The author of a work not yet made public (this includes a work made public without the author's consent; the same applies hereinafter in this Article) has the right to make available or present that work to the public. The same applies to any derivative work derived from an original work that has not yet been made public.
In a case set forth in one of the following items, the author is presumed to consent to the action set forth in the relevant item:
著作者は、次の各号に掲げる場合には、当該各号に掲げる行為について同意したものと推定する。
the copyright to author's cinematographic work belongs to the producer of the cinematographic work pursuant to the provisions of Article 29:making available or presenting the work to the public through the exercise of the copyright to the work.
In a case set forth in one of the following items, the author is presumed to consent to the action set forth in the relevant item:
著作者は、次の各号に掲げる場合には、当該各号に掲げる行為について同意したものとみなす。
the author makes available a work not yet made public to an administrative organ (meaning an administrative organ provided for in Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Act on Access to Information Held by Administrative Organs (Act No. 42 of 1999; hereinafter referred to as "the Act on Access to Administrative Organs' Information")) (unless the author manifests an intention to the contrary by the time of the decision to disclose it under the provisions of Article 9, paragraph (1) of the Act on Access to Administrative Organs' Information):making available or presenting the work to the public by the head of the administrative organ, pursuant to the provisions of the Act on Access to Administrative Organs' Information (if historical public records and archives (meaning historical public records and archives provided for in Article 2, paragraph (6) of the Public Records and Archives Management Act (Act No. 66 of 2009; hereinafter referred to as "the Public Records Management Act"); the same applies hereinafter) pertaining to that work are transferred from the head of an administrative organ to the National Archives of Japan, etc. (meaning the National Archives of Japan, etc. provided for in Article 2, paragraph (3) of the Public Records Management Act; the same applies hereinafter) pursuant to the provisions of Article 8, paragraph (1) of the Public Records Management Act (unless the author of the work manifests an intention to the contrary by the time of the decision to permit the use of that work under the provisions of Article 16, paragraph (1) of the Public Records Management Act), this includes making available or presenting the work to the public by the head of the National Archives of Japan, etc. (meaning the head of the National Archives of Japan, etc. provided for in Article 15, paragraph (1) of the Public Records Management Act; the same applies hereinafter), pursuant to the provisions of Article 16, paragraph (1) of the Public Records Management Act);
その著作物でまだ公表されていないものを行政機関（行政機関の保有する情報の公開に関する法律（平成十一年法律第四十二号。以下「行政機関情報公開法」という。）第二条第一項に規定する行政機関をいう。以下同じ。）に提供した場合（行政機関情報公開法第九条第一項の規定による開示する旨の決定の時までに別段の意思表示をした場合を除く。） 行政機関情報公開法の規定により行政機関の長が当該著作物を公衆に提供し、又は提示すること（当該著作物に係る歴史公文書等（公文書等の管理に関する法律（平成二十一年法律第六十六号。以下「公文書管理法」という。）第二条第六項に規定する歴史公文書等をいう。以下同じ。）が行政機関の長から公文書管理法第八条第一項の規定により国立公文書館等（公文書管理法第二条第三項に規定する国立公文書館等をいう。以下同じ。）に移管された場合（公文書管理法第十六条第一項の規定による利用をさせる旨の決定の時までに当該著作物の著作者が別段の意思表示をした場合を除く。）にあつては、公文書管理法第十六条第一項の規定により国立公文書館等の長（公文書管理法第十五条第一項に規定する国立公文書館等の長をいう。以下同じ。）が当該著作物を公衆に提供し、又は提示することを含む。）。
