction which is in the line of business of the membership company; or
自己又は第三者のために持分会社の事業の部類に属する取引をすること。
becoming directors, executive officers or members who execute the business of a company the purpose of which is a business that is similar to the business of the membership company.
If members who execute the business carry out any act set forth in item (i) of the preceding paragraph in violation of the provisions of that paragraph, the amount of the profit obtained by the members who execute relevant business or any third party as a result of relevant act is presumed to be amount of the loss suffered by the membership company.
Article 595Restrictions on Transactions Involving Conflict of Interest
第五百九十五条（利益相反取引の制限）
In the following cases, members who execute the business must obtain the approval of a majority of the members other than relevant members with respect to relevant transactions; provided, however, that this does not apply if the articles of incorporation provide otherwise:
業務を執行する社員は、次に掲げる場合には、当該取引について当該社員以外の社員の過半数の承認を受けなければならない。ただし、定款に別段の定めがある場合は、この限りでない。
if members who execute the business intend to engage in a transaction with the membership company for themselves or on behalf of a third party; or
業務を執行する社員が自己又は第三者のために持分会社と取引をしようとするとき。
if a membership company intends to guarantee the debt of members who execute the business or otherwise to engage in a transaction with any person other than members that will result in the conflict of interest between the membership company and relevant members.
持分会社が業務を執行する社員の債務を保証することその他社員でない者との間において持分会社と当該社員との利益が相反する取引をしようとするとき。
The provisions of Article 108 of the Civil Code do not apply to transactions under each item of the preceding paragraph that have received the approval under that paragraph.
Article 596Liability of Members Who Execute Operations to Membership Companies for Damages
第五百九十六条（業務を執行する社員の持分会社に対する損害賠償責任）
If members who execute the business fail to perform their duties, they are jointly and severally liable to the membership company for losses arising as a result.
業務を執行する社員は、その任務を怠ったときは、持分会社に対し、連帯して、これによって生じた損害を賠償する責任を負う。
第五百九十七条（業務を執行する有限責任社員の第三者に対する損害賠償責任）
If members with limited liability who execute the business have acted in bad faith or with gross negligence in discharging their duties, relevant members with limited liability are jointly and severally liable to compensate losses arising in a third party as a result.
業務を執行する有限責任社員がその職務を行うについて悪意又は重大な過失があったときは、当該有限責任社員は、連帯して、これによって第三者に生じた損害を賠償する責任を負う。
Article 598Special Provisions Where Corporations Are Members Executing Business
第五百九十八条（法人が業務を執行する社員である場合の特則）
If corporations act as members who execute the business, relevant corporations must appoint persons who are to perform the duties of members who execute relevant business and notify other members of the names and addresses of these persons.
法人が業務を執行する社員である場合には、当該法人は、当該業務を執行する社員の職務を行うべき者を選任し、その者の氏名及び住所を他の社員に通知しなければならない。
The provisions from Article 593 through the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis to the persons who are to perform the duties of members appointed under the provisions of the preceding paragraph.
第五百九十三条から前条までの規定は、前項の規定により選任された社員の職務を行うべき者について準用する。
Article 599Representatives of Membership Companies
第五百九十九条（持分会社の代表）
A member who executes the business represents the membership company; provided, however, that this does not apply if members or other persons who represent the membership companies are otherwise designated.
業務を執行する社員は、持分会社を代表する。ただし、他に持分会社を代表する社員その他持分会社を代表する者を定めた場合は、この限りでない。
If there are two or more members who execute the business referred to in the main clause of the preceding paragraph, each member who executes the business represents the membership company individually.
A membership company may appoint members who represent the membership company from among the members who execute the business pursuant to the articles of incorporation, or through the appointment by the members themselves pursuant to the provisions of the articles of incorporation.
持分会社は、定款又は定款の定めに基づく社員の互選によって、業務を執行する社員の中から持分会社を代表する社員を定めることができる。
Members who represent the membership company have authority to do all judicial and non-judicial acts in connection with the operations of the membership company.
持分会社を代表する社員は、持分会社の業務に関する一切の裁判上又は裁判外の行為をする権限を有する。
No limitation on the authority under the preceding paragraph may be asserted against a third party in good faith.
前項の権限に加えた制限は、善意の第三者に対抗することができない。
Article 600Liability for Damages Caused by Acts of Members Who Represent Membership Companies
第六百条（持分会社を代表する社員等の行為についての損害賠償責任）
A membership company is liable to compensate losses that members who represent the membership company or other representatives caused to third parties in the performance of their duties.
持分会社は、持分会社を代表する社員その他の代表者がその職務を行うについて第三者に加えた損害を賠償する責任を負う。
第六百一条（持分会社と社員との間の訴えにおける会社の代表）
Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 599, paragraph (4), if a membership company files an action against any of its members, or any of the members files an action against that membership company, if there is no representative of the membership company with respect to relevant action (excluding the relevant member), the representative of the membership company in relevant action may be determined by a majority of the members other than relevant member.
