The following persons may not act as directors:
次に掲げる者は、取締役となることができない。
a corporation;
法人
deleted;
削除
a person who has been sentenced to a penalty for having violated the provisions of this Act or the Act on General Incorporated Association and General Incorporated Foundation (Act No. 48 of 2006), or for having committed: a crime under Article 197, paragraph (1), items (i) through (iv)-2, (v) or (vi) or paragraph (2), Article 197-2, paragraph (1), items (i) through (x)-3 or (xiii) through (xv), Article 198, paragraph (1), item (viii), Article 199, Article 200, items (i) through (xii)-2, (xx) or (xxi), Article 203, paragraph (3) or Article 205, items (i) through (vi), (xix) or (xx) of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act; a crime under Articles 255, 256, 258 through 260 or 262 of the Civil Rehabilitation Act (Act No. 225 of 1999); a crime under Articles 65, 66, 68 or 69 of the Act on Recognition and Assistance for Foreign Insolvency Procedures (Act No. 129 of 2000); a crime under Articles 266, 267, 269 through Article 271 or 273 of the Corporate Reorganization Act (Act No. 154 of 2002); or a crime under Articles 265, 266, 268 through 272 or 274 of the Bankruptcy Act (Act No. 75 of 2004), for whom two years have not elapsed since the day on which the execution of the sentence was completed or the sentence no longer applied;
この法律若しくは一般社団法人及び一般財団法人に関する法律（平成十八年法律第四十八号）の規定に違反し、又は金融商品取引法第百九十七条第一項第一号から第四号の二まで、第五号若しくは第六号若しくは第二項、第百九十七条の二第一項第一号から第十号の三まで若しくは第十三号から第十五号まで、第百九十八条第一項第八号、第百九十九条、第二百条第一号から第十二号の二まで、第二十号若しくは第二十一号、第二百三条第三項若しくは第二百五条第一号から第六号まで、第十九号若しくは第二十号の罪、民事再生法（平成十一年法律第二百二十五号）第二百五十五条、第二百五十六条、第二百五十八条から第二百六十条まで若しくは第二百六十二条の罪、外国倒産処理手続の承認援助に関する法律（平成十二年法律第百二十九号）第六十五条、第六十六条、第六十八条若しくは第六十九条の罪、会社更生法（平成十四年法律第百五十四号）第二百六十六条、第二百六十七条、第二百六十九条から第二百七十一条まで若しくは第二百七十三条の罪若しくは破産法（平成十六年法律第七十五号）第二百六十五条、第二百六十六条、第二百六十八条から第二百七十二条まで若しくは第二百七十四条の罪を犯し、刑に処せられ、その執行を終わり、又はその執行を受けることがなくなった日から二年を経過しない者
a person who violated the provisions of laws and regulations other than those provided for in the preceding item, was sentenced to imprisonment or severer penalty and who has not completed the execution of the sentence or to whom the sentence still applies (excluding persons for whom the execution of the sentence is suspended).
前号に規定する法律の規定以外の法令の規定に違反し、拘禁刑以上の刑に処せられ、その執行を終わるまで又はその執行を受けることがなくなるまでの者（刑の執行猶予中の者を除く。）
A stock company may not provide in the articles of incorporation that directors must be shareholders; provided, however, that this does not apply to a stock company that is not a public company.
株式会社は、取締役が株主でなければならない旨を定款で定めることができない。ただし、公開会社でない株式会社においては、この限りでない。
A director who is an audit and supervisory committee member may not concurrently act as an executive director, manager, or other employees of a company with audit and supervisory committee or its subsidiary company, or accounting advisor (if the accounting advisor is a corporation, the member who is in charge of its affairs) or an executive officer of the subsidiary company.
監査等委員である取締役は、監査等委員会設置会社若しくはその子会社の業務執行取締役若しくは支配人その他の使用人又は当該子会社の会計参与（会計参与が法人であるときは、その職務を行うべき社員）若しくは執行役を兼ねることができない。
A director of a company with nominating committee, etc. may not concurrently act as a manager or other employee of the company with nominating committee, etc.
指名委員会等設置会社の取締役は、当該指名委員会等設置会社の支配人その他の使用人を兼ねることができない。
A company with board of directors must have three or more directors.