the author makes available a work not yet made public to an incorporated administrative agency, etc. (meaning an incorporated administrative agency, etc. provided for in Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Act on Access to Information Held by Incorporated Administrative Agencies (Act No. 140 of 2001; hereinafter referred to as "the Act on Access to Incorporated Administrative Agencies' Information"); the same applies hereinafter) (unless the author manifests an intention to the contrary by the time of the decision to disclose it under the provisions of Article 9, paragraph (1) of the Act on Access to Incorporated Administrative Agencies' Information):making available or presenting the work to the public by the incorporated administrative agency, etc., pursuant to the provisions of the Act on Access to Incorporated Administrative Agencies' Information (if historical public records and archives pertaining to that work are transferred from that incorporated administrative agency, etc. to the National Archives of Japan, etc. pursuant to the provisions of Article 11, paragraph (4) of the Public Records Management Act (unless the author of the work manifests an intention to the contrary by the time of the decision to permit the use of that work under the provisions of Article 16, paragraph (1) of the Public Records Management Act), this includes making available or presenting the work to the public by the head of the National Archives of Japan, etc., pursuant to the provisions of Article 16, paragraph (1) of the Public Records Management Act);
その著作物でまだ公表されていないものを独立行政法人等（独立行政法人等の保有する情報の公開に関する法律（平成十三年法律第百四十号。以下「独立行政法人等情報公開法」という。）第二条第一項に規定する独立行政法人等をいう。以下同じ。）に提供した場合（独立行政法人等情報公開法第九条第一項の規定による開示する旨の決定の時までに別段の意思表示をした場合を除く。） 独立行政法人等情報公開法の規定により当該独立行政法人等が当該著作物を公衆に提供し、又は提示すること（当該著作物に係る歴史公文書等が当該独立行政法人等から公文書管理法第十一条第四項の規定により国立公文書館等に移管された場合（公文書管理法第十六条第一項の規定による利用をさせる旨の決定の時までに当該著作物の著作者が別段の意思表示をした場合を除く。）にあつては、公文書管理法第十六条第一項の規定により国立公文書館等の長が当該著作物を公衆に提供し、又は提示することを含む。）。
the author makes available a work not yet made public to a local government agency or local incorporated administrative agency (unless the author manifests an intention to the contrary by the time of a decision to make a disclosure):making available or presenting the work to the public by an organ of the relevant local government agency or the relevant local incorporated administrative agency, pursuant to the provisions of information disclosure ordinance (meaning ordinance of local government agencies prescribing the right of a resident, etc. to request that local government agency or a local incorporated administrative agency to disclose the information it holds; the same applies hereinafter) (if historical public records and archives pertaining to that work are transferred from the local government agency or local incorporated administrative agency to the local archives, etc. (meaning facilities provided for by public records management ordinance (meaning ordinance of local government agencies prescribing the appropriate preservation and use of historical public records held by that local government agency or by a local incorporated administrative agency; the same applies hereinafter) as facilities for the appropriate preservation and use of historical public records and archives; the same applies hereinafter) pursuant to public records management ordinance (unless the author of that work manifests an intention to the contrary by the time of the decision to permit the use of the work under the provisions of public records management ordinance (limited to provisions equivalent to the provisions of Article 16, paragraph (1) of the Public Records Management Act; the same applies hereinafter in this Article)), this includes making available or presenting the work to the public by the head of the local archives, etc. (meaning the head of the local government agency to which the local archives, etc. belongs, if the local archives, etc. are the facility of a local government agency facility; or the local incorporated administrative agency by which the local archives, etc. was established, if the local archives, etc. are the facility of a local incorporated administrative agency; the same applies hereinafter), pursuant to the provisions of public records management ordinance);
