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Searched the Japanese text of the laws as today. Type English to search the English translations instead.
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条
The basic numbered unit of a law: 第三十六条 is Article 36. An article added later is usually given a branch number with の rather than renumbering the ones after it — 第三十二条の二, Article 3…
Written by AI using Upper House Legislative Bureau: 条の枝番号と削除 and Wikipedia: 日本の法令の基本形式 as a reference.
条例
A rule a local government makes for itself: a prefecture (都道府県), a city, town or village (市町村), or one of Tokyo's special wards (特別区) (Local Autonomy Act, Articles 1-3, 281 and 283…
Written by AI using Constitution, Art. 94 and Local Autonomy Act, Arts. 1-3, 2, 14, 16, 89, 96, 139, 281, 283 as a reference.
法律としての効力を有する命令
Some rules made during the Allied occupation were issued as Cabinet Orders, as orders implementing Japan's acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, and an Act passed in 1952 gave the…
Written by AI using Act No. 126 of 1952, Art. 4, e-Gov: 出入国管理及び難民認定法 and its revision history and Wikipedia (Japanese): 出入国管理及び難民認定法 as a reference.
未施行
A law or amendment that has been promulgated but whose enforcement date has not arrived. The text in force today does not include it yet. It is due to change the text on that date,…
Written by AI using Upper House Legislative Bureau: 公布後施行前の法律の改廃 as a reference.
天皇
The symbol of the State and of the unity of the people, holding that position by the will of the people (Article 1). The Emperor performs only the acts in matters of state the Cons…
Written by AI using Constitution, Arts. 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 and Wikipedia: Emperor of Japan as a reference.
国会
Japan's parliament, and under Article 41 the only body that can make an Act (法律). It has two chambers, the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors, both made up of el…
Written by AI using Constitution, Arts. 41, 42, 43 and Wikipedia: National Diet as a reference.
衆議院
The lower of the Diet's two chambers (Article 42). Its members serve four years, and the term ends early whenever the House is dissolved (Article 45) — which is the difference that…
Written by AI using Constitution, Arts. 42, 45, 59, 60, 61, 67 and Wikipedia: House of Representatives (Japan) as a reference.
参議院
The upper of the Diet's two chambers (Article 42). Its members serve six years, half of them elected every three years, and it is never dissolved (Article 46) — so it always has si…
Written by AI using Constitution, Arts. 42, 46, 54 and Wikipedia: House of Councillors (Japan) as a reference.
内閣
The body that holds executive power: the Prime Minister and the other Ministers of State (Articles 65 and 66). It administers the law, conducts foreign affairs, prepares the budget…
Written by AI using Constitution, Arts. 65, 66, 69, 73 and Wikipedia: Cabinet of Japan as a reference.
内閣総理大臣
The head of the Cabinet. Designated by the Diet from among its own members, and appointed by the Emperor on that designation (Articles 67 and 6). The Prime Minister appoints and ma…
Written by AI using Constitution, Arts. 6, 67, 68, 75 and Wikipedia: Prime Minister of Japan as a reference.
国務大臣
A member of the Cabinet other than the Prime Minister (Article 66, paragraph (1)). All of them must be civilians, and a majority must be members of the Diet; the Prime Minister app…
Written by AI using Constitution, Arts. 66, 68, 75, 99 and 国家行政組織法, Art. 5 as a reference.
最高裁判所
The highest court, and the court of last resort on whether any law, order, regulation or official act conforms to the Constitution (Article 76, paragraph (1), and Article 81). That…
Written by AI using Constitution, Arts. 76, 79, 81, 98 and Wikipedia: Supreme Court of Japan as a reference.
定款
A company's own basic rules, written by its founders when it is formed: at least its purpose, its trade name, where its head office is, the value of the property contributed at inc…
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 26, 27, 30, 466, 575 as a reference.
監査役
An officer of a stock company, elected by the shareholders meeting (Companies Act, Article 329, paragraph (1)), whose job is to audit how the directors carry out their duties and t…
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 329, 335, 336, 381 as a reference.
株主総会
The meeting of a stock company's shareholders, and the body through which they decide the company's basic matters. It elects the directors and company auditors (Companies Act, Arti…
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 295, 296, 309, 329, 466 as a reference.
取締役
An officer of a stock company, elected by the shareholders meeting (Companies Act, Article 329, paragraph (1)). Every stock company has at least one (Article 326, paragraph (1)). W…
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 326, 329, 332, 348, 349, 362 as a reference.
取締役会
The body made up of all of a stock company's directors (Companies Act, Article 362, paragraph (1)). It decides how the company's business is carried out, supervises the directors,…
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 2, 326, 327, 331, 362, 399-13, 416, 420 as a reference.
税務署長
The head of a tax office (税務署), the local office of the National Tax Agency that deals with taxpayers in its district (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Article 24)…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Art. 24, Act on General Rules for National Taxes, Arts. 30, 43, 75 and Income Tax Act, Art. 120 as a reference.
国税局長
The head of a regional taxation bureau (国税局), the National Tax Agency's regional office, which oversees the tax offices of its region (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Fina…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Arts. 23, 24 and Act on General Rules for National Taxes, Arts. 43, 75 as a reference.
国税庁長官
The head of the National Tax Agency (国税庁), the agency within the Ministry of Finance that assesses and collects national taxes (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Ar…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Arts. 18, 19 and Act on General Rules for National Taxes, Arts. 75, 99 as a reference.