取締役会設置会社においては、取締役は、三人以上でなければならない。
A company with audit and supervisory committee must have three or more of directors who are audit and supervisory committee members and the majority of them must be outside directors.
監査等委員会設置会社においては、監査等委員である取締役は、三人以上で、その過半数は、社外取締役でなければならない。
Read this with the articles around it
(Crime of Bankruptcy Fraud)
Regardless of whether before or after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, a person that has conducted any of the following acts for the purpose of harming creditors is punishable by…
破産手続開始の前後を問わず、債権者を害する目的で、次の各号のいずれかに該当する行為をした者は、債務者（相続財産の破産にあっては相続財産、信託財産の破産にあっては信託財産。次項において同じ。）について破産手続開始の決定が確定したときは、十年以下の拘禁刑若しくは千万円以下の罰金に処し、又はこれを併科する。
Open this provision(Crime of Providing Security to Specific Creditors)
Regardless of whether before or after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, with regard to debt to a specific creditor, if a debtor…
債務者（相続財産の破産にあっては相続人、相続財産の管理人、相続財産の清算人又は遺言執行者を、信託財産の破産にあっては受託者等を含む。以下この条において同じ。）が、破産手続開始の前後を問わず、特定の債権者に対する債務について、他の債権者を害する目的で…
Open this provision(Crime of Refusal of Explanation or Inspection)
A person that , has refused to give an explanation or has given a false explanation in violation of the provisions of Article 40, paragraph (1)…
第四十条第一項（同条第二項において準用する場合を含む。）、第二百三十条第一項（同条第二項において準用する場合を含む。）又は第二百四十四条の六第一項（同条第二項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定に違反して、説明を拒み、又は虚偽の説明をした者は、三年以下の拘禁刑若しくは三百万円以下の罰金に処し、又はこれを併科する。
Open this provision(Crime of Refusal of Disclosure of Important Property)
When the bankrupt (in the case of bankruptcy of trust property, a trustee, etc.) has refused to submit a document pursuant to the provisions of Article 41…
破産者（信託財産の破産にあっては、受託者等）が第四十一条（第二百四十四条の六第四項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定による書面の提出を拒み、又は虚偽の書面を裁判所に提出したときは、三年以下の拘禁刑若しくは三百万円以下の罰金に処し、又はこれを併科する。
Open this provision(Crime of Spoliation of Objects Concerning Status of Business and Property)
Regardless of whether before or after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, for the purpose of harming creditors, a person that has spoliated, forged, or altered books, documents…
破産手続開始の前後を問わず、債権者を害する目的で、債務者の業務及び財産（相続財産の破産にあっては相続財産に属する財産、信託財産の破産にあっては信託財産に属する財産）の状況に関する帳簿、書類その他の物件を隠滅し、偽造し、又は変造した者は…
Open this provision(Crime of Refusal of Explanation in Interrogations)
In an interrogation concerning a petition to commence bankruptcy proceedings (excluding those filed by a person other than the debtor) or petition for grant of discharge…
債務者が、破産手続開始の申立て（債務者以外の者がしたものを除く。）又は免責許可の申立てについての審尋において、裁判所が説明を求めた事項について説明を拒み、又は虚偽の説明をしたときは、三年以下の拘禁刑若しくは三百万円以下の罰金に処し、又はこれを併科する。
Open this provision(Crime of Obstruction of Duties against Bankruptcy Trustees)
A person that has obstructed the duties of a bankruptcy trustee, temporary administrator, bankruptcy trustee representative, or temporary administrator representative by the use of fraudulent means…
偽計又は威力を用いて、破産管財人、保全管理人、破産管財人代理又は保全管理人代理の職務を妨害した者は、三年以下の拘禁刑若しくは三百万円以下の罰金に処し、又はこれを併科する。
Open this provision(Crime of Offering Bribes)
A person that has given, offered, or promised to offer a bribe prescribed in paragraph (1) or (3) of the preceding Article is to be punished by imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine of…
前条第一項又は第三項に規定する賄賂を供与し、又はその申込み若しくは約束をした者は、三年以下の拘禁刑若しくは三百万円以下の罰金に処し、又はこれを併科する。
Open this provision(Qualifications of Directors)
a person who has been sentenced to a penalty for having violated the provisions of this Act or the Act on General Incorporated Association and General Incorporated Foundation (Act No. 48 of 2006)…
この法律若しくは一般社団法人及び一般財団法人に関する法律（平成十八年法律第四十八号）の規定に違反し、又は金融商品取引法第百九十七条第一項第一号から第四号の二まで、第五号若しくは第六号若しくは第二項、第百九十七条の二第一項第一号から第十号の三まで若しくは第十三号から第十五号まで、第百九十八条第一項第八号、第百九十九条…
Open this provisionsubsidiary company
「子会社」
A stock company in which a company holds a majority of the votes, or any other corporation whose management a company controls, as set out by Ministry of Justice Order (法務省令).