その著作物でまだ公表されていないものを地方公共団体又は地方独立行政法人に提供した場合（開示する旨の決定の時までに別段の意思表示をした場合を除く。） 情報公開条例（地方公共団体又は地方独立行政法人の保有する情報の公開を請求する住民等の権利について定める当該地方公共団体の条例をいう。以下同じ。）の規定により当該地方公共団体の機関又は地方独立行政法人が当該著作物を公衆に提供し、又は提示すること（当該著作物に係る歴史公文書等が当該地方公共団体又は地方独立行政法人から公文書管理条例（地方公共団体又は地方独立行政法人の保有する歴史公文書等の適切な保存及び利用について定める当該地方公共団体の条例をいう。以下同じ。）に基づき地方公文書館等（歴史公文書等の適切な保存及び利用を図る施設として公文書管理条例が定める施設をいう。以下同じ。）に移管された場合（公文書管理条例の規定（公文書管理法第十六条第一項の規定に相当する規定に限る。以下この条において同じ。）による利用をさせる旨の決定の時までに当該著作物の著作者が別段の意思表示をした場合を除く。）にあつては、公文書管理条例の規定により地方公文書館等の長（地方公文書館等が地方公共団体の施設である場合にあつてはその属する地方公共団体の長をいい、地方公文書館等が地方独立行政法人の施設である場合にあつてはその施設を設置した地方独立行政法人をいう。以下同じ。）が当該著作物を公衆に提供し、又は提示することを含む。）。
the author makes available a work not yet made public to the National Archives of Japan, etc. (unless the author manifests an intention to the contrary by the time of the decision to permit the use of that work under the provisions of Article 16, paragraph (1) of the Public Records Management Act):making available or presenting the work to the public by the head of the National Archives of Japan, etc. pursuant to the provisions of Article 16, paragraph (1) of the Public Records Management Act;
the author makes available a work not yet made public to the local archives, etc. (unless the author manifests an intention to the contrary by the time of the decision to permit the use of that work under the provisions of public records management ordinance):making available or presenting the work to the public by the head of the local archives, etc. pursuant to the provisions of public records management ordinance.
The provisions of paragraph (1) do not apply in any of the following cases:
第一項の規定は、次の各号のいずれかに該当するときは、適用しない。
a work not yet made public in which information provided for in Article 5, item (i), (b) or (c) or the proviso to Article 5, item (ii) of the Act on Access to Administrative Organs' Information has been recorded is made available or presented to the public by the head of an administrative organ pursuant to the provisions of that Article, or a work not yet made public is made available or presented to the public by the head of an administrative organ pursuant to the provisions of Article 7 of the Act on Access to Administrative Organs' Information;
行政機関情報公開法第五条の規定により行政機関の長が同条第一号ロ若しくはハ若しくは同条第二号ただし書に規定する情報が記録されている著作物でまだ公表されていないものを公衆に提供し、若しくは提示するとき、又は行政機関情報公開法第七条の規定により行政機関の長が著作物でまだ公表されていないものを公衆に提供し、若しくは提示するとき。
a work not yet made public in which information provided for in Article 5, item (i), (b) or (c) or the proviso to Article 5, item (ii) of the Act on Access to Incorporated Administrative Agencies' Information has been recorded is made available or presented to the public by an incorporated administrative agency, etc. pursuant to the provisions of that Article, or a work not yet made public is made available or presented to the public by an incorporated administrative agency, etc. pursuant to the provisions of Article 7 of the Act on Access to Incorporated Administrative Agencies' Information;
a work not yet made public (limited to a work in which information equivalent to that provided for in Article 5, item (i), (b) or the proviso to Article 5, item (ii) of the Act on Access to Administrative Organs' Information has been recorded) is made available or presented to the public by a local government agency or by a local incorporated administrative agency pursuant to the provisions of information disclosure ordinance (limited to those with provisions equivalent to Article 13, paragraphs (2) and (3) of the Act on Access to Administrative Organs' Information; the same applies in item (v));