国税不服審判所
The body within the National Tax Agency that decides requests for review (審査請求) of tax decisions (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Article 22; Act on General Rules…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Art. 22 and Act on General Rules for National Taxes, Arts. 75, 78, 102, 115 as a reference.
税関長
The head of a customs house (税関), a local office of the Ministry of Finance (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Article 12, paragraph (1)). A customs house collects…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Arts. 4, 12, 16 and Consumption Tax Act, Arts. 47, 50 as a reference.
情報公開・個人情報保護審査会
A board set up in the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (総務省) to examine a request for review (審査請求) when the body that must decide it consults the board under the Ac…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Information Disclosure and Personal Information Protection Review Board, Arts. 2, 3, 4, 9, 16 and Act on Access to Information Held by Administrative Organs, Art. 19 as a reference.
行政不服審査会
A board set up in the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (総務省) to deal with the matters the Administrative Complaint Review Act puts in its charge (Administrative Comp…
Written by AI using Administrative Complaint Review Act, Arts. 43, 44, 50, 67, 68, 69, 72, 79, 81 and Act on Access to Information Held by Administrative Organs, Arts. 18, 19 as a reference.
公正証書
A document drawn up by a notary (公証人), a public officer appointed by the Minister of Justice, at the request of the people concerned (Notary Act, Articles 1 and 11). A notary will…
Written by AI using Notary Act, Arts. 1, 11, 26 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Arts. 22, 23, 38 as a reference.
保健所
An office set up by a prefecture (都道府県), by one of the cities named by Cabinet Order (政令), which include every designated city (指定都市) and core city (中核市), or by a special ward (特別区…
Written by AI using Community Health Act, Arts. 5, 6, Local Autonomy Act, Arts. 252-19, 252-22 and Hotel Business Act, Arts. 2, 3 as a reference.
検察官
The official who brings a prosecution (公訴) for a crime before a court (Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 247), and who may decide not to prosecute where, in view of the offender'…
Written by AI using Code of Criminal Procedure, Arts. 247, 248 and Public Prosecutors Office Act, Arts. 1, 4, 6 as a reference.
供託所
The office that holds money and securities deposited (供託) under a provision of an Act or other statute: a Legal Affairs Bureau (法務局) or District Legal Affairs Bureau (地方法務局), one o…
Written by AI using Deposit Act, Arts. 1, 1-2 and Real Estate Brokerage Act, Arts. 25, 27, 35-2, 64-7 as a reference.
特別区
A ward (区) of a metropolis (都) (Local Autonomy Act, Article 281, paragraph (1)). Today the only special wards are the 23 wards of Tokyo. A special ward is a basic local government…
Written by AI using Local Autonomy Act, Arts. 281, 281-2, 283 as a reference.
戸籍
The public record of who a person is related to by birth, marriage and adoption. One is made for each married couple and their children who share their surname, where they set thei…
Written by AI using Family Register Act, Arts. 1, 4, 6, 13, 15, 16, 49, 74, 76, 86 and Residential Basic Book Act, Arts. 7, 30-45, 39 as a reference.
簡易裁判所
One of the four kinds of lower court (下級裁判所) beneath the Supreme Court, with the high courts (高等裁判所), the district courts (地方裁判所) and the family courts (家庭裁判所) (Courts Act, Article…
Written by AI using Courts Act, Arts. 1, 2, 33 and Civil Mediation Act, Art. 3 as a reference.
労働審判委員会
The panel through which a district court (地方裁判所) conducts labor tribunal proceedings (労働審判手続): one labor tribunal judge (労働審判官) and two labor tribunal members (労働審判員) (Labor Tribun…
Written by AI using Labor Tribunal Act, Arts. 1, 2, 7, 12, 17, 20, 24 as a reference.
労働審判官
The judge who sits on a labor tribunal (労働審判委員会) beside its two labor tribunal members (労働審判員), designated by the district court (地方裁判所) from among its own judges (Labor Tribunal A…
Written by AI using Labor Tribunal Act, Arts. 7, 8, 12, 13, 14 as a reference.
労働審判員
One of the two members of a labor tribunal (労働審判委員会) who sit beside its judge (Labor Tribunal Act, Article 7): a part-time member appointed from among people with expert knowledge…
Written by AI using Labor Tribunal Act, Arts. 7, 9, 10, 33, 34 as a reference.
公正取引委員会
The body the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade (独占禁止法, the Antimonopoly Act) sets up to achieve that Act's purpose — among other things, to…
Written by AI using Antimonopoly Act, Arts. 1, 27, 28, 29 and Act against Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representations, Art. 36 as a reference.
中小企業庁長官
The head of the Small and Medium Enterprise Agency (中小企業庁), which the Act for Establishment of the Small and Medium Enterprise Agency (中小企業庁設置法) sets up as an external agency (外局)…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Small and Medium Enterprise Agency, Arts. 2, 4 as a reference.
金融庁長官
The head of the Financial Services Agency (金融庁), which the Act for Establishment of the Financial Services Agency (金融庁設置法) sets up as an external agency (外局) of the Cabinet Office…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Financial Services Agency, Arts. 2, 3 and Banking Act, Art. 59 as a reference.
国家公安委員会
A commission placed under the Prime Minister's jurisdiction by the Police Act (警察法) (Police Act, Article 4, paragraph (1)), made up of a chairperson, who is a Minister of State (国務…
Written by AI using Police Act, Arts. 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 15 and Secondhand Goods Business Act, Arts. 21-5, 27 as a reference.