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (iii)· applies throughout the law
public company
「公開会社」
A stock company whose articles of incorporation do not require the company's approval for transfers of at least some of its shares; it need not be listed on a stock exchange.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (v)· applies throughout the law
company with board of directors
「取締役会設置会社」
A stock company that has a board of directors, or that this Act requires to have one.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (vii)· applies throughout the law
company with audit and supervisory committee
「監査等委員会設置会社」
A stock company that has an audit and supervisory committee, made up of directors.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xi-2)· applies throughout the law
company with nominating committee, etc.machine translation
「指名委員会等設置会社」
A stock company with a nominating committee, an audit committee and a remuneration committee, each made up of directors.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xii)· applies throughout the law
outside director
「社外取締役」
A director of a stock company who meets all the independence requirements in Article 2, item (xv), such as not running, and not having run in the previous ten years, the business of the company or its subsidiaries.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xv)· applies throughout the law
executive director
「業務執行取締役」
A director who runs a stock company's business: the representative director, any director chosen by the board to execute its business under Article 363, paragraph (1), and any other director who has in fact executed its business.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xv), (a)
audit and supervisory committee membermachine translation
「監査等委員」
A member of the audit and supervisory committee of a company with audit and supervisory committee.
Defined inArticle 38, paragraph (2)
articles of incorporation
定款
A company's own basic rules, written by its founders when it is formed: at least its purpose, its trade name, where its head office is, the value of the property contributed at incorporation and who the founders are (Companies Act, Article 27). A stock company's must be certified by a notary before it takes effect (Article 30, paragraph (1)), and can later be changed by a resolution of the shareholders meeting (Article 466). Many rules in the Act apply "unless the articles of incorporation provide otherwise", so a company's articles decide a great deal of how the Act applies to it.
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 26, 27, 30, 466, 575 as a reference.
director
取締役
An officer of a stock company, elected by the shareholders meeting (Companies Act, Article 329, paragraph (1)). Every stock company has at least one (Article 326, paragraph (1)). Where there is no board of directors, the directors run the company's business unless the articles of incorporation say otherwise (Article 348, paragraph (1)), and each of them represents it unless the company has chosen representative directors (代表取締役) or others to do that (Article 349, paragraphs (1) and (3)). Where there is a board (取締役会, board of directors), the directors are its members, and the board decides the business and normally chooses the representative directors from among them (Article 362). The term normally runs to the annual shareholders meeting for the last business year ending within two years of election (Article 332, paragraph (1)).
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 326, 329, 332, 348, 349, 362 as a reference.
imprisonment
拘禁刑
The punishment of being held in a penal institution (刑事施設), for life or for a fixed term of one month to twenty years (Penal Code, Article 12, paragraphs (1) and (2)); a fixed term can be raised to thirty years where the punishment is aggravated, or cut below one month where it is reduced (Article 14, paragraph (2)). To help the person reform and rehabilitate, they may be made to do work or given guidance (Article 12, paragraph (3)). It ranks below the death penalty and above a fine (罰金) among the principal punishments (Articles 9 and 10, paragraph (1)). It replaced imprisonment with work (懲役) and imprisonment without work (禁錮) when the Act Partially Amending the Penal Code, etc. (Act No. 67 of 2022) came into force (Act No. 67 of 2022, Article 2), and a person sentenced to either is treated, for the rules on a person's qualifications, as sentenced to imprisonment for the same term (Act No. 68 of 2022, Article 443, paragraph (1)).
Written by AI using Penal Code, Arts. 9, 10, 12, 14, Act No. 67 of 2022, Art. 2 and Act No. 68 of 2022, Art. 443 as a reference.