情報公開条例（行政機関情報公開法第十三条第二項及び第三項の規定に相当する規定を設けているものに限る。第五号において同じ。）の規定により地方公共団体の機関又は地方独立行政法人が著作物でまだ公表されていないもの（行政機関情報公開法第五条第一号ロ又は同条第二号ただし書に規定する情報に相当する情報が記録されているものに限る。）を公衆に提供し、又は提示するとき。
a work not yet made public (limited to a work in which information equivalent to that provided for in Article 5, item (i), (c) of the Act on Access to Administrative Organs' Information has been recorded) is made available or presented to the public by a local government agency or by a local incorporated administrative agency pursuant to the provisions of the Information Disclosure Regulations;
情報公開条例の規定により地方公共団体の機関又は地方独立行政法人が著作物でまだ公表されていないもの（行政機関情報公開法第五条第一号ハに規定する情報に相当する情報が記録されているものに限る。）を公衆に提供し、又は提示するとき。
a work not yet made public is made available or presented to the public by a local government agency or by a local incorporated administrative agency pursuant to the provisions of information disclosure ordinance that are equivalent to the provisions of Article 7 of the Act on Access to Administrative Organs' Information;
情報公開条例の規定で行政機関情報公開法第七条の規定に相当するものにより地方公共団体の機関又は地方独立行政法人が著作物でまだ公表されていないものを公衆に提供し、又は提示するとき。
a work not yet made public in which information provided for in Article 5, item (i), (b) or (c) or the proviso to Article 5, item (ii) of the Act on Access to Administrative Organs' Information or information provided for in Article 5, item (i), (b) or (c) or the proviso to Article 5, item (ii) of the Act on Access to Incorporated Administrative Agencies' Information has been recorded is made available or presented to the public by the head of the National Archives of Japan, etc. pursuant to the provisions of Article 16, paragraph (1) the Public Records Management Act;
公文書管理法第十六条第一項の規定により国立公文書館等の長が行政機関情報公開法第五条第一号ロ若しくはハ若しくは同条第二号ただし書に規定する情報又は独立行政法人等情報公開法第五条第一号ロ若しくはハ若しくは同条第二号ただし書に規定する情報が記録されている著作物でまだ公表されていないものを公衆に提供し、又は提示するとき。
a work not yet made public (limited to a work in which information equivalent to that provided for in Article 5, item (i), (b) or the proviso to Article 5, item (ii) of the Act on Access to Administrative Organs' Information has been recorded) is made available or presented to the public by the head of the local archives, etc. pursuant to the provisions of public records management ordinance (limited to ordinance with provisions equivalent to Article 18, paragraphs (2) and (4) of the Public Records Management Act);
a work not yet made public (limited to a work in which information equivalent to that provided for in Article 5, item (i), (c) of the Act on Access to Administrative Organs' Information has been recorded) is made available or presented to the public by the head of the local archives, etc. pursuant to the provisions of public records management ordinance.
公文書管理条例の規定により地方公文書館等の長が著作物でまだ公表されていないもの（行政機関情報公開法第五条第一号ハに規定する情報に相当する情報が記録されているものに限る。）を公衆に提供し、又は提示するとき。
Read this with the articles around it
(Right to Make a Work Public)
The author of a work not yet made public (this includes a work made public without the author's consent; the same applies hereinafter in this Article) has the right to make available or present that…
著作者は、その著作物でまだ公表されていないもの（その同意を得ないで公表された著作物を含む。以下この条において同じ。）を公衆に提供し、又は提示する権利を有する。当該著作物を原著作物とする二次的著作物についても、同様とする。
Open this provision(Right to Make a Work Public)
The author of a work not yet made public (this includes a work made public without the author's consent; the same applies hereinafter in this Article) has the right to make available or present that…
著作者は、その著作物でまだ公表されていないもの（その同意を得ないで公表された著作物を含む。以下この条において同じ。）を公衆に提供し、又は提示する権利を有する。当該著作物を原著作物とする二次的著作物についても、同様とする。
Open this provision(Right to Make a Work Public)
a work not yet made public is made available or presented to the public by a local government agency or by a local incorporated administrative agency pursuant to the provisions of information…