都道府県公安委員会
A commission the Police Act (警察法) places in each prefecture under the jurisdiction of its governor (都道府県知事) (Police Act, Article 38, paragraph (1)). It administers that prefecture'…
Written by AI using Police Act, Arts. 38, 39 and Secondhand Goods Business Act, Arts. 2, 3 as a reference.
方面公安委員会
A commission the Police Act (警察法) sets up in Hokkaido (道). Hokkaido is divided into no more than five districts (方面), and each district except the one where the Hokkaido Police Hea…
Written by AI using Police Act, Arts. 46, 51 and Anti-Stalking Act, Arts. 15, 17 as a reference.
方面本部長
The head of a district headquarters (方面本部) of the Hokkaido police. The Police Act (警察法) divides Hokkaido (道) into no more than five districts (方面) and places a district headquarter…
Written by AI using Police Act, Art. 51 and Anti-Stalking Act, Arts. 16, 17 as a reference.
警察署長
The head of a police station (警察署). The Police Act (警察法) divides each prefecture's area into districts, each served by a police station, and places a chief in every station (Police…
Written by AI using Police Act, Arts. 48, 51, 53, Road Traffic Act, Art. 77 and Lost Property Act, Art. 4 as a reference.
消費者委員会
A commission placed in the Cabinet Office (内閣府) (Act for Establishment of the Consumer Affairs Agency and the Consumer Commission, Article 6, paragraph (1)), of no more than ten me…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Consumer Affairs Agency and the Consumer Commission, Arts. 6, 7, 9, 10, Act against Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representations, Arts. 3, 6 and Act on Specified Commercial Transactions, Art. 64 as a reference.
労働基準監督署長
The head of a labor standards inspection office (労働基準監督署), one of the offices under each prefectural labor bureau (都道府県労働局) that carry out the Labor Standards Act (Labor Standards…
Written by AI using Labor Standards Act, Arts. 97, 99 and Act on Ensuring Wage Payment, Arts. 3, 4, 7, 13, 14 as a reference.
労働基準監督官
An official who carries out the Labor Standards Act, stationed in the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare's Labor Standards Management Bureau (労働基準主管局), in the prefectural labor…
Written by AI using Labor Standards Act, Arts. 97, 101, 102, 104, 105 and Act on Ensuring Wage Payment, Arts. 11, 13, 14 as a reference.
都道府県労働局
A local branch (地方支分部局) of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (厚生労働省), a national ministry, so it is part of the national government and not of the prefecture, despite its…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Arts. 2, 17, 21, 22, 23 and National Government Organization Act, Art. 9 as a reference.
労働委員会
A commission made up of equal numbers of members representing employers, members representing workers and members representing the public interest (Labor Union Act, Article 19, par…
Written by AI using Labor Union Act, Arts. 19, 19-2, 19-12, 20 as a reference.
都道府県労働局長
The head of a prefectural labor bureau (都道府県労働局), a local branch (地方支分部局) of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, so part of the national government rather than of the prefe…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Art. 17, National Government Organization Act, Art. 9, Labor Standards Act, Arts. 97, 99 and Employment Security Act, Art. 8 as a reference.
総括安全衛生管理者
The person an employer (事業者) must appoint at each workplace of the size a Cabinet Order (政令) sets, to direct the safety managers (安全管理者), the health managers (衛生管理者) and certain ot…
Written by AI using Industrial Safety and Health Act, Arts. 10, 17, 18, 19, 99-2 as a reference.
安全管理者
A person an employer (事業者) must appoint at each workplace in the industries and of the size a Cabinet Order (政令) sets, from among people with the qualifications an Order of the Min…
Written by AI using Industrial Safety and Health Act, Arts. 10, 11, 17, 19, 19-2, 99-2 as a reference.
衛生管理者
A person an employer (事業者) must appoint at each workplace of the size a Cabinet Order (政令) sets, according to the kinds of work done there, from among people licensed by the direct…
Written by AI using Industrial Safety and Health Act, Arts. 10, 11, 12, 18, 19, 19-2, 99-2 as a reference.
産業医
A physician an employer (事業者) must appoint at each workplace of the size a Cabinet Order (政令) sets, to look after workers' health and carry out the other duties an Order of the Min…
Written by AI using Industrial Safety and Health Act, Arts. 13, 13-2, 13-3, 18, 19, 101 as a reference.
作業主任者
A person an employer (事業者) must appoint, for each class of work, where the work needs controls to prevent industrial accidents (労働災害) — work in high-pressure chambers (高圧室内作業) and…
Written by AI using Industrial Safety and Health Act, Arts. 14, 60 as a reference.
安全委員会
A committee an employer (事業者) must set up at each workplace in the industries and of the size a Cabinet Order (政令) sets, to investigate and deliberate on the basic measures to keep…
Written by AI using Industrial Safety and Health Act, Arts. 17, 19 as a reference.
衛生委員会
A committee an employer (事業者) must set up at each workplace of the size a Cabinet Order (政令) sets, to investigate and deliberate on the basic measures to prevent harm to workers' h…
Written by AI using Industrial Safety and Health Act, Arts. 13, 17, 18, 66-4, 66-5, 66-8 as a reference.
安全衛生委員会
A single committee that an employer (事業者) required to set up both a safety committee (安全委員会) and a health committee (衛生委員会) may set up in place of the two (Industrial Safety and He…
Written by AI using Industrial Safety and Health Act, Arts. 13, 17, 18, 19 as a reference.