第五百九十九条第四項の規定にかかわらず、持分会社が社員に対し、又は社員が持分会社に対して訴えを提起する場合において、当該訴えについて持分会社を代表する者（当該社員を除く。）が存しないときは、当該社員以外の社員の過半数をもって、当該訴えについて持分会社を代表する者を定めることができる。
第六百二条
Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 599, paragraph (1), if a member requests that the membership company file an action to enforce the liability of a member, if the membership company fails to file relevant action within 60 days after the day of relevant request, relevant member making the request may represent the membership company with respect to relevant action; provided, however, that this does not apply if the purpose of relevant action is to seek unlawful gains of relevant member or a third party or to inflict losses on relevant membership company.
第五百九十九条第一項の規定にかかわらず、社員が持分会社に対して社員の責任を追及する訴えの提起を請求した場合において、持分会社が当該請求の日から六十日以内に当該訴えを提起しないときは、当該請求をした社員は、当該訴えについて持分会社を代表することができる。ただし、当該訴えが当該社員若しくは第三者の不正な利益を図り又は当該持分会社に損害を加えることを目的とする場合は、この限りでない。
Section 3 Persons Who Perform Duties on Behalf of Members Executing Business
第三節 業務を執行する社員の職務を代行する者
第六百三条
A person who is appointed by a provisional disposition order provided for in Article 56 of the Civil Provisional Remedies Act to act on behalf of members who execute the business or members who represent the membership company, in carrying out of the duties of the same, must obtain the permission of the court in order to engage in any act which does not belong to the ordinary business of the membership company, unless otherwise provided for in the provisional disposition order.
民事保全法第五十六条に規定する仮処分命令により選任された業務を執行する社員又は持分会社を代表する社員の職務を代行する者は、仮処分命令に別段の定めがある場合を除き、持分会社の常務に属しない行為をするには、裁判所の許可を得なければならない。
An act of a person who acts on behalf of members who execute the business or members who represent the membership company in carrying out duties of the same that is performed in violation of the provisions of the preceding paragraph is ineffective; provided, however, that the membership company may not assert that ineffectiveness against a third party in good faith.
company
「会社」
Any of the four kinds of company this Act governs: a stock company (株式会社), a general partnership company (合名会社), a limited partnership company (合資会社) or a limited liability company (合同会社).
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (i)· applies throughout the law
membership company
「持分会社」
General partnership companies, limited partnership companies and limited liability companies taken together: the three kinds of company under this Act that are owned by members rather than by shareholders.
Short name set inArticle 575, paragraph (1)
articles of incorporation
定款
A company's own basic rules, written by its founders when it is formed: at least its purpose, its trade name, where its head office is, the value of the property contributed at incorporation and who the founders are (Companies Act, Article 27). A stock company's must be certified by a notary before it takes effect (Article 30, paragraph (1)), and can later be changed by a resolution of the shareholders meeting (Article 466). Many rules in the Act apply "unless the articles of incorporation provide otherwise", so a company's articles decide a great deal of how the Act applies to it.
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 26, 27, 30, 466, 575 as a reference.
assert against
対抗
To be able to rely on a right, or on a fact about it, against someone who is not a party to it. Acquiring, losing or changing a right in rem (物権) in land or a building cannot be asserted against third parties until it is registered (登記) (Civil Code, Article 177), and a registered lease of land or a building can be asserted against a person who acquires a right in rem in it, such as a buyer, and against other third parties (Article 605). The Act on Land and Building Leases lets a tenant do without registering the lease itself: a right to use land for a building (借地権) can be asserted against third parties once the tenant owns a registered building on the land (Article 10, paragraph (1)), and a building lease takes effect against anyone who later acquires a right in rem in the building, such as a new owner, once the building has been handed over (Article 31). Some rules protect only a third party who did not know: a rescission for fraud cannot be asserted against a third party who did not know of the fraud and was not careless in not knowing (善意でかつ過失がない) (Civil Code, Article 96, paragraph (3)).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 96, 177, 605 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Arts. 10, 31 as a reference.
director
取締役
An officer of a stock company, elected by the shareholders meeting (Companies Act, Article 329, paragraph (1)). Every stock company has at least one (Article 326, paragraph (1)). Where there is no board of directors, the directors run the company's business unless the articles of incorporation say otherwise (Article 348, paragraph (1)), and each of them represents it unless the company has chosen representative directors (代表取締役) or others to do that (Article 349, paragraphs (1) and (3)). Where there is a board (取締役会, board of directors), the directors are its members, and the board decides the business and normally chooses the representative directors from among them (Article 362). The term normally runs to the annual shareholders meeting for the last business year ending within two years of election (Article 332, paragraph (1)).
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 326, 329, 332, 348, 349, 362 as a reference.
void
無効
Having no legal effect from the start. A void act does not take effect even if the parties later confirm it; confirming it knowing it is void counts as making a new act (Civil Code, Article 119). An act against public order or good morals is void (Article 90). Some Acts that protect one side make void a term that takes that protection away: a term of a land lease that is worse for the tenant than the Act on Land and Building Leases' rules on how long the lease lasts and how it is renewed (Article 9), a clause of a consumer contract that frees a business from all liability for damage its failure to perform causes the consumer (Consumer Contract Act, Article 8, paragraph (1), item (i)), or the part of a labor contract that falls short of the Labor Standards Act's standards, which the Act's standard replaces (Labor Standards Act, Article 13).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 90, 119, Act on Land and Building Leases, Art. 9, Consumer Contract Act, Art. 8 and Labor Standards Act, Art. 13 as a reference.