情報公開条例の規定で行政機関情報公開法第七条の規定に相当するものにより地方公共団体の機関又は地方独立行政法人が著作物でまだ公表されていないものを公衆に提供し、又は提示するとき。
Open this provisionIf the author of a cinematographic work (excluding a cinematographic work to which the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (1), the following paragraph, or paragraph (3) of this Article apply) has…
映画の著作物（第十五条第一項、次項又は第三項の規定の適用を受けるものを除く。）の著作権は、その著作者が映画製作者に対し当該映画の著作物の製作に参加することを約束しているときは、当該映画製作者に帰属する。
Open this provision(Granting of Opportunity to Submit a Written Opinion to Third Parties)
In the cases that fall under any of the following items, the head of an administrative organ must notify the third party in writing of the indication of the administrative documents related to the…
行政機関の長は、次の各号のいずれかに該当するときは、開示決定に先立ち、当該第三者に対し、開示請求に係る行政文書の表示その他政令で定める事項を書面により通知して、意見書を提出する機会を与えなければならない。ただし、当該第三者の所在が判明しない場合は、この限りでない。
Open this provision(Granting of Opportunity to Submit a Written Opinion to Third Parties)
If the third party who has been given the opportunity to submit a written opinion pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs submits a written opinion manifesting the intention of…
行政機関の長は、前二項の規定により意見書の提出の機会を与えられた第三者が当該行政文書の開示に反対の意思を表示した意見書を提出した場合において、開示決定をするときは、開示決定の日と開示を実施する日との間に少なくとも二週間を置かなければならない。
Open this provision(Definitions)
The term "administrative organ" as used in this Act means the following organs:
この法律において「行政機関」とは、次に掲げる機関をいう。
Open this provision(Obligation to Disclose Administrative Documents)
If a request for disclosure has been made, unless any of the information stated in each of the following items (referred to as "non-disclosure information" below) is recorded in the administrative…
行政機関の長は、開示請求があったときは、開示請求に係る行政文書に次の各号に掲げる情報（以下「不開示情報」という。）のいずれかが記録されている場合を除き、開示請求者に対し、当該行政文書を開示しなければならない。
Open this provision(Obligation to Disclose Administrative Documents)
information concerning an individual (excluding information concerning the business of an individual who operates a business), which enables to identify a specific individual based on the name…
個人に関する情報（事業を営む個人の当該事業に関する情報を除く。）であって、当該情報に含まれる氏名、生年月日その他の記述等（文書、図画若しくは電磁的記録に記載され、若しくは記録され、又は音声、動作その他の方法を用いて表された一切の事項をいう。次条第二項において同じ。）により特定の個人を識別することができるもの（他の情報…
Open this provision(Obligation to Disclose Administrative Documents)
information concerning a corporation or other organizations (excluding the national government, incorporated administrative agencies or other corporations, local governments, and local incorporated…
法人その他の団体（国、独立行政法人等、地方公共団体及び地方独立行政法人を除く。以下「法人等」という。）に関する情報又は事業を営む個人の当該事業に関する情報であって、次に掲げるもの。ただし、人の生命、健康、生活又は財産を保護するため、公にすることが必要であると認められる情報を除く。
Open this provision(Discretionary Disclosure Due to Public Interest Grounds)
Even when non-disclosure information (excluding the information stated in Article 5, item (i)-2) is recorded in an administrative document related to a request for disclosure…
行政機関の長は、開示請求に係る行政文書に不開示情報（第五条第一号の二に掲げる情報を除く。）が記録されている場合であっても、公益上特に必要があると認めるときは、開示請求者に対し、当該行政文書を開示することができる。
Open this provision(Measures Concerning Requests for Disclosure)
When disclosure is to be made for all or a part of the administrative documents related to a request for disclosure, the head of an administrative organ must make a decision for the disclosure and…
行政機関の長は、開示請求に係る行政文書の全部又は一部を開示するときは、その旨の決定をし、開示請求者に対し、その旨及び開示の実施に関し政令で定める事項を書面により通知しなければならない。
Open this provisionwork
「著作物」
A creative expression of thoughts or feelings falling within the literary, academic, artistic or musical domain — a work in the narrow sense, as distinct from 著作物等 (works, performances, phonograms, broadcasts and cablecasts), which the Ministry's English also calls 'work'.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (i)· applies throughout the law
author
「著作者」
The person who creates a work (著作物).