自動車検査証
The certificate issued for a motor vehicle that has passed the inspection the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (国土交通大臣) carries out: a card on which the chas…
Written by AI using Road Transport Vehicle Act, Arts. 2, 34, 36-2, 58, 60, 61, 62, 66, 94-5 as a reference.
特別永住者証明書
The certificate the Commissioner of the Immigration Services Agency (出入国在留管理庁長官) issues to every special permanent resident (特別永住者) (Special Act on the Immigration Control of, inte…
Written by AI using Special Act on the Immigration Control of, inter alia, those who have lost Japanese Nationality pursuant to the Treaty of Peace with Japan, Arts. 7 to 13, 15, 16, 16-2, 17, 23, 26 as a reference.
地方運輸局長
The head of a district transport bureau (地方運輸局), a local branch (地方支分部局) of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (国土交通省), a national ministry (Act for Establ…
Written by AI using Road Transport Vehicle Act, Arts. 54, 78, 105, Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Arts. 2, 4, 30, 35, 36, National Government Organization Act, Arts. 3, 9, Act on Promoting the Resolution of Individual Labor-Related Disputes, Arts. 3, 4, 5, 21 and Minimum Wage Act, Art. 35 as a reference.
労働者災害補償保険審査官
One of the two kinds of labor insurance examiner (労働保険審査官) (Act on Labor Insurance Examiners and the Labor Insurance Appeal Committee, Article 1): placed in each prefectural labor…
Written by AI using Act on Labor Insurance Examiners and the Labor Insurance Appeal Committee, Arts. 1, 2, 2-2, 3, 4, 8, Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act, Arts. 38, 40 and Labor Standards Act, Arts. 85, 86 as a reference.
公共職業安定所
A national government office that does job placement (職業紹介) between job seekers and employers, vocational guidance and employment insurance (雇用保険) work, and other work the Employme…
Written by AI using Employment Security Act, Art. 8 and Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Art. 23 as a reference.
労働政策審議会
A council (審議会) attached to the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Article 6, paragraph (1)). At the Minis…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Arts. 6, 9 and Cabinet Order on the Labor Policy Council, Arts. 2, 3 as a reference.
雇用保険審査官
An official who decides requests for review (審査請求) under the Employment Insurance Act: of a confirmation that someone became or stopped being an insured person, of a decision on it…
Written by AI using Act on Labor Insurance Examiners and the Labor Insurance Appeal Committee, Arts. 2, 2-2, 3, 7 and 8 and Employment Insurance Act, Arts. 69 and 71 as a reference.
法務局
A local office of the Ministry of Justice (法務省). The Legal Affairs Bureaus and the District Legal Affairs Bureaus (地方法務局) are set up under the Ministry (Act for Establishment of th…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Justice, Arts. 4, 15, 18, 19 and Real Property Registration Act, Arts. 2, 6, 9 as a reference.
個人情報保護委員会規則
Rules the Personal Information Protection Commission (個人情報保護委員会) makes on the matters in its charge, to carry out an Act or a Cabinet Order (政令) or under a special delegation from…
Written by AI using Act on the Protection of Personal Information, Arts. 130, 132, 133, 134, 145 and Act on the Use of Numbers to Identify a Specific Individual in Administrative Procedures, Art. 2 as a reference.
個人情報保護委員会
The commission the Act on the Protection of Personal Information sets up under Article 49, paragraph (3) of the Act for Establishment of the Cabinet Office (内閣府設置法), under the Prim…
Written by AI using Act on the Protection of Personal Information, Arts. 130, 132, 133, 134, 145, 146, 147, 148 and Act on the Use of Numbers to Identify a Specific Individual in Administrative Procedures, Art. 2 as a reference.
医道審議会
A council (審議会) set up in the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Article 6, paragraph (1)) to deal with th…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Arts. 6, 10 and Medical Practitioners' Act, Arts. 7, 10, 11, 16-2, 16-3, 16-10, 16-11, 24-2 as a reference.
医籍
The register of physicians kept at the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, which records the date of each registration, any reprimand, suspension or revocation of a licence, an…
Written by AI using Medical Practitioners' Act, Arts. 5, 6, 7-2, 16-6 as a reference.
健康保険組合
A corporation that runs the health insurance of the insured persons who are its members; it and the Japan Health Insurance Association (全国健康保険協会) are the two insurers of health ins…
Written by AI using Health Insurance Act, Arts. 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12 as a reference.
社会保険審査官
An official of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare whom the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare appoints, placed in each Regional Bureau of Health and Welfare (地方厚生局), to…
Written by AI using Act on Social Insurance Examiners and the Social Insurance Examination Committee, Arts. 1, 2, Health Insurance Act, Art. 189 and Employees' Pension Insurance Act, Art. 90 as a reference.
社会保険審査会
A committee under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare that hears requests for re-examination (再審査請求) against the decisions of social insurance examiners…
Written by AI using Act on Social Insurance Examiners and the Social Insurance Examination Committee, Arts. 19 to 22, Health Insurance Act, Art. 190 and Employees' Pension Insurance Act, Art. 91 as a reference.
年金積立金管理運用独立行政法人
An incorporated administrative agency (独立行政法人) that manages and invests the reserves of the Employees' Pension Insurance and the National Pension that the Minister of Health, Labou…
Written by AI using Act on the Government Pension Investment Fund, Incorporated Administrative Agency, Arts. 2, 3 as a reference.
社会保障審議会
A council (審議会) attached to the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Article 6, paragraph (1)). At the Minis…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Arts. 6, 7 as a reference.