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (ii)· applies throughout the law
producer of a cinematographic work
「映画製作者」
The person who takes the initiative in, and responsibility for, making a cinematographic work (映画の著作物).
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (x)· applies throughout the law
derivative work
「二次的著作物」
A work created by translating, arranging, transforming, dramatising, making into a film, or otherwise adapting an existing work.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1), item (xi)· applies throughout the law
artistic work
「美術の著作物」
An artistic work, including works of artistic craftsmanship (美術工芸品).
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (2)· applies throughout the law
cinematographic work
「映画の著作物」
A cinematographic work, including a work expressed in a way that produces visual or audiovisual effects similar to those of a film and fixed in some medium.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (3)· applies throughout the law
photograph
「写真の著作物」
A photographic work, including a work expressed by a method similar to the method of producing photographs.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (4)· applies throughout the law
the public
「公衆」
The public, including a large number of specific persons and not only people at large.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (5)· applies throughout the law
local incorporated administrative agencymachine translation
「地方独立行政法人」
A corporation that a local government (地方公共団体) sets up under the Local Independent Administrative Agency Act to carry out, efficiently and effectively, public work in its area that must be done reliably, that the local government need not do itself, and that it judges might not get done if left to the private sector, as Article 2(1) of that Act defines it.
Defined inArticle 13, paragraph (1), item (ii)
copyright
「著作権」
The economic rights of an author set out in Articles 21 to 28: the rights of reproduction, stage and musical performance, on-screen presentation, public transmission, recitation, exhibition, distribution, transfer of ownership, rental, translation and adaptation, and the original author's rights over the use of derivative works.
Short name set inArticle 17, paragraph (1)
the Public Records Management Act
「公文書管理法」
Short name for the Public Records and Archives Management Act (Act No. 66 of 2009).
Short name set inArticle 18, paragraph (3), item (i)
National Archives of Japan, etc.machine translation
「国立公文書館等」
The archives facilities defined in Article 2, paragraph (3) of the Public Records and Archives Management Act: the archives established by the National Archives of Japan (国立公文書館), an incorporated administrative agency, and the facilities of administrative organs and of incorporated administrative agencies, etc. that a Cabinet Order (政令) designates as having similar functions.
Defined inArticle 18, paragraph (3), item (i)
head of the National Archives of Japan, etc.machine translation
「国立公文書館等の長」
The head of the National Archives of Japan, etc. (国立公文書館等) as defined in Article 15, paragraph (1) of the Public Records and Archives Management Act: where the archives are a facility of an administrative organ (行政機関), the head of that organ, and where they are a facility of an incorporated administrative agency, etc. (独立行政法人等), the agency that set up the facility.
Defined inArticle 18, paragraph (3), item (i)
historical public records and archivesmachine translation
「歴史公文書等」
Public records and other documents that are important as historical materials, as Article 2, paragraph (6) of the Public Records and Archives Management Act defines them.
Defined inArticle 18, paragraph (3), item (i)
administrative organmachine translation
「行政機関」
An administrative organ (行政機関) as defined in Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Act on Access to Information Held by Administrative Organs: the national bodies listed there — those placed in or under the Cabinet (内閣) by law, the Cabinet Office (内閣府), the Imperial Household Agency (宮内庁), the ministries, commissions and agencies, certain facilities and special bodies a Cabinet Order (政令) designates, and the Board of Audit (会計検査院).