配偶者暴力相談支援センター
Not a building of its own but a role: each prefecture (都道府県) has its women's counseling and support center (女性相談支援センター) or another suitable facility it sets up serve as one, and a…
Written by AI using Act on the Prevention of Spousal Violence and the Protection of Victims, Arts. 3, 6 as a reference.
女性相談支援センター
A center every prefecture (都道府県) must set up, and a designated city (指定都市, one of the large cities a Cabinet Order designates under the Local Autonomy Act) may, under the Act on Su…
Written by AI using Act on Support for Women Facing Difficult Problems, Arts. 2, 9 and Act on the Prevention of Spousal Violence and the Protection of Victims, Art. 3 as a reference.
地上権
A right to use another person's land in order to own buildings or other structures, or trees or bamboo, on it (Civil Code, Article 265). It can be entered in the land register (Rea…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Art. 265, Real Property Registration Act, Art. 3 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Art. 2 as a reference.
賃借権
The right a lessee (賃借人) has under a lease (賃貸借): to use the leased thing and take what it yields, in return for paying rent (Civil Code, Article 601). The lessee may not transfer…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 601, 605, 612, Real Property Registration Act, Art. 3 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Arts. 10, 31 as a reference.
賃貸借
A contract in which one party, the lessor (賃貸人), agrees to let the other use a thing and take what it yields, and the other party, the lessee (賃借人), agrees to pay rent for it and t…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 601, 616-2, 620 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Art. 1 as a reference.
賃貸人
The party to a lease (賃貸借) who lets the other party use a thing, such as land or a building, in return for rent; in everyday words, the landlord (Civil Code, Article 601). The less…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 601, 612 as a reference.
賃借人
The party to a lease (賃貸借) who uses a thing, such as land or a building, pays rent for it and must return it when the contract ends; in everyday words, the tenant (Civil Code, Arti…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 601, 612 as a reference.
転借人
A person who leases a thing from its lessee (賃借人) rather than from the lessor (賃貸人): a subtenant. Where the lessee has sublet lawfully, the sublessee owes its duties under the subl…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Art. 613 as a reference.
転貸
A lessee (賃借人) letting a third party use the thing the lessee leases: subletting. A lessee may do this only with the lessor's (賃貸人) consent, and where the lessee lets a third party…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 612, 613 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Art. 19 as a reference.
登記
Entry in a public register kept by a registry office (登記所) — a Legal Affairs Bureau or one of its branch offices — so that the matter is made public (Real Property Registration Act…
Written by AI using Real Property Registration Act, Arts. 1, 3, 6, Commercial Registration Act, Art. 1, Civil Code, Art. 177 and Companies Act, Art. 908 as a reference.
先取特権
A right the law itself gives certain creditors to be paid out of the debtor's property ahead of other creditors (Civil Code, Article 303). Some reach all of the debtor's property,…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 303, 306, 311, 312, 313 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Art. 12 as a reference.
取消し
Undoing a legal act, such as an offer or acceptance of a contract (意思表示, a manifestation of intention), that the law says may be rescinded: for example one made through an importan…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 5, 95, 96, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126 and Consumer Contract Act, Arts. 4, 7 as a reference.
無効
Having no legal effect from the start. A void act does not take effect even if the parties later confirm it; confirming it knowing it is void counts as making a new act (Civil Code…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 90, 119, Act on Land and Building Leases, Art. 9, Consumer Contract Act, Art. 8 and Labor Standards Act, Art. 13 as a reference.
損害賠償
Compensation for loss one person has caused another. A debtor who does not perform an obligation as it should be performed, or cannot perform it, must compensate the creditor for t…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 415, 417, 420, 709, 722 and Consumer Contract Act, Art. 9 as a reference.
対抗
To be able to rely on a right, or on a fact about it, against someone who is not a party to it. Acquiring, losing or changing a right in rem (物権) in land or a building cannot be as…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 96, 177, 605 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Arts. 10, 31 as a reference.
解除
Ending a contract by one party's notice to the other, where the contract or the law gives that party a right to cancel (Civil Code, Article 540, paragraph (1)). The Civil Code lets…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 121, 540, 541, 542, 545, 620 as a reference.
法律行為
An act by which a person, by manifesting their intention (意思表示), brings about the legal effect they intend, such as making a contract or buying everyday goods (Civil Code, Articles…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 3-2, 4, 5, 9, 90, 91, 119, 121, 127, 522 and Act on General Rules for Application of Laws, Arts. 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 as a reference.
意思表示
A person's expression of an intention to which the law gives a legal effect, such as an offer to conclude a contract, which shows its terms and forms the contract once the other pa…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 123, 522, 527, 540, Consumer Contract Act, Art. 4 and Act on Specified Commercial Transactions, Arts. 6, 9-3 as a reference.
裁判上の和解
A settlement (和解) is an agreement in which the parties each give way to end a dispute between them (Civil Code, Article 695). A judicial settlement is one reached in court proceedi…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Art. 695, Code of Civil Procedure, Arts. 89, 267, 275, Civil Enforcement Act, Art. 22 and Civil Mediation Act, Arts. 16, 17, 18 as a reference.
拘禁刑
The punishment of being held in a penal institution (刑事施設), for life or for a fixed term of one month to twenty years (Penal Code, Article 12, paragraphs (1) and (2)); a fixed term…
Written by AI using Penal Code, Arts. 9, 10, 12, 14, Act No. 67 of 2022, Art. 2 and Act No. 68 of 2022, Art. 443 as a reference.
懲役
A punishment the Penal Code had until Act No. 67 of 2022 came into force: being held in a penal institution (刑事施設) and made to do prescribed work, for life or for a fixed term of o…
Written by AI using Penal Code, former Art. 12, Act No. 67 of 2022, Art. 2 and Act No. 68 of 2022, Arts. 441, 443 as a reference.
禁錮
A punishment the Penal Code had until Act No. 67 of 2022 came into force: being held in a penal institution (刑事施設), for life or for a fixed term of one month to twenty years, witho…
Written by AI using Penal Code, former Arts. 12, 13, Act No. 67 of 2022, Art. 2 and Act No. 68 of 2022, Arts. 441, 443 as a reference.
罰金
A criminal punishment of paying money to the state, of 10,000 yen or more, or less where it is reduced (Penal Code, Article 15). It ranks below imprisonment (拘禁刑) and above penal d…
Written by AI using Penal Code, Arts. 9, 10, 15, 18, 31 to 34 as a reference.
拘留
A short criminal punishment of being held in a penal institution (刑事施設) for one day to less than thirty days (Penal Code, Article 16, paragraph (1)). As with imprisonment (拘禁刑), th…
Written by AI using Penal Code, Arts. 9, 10, 16 as a reference.
科料
The lightest criminal punishment: paying 1,000 yen or more but less than 10,000 yen (Penal Code, Articles 9, 10 and 17). A person who cannot pay it in full is held in a workhouse (…
Written by AI using Penal Code, Arts. 9, 10, 17, 18 as a reference.
没収
A punishment that can only be added to a principal one (付加刑) (Penal Code, Article 9): a thing connected with the crime is confiscated. What may be confiscated is the thing that mak…
Written by AI using Penal Code, Arts. 9, 19, 19-2, 20 as a reference.
特別永住者
A person who may live in Japan permanently under a status the Special Act on the Immigration Control of, inter alia, those who have lost Japanese Nationality pursuant to the Treaty…
Written by AI using Special Act on the Immigration Control of, inter alia, those who have lost Japanese Nationality pursuant to the Treaty of Peace with Japan, Arts. 2 to 5, 7, 17, 22, 23 and Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act, Art. 26-2 as a reference.
執行猶予
A court's decision, when it passes a sentence, to hold off carrying it out. A person sentenced to imprisonment (拘禁刑) of three years or less or a fine (罰金) of 500,000 yen or less wh…
Written by AI using Penal Code, Arts. 25 to 27-2 as a reference.
告訴
A crime's victim telling a public prosecutor or a judicial police officer (司法警察員) of the crime and asking that the offender be punished; the victim may file one (Code of Criminal P…
Written by AI using Code of Criminal Procedure, Arts. 230, 231, 235, 237, 241 and Penal Code, Arts. 209, 232 as a reference.
口頭弁論
The hearing at which the parties to a civil lawsuit or another court proceeding put their case to the court by speaking: the parties must argue a lawsuit before the court in oral a…
Written by AI using Code of Civil Procedure, Arts. 87, 87-2, 140, 148, 158 to 161, 249, 251, 263, 276, 312 as a reference.
控訴
An appeal against a final judgment that a district court (地方裁判所) gave at first instance, or against a summary court's (簡易裁判所) final judgment (Code of Civil Procedure, Article 281,…
Written by AI using Code of Civil Procedure, Arts. 96, 116, 281, 284 to 286, 292, 293, 296, 298, 302 to 305, 377 and Courts Act, Arts. 16, 24 as a reference.
上告
The appeal against a judgment of second instance, and against a high court's judgment at first instance: it goes to the Supreme Court (最高裁判所) against a final judgment a high court…
Written by AI using Code of Civil Procedure, Arts. 281, 285, 311 to 315, 318, 319, 321, 325 to 327 as a reference.
少額訴訟
A lawsuit in a summary court (簡易裁判所), heard and decided under rules of its own, on a claim to be paid money where the amount in dispute is 600,000 yen or less; the plaintiff asks f…
Written by AI using Code of Civil Procedure, Arts. 146, 368 to 381 and Civil Enforcement Act, Art. 22 as a reference.
訴訟代理人
A person who carries on a lawsuit on behalf of a party. Apart from an agent whom a law or regulation allows to act in court, only an attorney (弁護士) may be one, though in a summary…
Written by AI using Code of Civil Procedure, Arts. 34, 36, 42, 47, 54 to 59, 132-11 and Civil Provisional Remedies Act, Art. 1 as a reference.
送達
The delivery of a document in a court proceeding, such as a lawsuit, to the person it is for, by a procedure the law lays down: unless a provision says otherwise, the court carries…
Written by AI using Code of Civil Procedure, Arts. 98, 100 to 104, 106 to 112, 132-11, 138, 255, 285 as a reference.
報労金
The reward a person who gets back property they lost (遺失者) must pay its finder (拾得者): an amount from 5% to 20% of the property's value, or of the price it fetched where the police…
Written by AI using Lost Property Act, Arts. 9, 17, 20, 28, 29, 31, 34 as a reference.
本国法
The law of the country whose nationality a person has. The Act on General Rules for Application of Laws makes it the law that governs, among other things, a person's capacity to ac…
Written by AI using Act on General Rules for Application of Laws, Arts. 4, 24, 25, 26, 27, 32, 36, 38, 41 as a reference.
常居所
The place where a person habitually lives; the Act on General Rules for Application of Laws uses the term without defining it. That Act makes the law of a person's habitual residen…
Written by AI using Act on General Rules for Application of Laws, Arts. 11, 19, 25, 26, 27, 32, 38, 39 as a reference.
公の秩序又は善良の風俗
Public order and good morals, called 公序 (public policy) for short in the heading of Article 42 of the Act on General Rules for Application of Laws. The law refuses effect to what g…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Art. 90 and Act on General Rules for Application of Laws, Arts. 3, 42 as a reference.
審査請求
A request to an administrative agency (行政庁) to review a disposition (処分) the person objects to, or, where the person applied for a disposition under a law or regulation and a reaso…
Written by AI using Administrative Complaint Review Act, Arts. 1 to 4, 18, 25, 45 to 49, 51, 52 and Employees' Pension Insurance Act, Arts. 90, 91-2 as a reference.
再調査の請求
A request to the administrative agency (行政庁) that made a disposition (処分) to look into it again. A person who objects to the disposition can make one only where a request for revie…
Written by AI using Administrative Complaint Review Act, Arts. 1, 5, 18, 54, 57 to 60 and Act on General Rules for National Taxes, Art. 75 as a reference.
再審査請求
A further request, by a person who objects to the determination (裁決) on a request for review (審査請求) of a disposition (処分), that can be made only where an Act provides for one again…
Written by AI using Administrative Complaint Review Act, Arts. 1, 6, 50, 62, 64, 65 and Employees' Pension Insurance Act, Arts. 90, 91-2 as a reference.
前文
An opening passage, before the first article, saying what the law is for and what it rests on. Few Japanese laws have one; the Constitution of Japan (日本国憲法) does, and its four para…
Written by AI using Constitution of Japan, Preamble and Wikipedia (Japanese): 前文 as a reference.
制定文
A sentence at the very top of a law, before its first article, saying what enacting it does. The Corporation Tax Act's (法人税法) reads 「法人税法（昭和二十二年法律第二十八号）の全部を改正する。」 — this Act replac…
Written by AI using e-Gov: 法人税法 and Wikipedia: 日本の法令の基本形式 as a reference.
別表
A table or list placed at the end of a law and referred to from its articles — the list of industries in Appended Table 1 of the Labor Standards Act (労働基準法別表第一), for example. It is…
Written by AI using Labor Standards Act, Art. 41, Appended Table 1 and Wikipedia: 日本の法令の基本形式 as a reference.
様式
A prescribed form — the notification or application someone actually has to submit. Forms are usually set out at the end of a Ministerial Order (省令), such as the Ordinance for Enfo…
Written by AI using 労働基準法施行規則, Art. 16 and forms and Upper House Legislative Bureau: 法令中の「図」・「表」 as a reference.
項
A subdivision of an article, begun on a new line. In the official text, paragraphs from the second on are numbered 2, 3 and so on, and the first has no number; this site shows them…
Written by AI using Upper House Legislative Bureau: 条・項・号・号の細分 and Wikipedia: 日本の法令の基本形式 as a reference.
号
One entry in a numbered list inside an article or paragraph, printed 一, 二, 三. The official English writes them item (i), (ii), (iii).
Written by AI using Upper House Legislative Bureau: 条・項・号・号の細分 and Japanese Law Translation: Labor Standards Act as a reference.
削除
An article that has been repealed. Its number stays where it was with the single word 削除 in place of its text, so no other article is renumbered and no link to one breaks.
Written by AI using Upper House Legislative Bureau: 条の枝番号と削除 and Labor Standards Act, Art. 8 as a reference.
繰下げ・繰上げ
An amending law usually leaves every article's number alone: a new article takes a branch number such as Article 32-2, and a repealed one leaves 削除 (Deleted) at its number. Sometim…
Written by AI using Upper House Legislative Bureau: 条の枝番号と削除 and Act on Land and Building Leases, as amended by Act No. 53 of 2023 as a reference.
定義の範囲
Some definitions hold throughout the law (この法律で, この法律において); others only inside one article, paragraph or item (以下この条において). Some also leave a named part of the law out, such as a ch…
Written by AI using Upper House Legislative Bureau: 法令における用語の定義 and Labor Standards Act, Arts. 9, 36 as a reference.
条約等
In Article 82, item (vi)(a) and (b), an international agreement between the country where an entity is located (所在地国) and another country for the avoidance of double taxation on income, or something similar.
当該所在地国と当該他方の国との間の所得に対する租税に関する二重課税の回避のための国際約束又はこれに類するもの
The head or other executive organ of a local government (地方公共団体), named in Personal Information Protection Commission Rules (個人情報保護委員会規則), that handles work set by local ordinance (条例) under Article 9(2) which those Rules specify as work, comparable to specified work using Individual Numbers (特定個人番号利用事務), to be made more efficient by receiving specific personal information (特定個人情報) promptly.
第九条第二項の規定に基づき条例で定める事務のうち特定個人番号利用事務に準じて迅速に特定個人情報の提供を受けることによって効率化を…
A person in charge of work using Individual Numbers (個人番号利用事務実施者) whom Personal Information Protection Commission Rules (個人情報保護委員会規則) name as holding a specific personal information file (特定個人情報ファイル) that records the Specific Personal Information for Use (利用特定個人情報) needed for ordinance-based work under Article 19, item (ix); under that item, the side that provides the information.
当該事務を処理するために必要な利用特定個人情報を記録した特定個人情報ファイルを保有する者として個人情報保護委員会規則で定める個人番号利用事務実施者
In Chapter V, personal information held by an organ of a local government (地方公共団体) or a local incorporated administrative agency (地方独立行政法人), other than sensitive personal information (要配慮個人情報), that includes descriptions which the local government's ordinance (条例) names as needing special care in handling, in the light of local circumstances, so that the identifiable person does not suffer unfair discrimination, prejudice or other disadvantage.
…る不当な差別、偏見その他の不利益が生じないようにその取扱いに特に配慮を要するものとして地方公共団体が条例で定める記述等が含まれる個人情報
In Article 40-3-3, paragraph (26) and Article 40-3-4, paragraph (1), the contracting state or party other than Japan to a tax treaty (租税条約) — a treaty referred to in the proviso to Article 2, paragraph (1), item (viii)-4 of the Income Tax Act.
The Convention on Road Traffic (道路交通に関する条約), the treaty whose driving permits under its Article 24, paragraph (1), in the form its Annex 9 or Annex 10 sets, Article 107-2 recognises as international driving permits (国際運転免許証) — other than the international driving permits (国外運転免許証) that a Japanese public safety commission (公安委員会) issues under Article 107-7, paragraph (1).
In the paragraph, a contracting state or contracting party (締約国若しくは締約者) to the tax treaty (租税条約) other than Japan.
条約相手国等の権限ある当局に対する申立てが行われた場合
The case where a person has filed a petition of the kind the paragraph covers under a tax treaty (租税条約) with the competent authority of a treaty partner state, etc. (条約相手国等), and that authority has asked for the mutual agreement consultation (相互協議) the treaty provides for.
In Article 42-2, paragraph (2), items (i) and (ii), a corporation (including an association or foundation without legal personality, 人格のない社団等) of a foreign state or other foreign jurisdiction to whose authorities Japan may give tax information under provisions, set by Cabinet Order (政令), of a tax treaty or other international agreement that provides for exchanging information on the assessment and collection of taxes.
A Basic Resident Register card (住基カード) that, when Act No. 77 of 2009 came into effect, was being put to the use provided for in Article 30-44, paragraph (8) of this Act as it stood before that Act amended it.
この法律による改正前の住民基本台帳法第三十条の四十四第八項の規定による利用が行われている住基カード
In the supplementary provisions (附則) of Act No. 85 of 1999, short name for the Convention concerning Fee-Charging Employment Agencies (Revised 1949) (No. 96).
全部取得条項付種類株式
A class of shares whose terms let the company acquire every share of that class by a resolution at a shareholders meeting, as provided for in Article 108, paragraph (1), item (vii).
第百八条第一項第七号に掲げる事項についての定めがある種類の株式
取得条項付株式
Shares whose terms let the company acquire them from the shareholder when a specified event occurs.
株式会社がその発行する全部又は一部の株式の内容として当該株式会社が一定の事由が生じたことを条件として当該株式を取得することができる旨の定めを設けている場合における当該株式
取得条項付新株予約権
Share options whose terms let the company acquire them when a specified event occurs, as provided for in Article 236, paragraph (1), item (vii).
第二百三十六条第一項第七号イに掲げる事項についての定めがある新株予約権
A local government's ordinance (条例) setting rules for the proper preservation and use of the historical public records and archives (歴史公文書等) held by that local government or by a local incorporated administrative agency (地方独立行政法人).
地方公共団体又は地方独立行政法人の保有する歴史公文書等の適切な保存及び利用について定める当該地方公共団体の条例
租税条約等
In Article 46, paragraph (6), Article 63, paragraph (5) and Article 71, paragraph (1), item (iv), the tax treaties (租税条約) Japan has concluded to avoid double taxation of income or prevent tax evasion, together with Japan's other international agreements that provide for exchanging information on the assessment or collection of taxes, assisting in collecting taxes or preserving property for their collection, or assisting in serving tax documents, as defined in Article 2, item (ii) of the Act on Special Provisions of the Income Tax Act, the Corporation Tax Act and the Local Tax Act Incidental to Enforcement of Tax Treaties, etc. (Act No. 46 of 1969).
租税条約等の実施に伴う所得税法、法人税法及び地方税法の特例等に関する法律（昭和四十四年法律第四十六号）第二条第二号（定義）に規定する租税条約等
A local government's ordinance (条例) setting out the right of residents and others to request disclosure of information held by that local government or by a local incorporated administrative agency (地方独立行政法人).
地方公共団体又は地方独立行政法人の保有する情報の公開を請求する住民等の権利について定める当該地方公共団体の条例
A person who lost Japanese nationality under the Treaty of Peace with Japan on the date it first came into effect and who has lived in Japan continuously since 2 September 1945 or earlier, or who was born in Japan between 3 September 1945 and that date, has lived there ever since, and has a parent who met conditions Article 2, paragraph (1) sets.
日本国との平和条約の規定に基づき同条約の最初の効力発生の日（以下「平和条約発効日」という。）において日本の国籍を離脱した者で、次の各号の一に該当するもの
平和条約国籍離脱者の子孫
A direct descendant (子孫) of a person who lost Japanese nationality under the Treaty of Peace with Japan (平和条約国籍離脱者), born in Japan and living there ever since, who is either that person's child or a later descendant whose parent in each generation was likewise a descendant born in Japan who lived there until the next generation was born.
平和条約国籍離脱者の直系卑属として本邦で出生しその後引き続き本邦に在留する者で、次の各号の一に該当するもの
In Chapter V, a local government's ordinance (条例) that sets out the right of residents and others to request disclosure of information held by the local government's organs or by local incorporated administrative agencies (地方独立行政法人).
地方公共団体の機関又は地方独立行政法人の保有する情報の公開を請求する住民等の権利について定める地方公共団体の条例