Defined inArticle 18, paragraph (3), item (i)
the Act on Access to Administrative Organs' Information
「行政機関情報公開法」
Short name for the Act on Access to Information Held by Administrative Organs (Act No. 42 of 1999).
Short name set inArticle 18, paragraph (3), item (i)
incorporated administrative agency, etc.machine translation
「独立行政法人等」
The bodies Article 2(1) of the Act on Access to Information Held by Incorporated Administrative Agencies defines by this name: the incorporated administrative agencies (独立行政法人) of Article 2(1) of the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agencies, and the corporations listed in its own Appended Table 1 (別表第一).
Defined inArticle 18, paragraph (3), item (ii)
Incorporated Administrative Agencies' Information Disclosure Actmachine translation
「独立行政法人等情報公開法」
Short name for the Act on Access to Information Held by Incorporated Administrative Agencies (Act No. 140 of 2001).
Short name set inArticle 18, paragraph (3), item (ii)
public records management ordinancemachine translation
「公文書管理条例」
A local government's ordinance (条例) setting rules for the proper preservation and use of the historical public records and archives (歴史公文書等) held by that local government or by a local incorporated administrative agency (地方独立行政法人).
Defined inArticle 18, paragraph (3), item (iii)
local archives, etc.machine translation
「地方公文書館等」
A facility that a public records management ordinance (公文書管理条例) designates as one for the proper preservation and use of historical public records and archives (歴史公文書等).
Defined inArticle 18, paragraph (3), item (iii)
information disclosure ordinancemachine translation
「情報公開条例」
A local government's ordinance (条例) setting out the right of residents and others to request disclosure of information held by that local government or by a local incorporated administrative agency (地方独立行政法人).
Defined inArticle 18, paragraph (3), item (iii)
Prefectural or Municipal Ordinance
条例
A rule a local government makes for itself: a prefecture (都道府県), a city, town or village (市町村), or one of Tokyo's special wards (特別区) (Local Autonomy Act, Articles 1-3, 281 and 283). Its assembly (議会), whose members the residents elect, passes it (Articles 89 and 96, paragraph (1), item (i)), and its head — the governor or the mayor (Article 139) — promulgates it, that is, makes it public so that it can take effect (Article 16). The Constitution lets local governments make them within the limits of Acts (Constitution, Article 94), and one may not go against the national laws and regulations (法令), such as Acts, Cabinet Orders (政令) and Ministerial Orders (省令) (Local Autonomy Act, Article 14, paragraph (1)). Unless national laws and regulations provide otherwise, a local government can impose a duty or restrict a right only by one of these (Article 14, paragraph (2)), and it may write into one penalties for breaking it, within limits the Local Autonomy Act sets (Article 14, paragraph (3)). It is made for that local government's own affairs (Article 2, paragraph (2) and Article 14, paragraph (1)), so the same matter can be handled differently from one place to the next. It is a local rule, not a national one: an "ordinance" in the name of a national rule, such as an Ordinance for Enforcement of an Act, is usually a Ministerial Order (省令) or another national instrument.
Written by AI using Constitution, Art. 94 and Local Autonomy Act, Arts. 1-3, 2, 14, 16, 89, 96, 139, 281, 283 as a reference.
manifestation of intention
意思表示
A person's expression of an intention to which the law gives a legal effect, such as an offer to conclude a contract, which shows its terms and forms the contract once the other party accepts it (Civil Code, Article 522, paragraph (1)), the acceptance itself (Article 527), or the notice to the other party by which a party rescinds (取消し) an act or cancels (解除) a contract (Articles 123 and 540, paragraph (1)). One made to another person takes effect when notice of it reaches that person, or when it would normally have reached them if they blocked it without good reason (Article 97, paragraphs (1) and (2)), and does not lose its effect because the person who made it dies, loses mental capacity (意思能力) or comes under legal limits on what they can do alone after sending the notice (Article 97, paragraph (3)); where the person making it cannot find out who the other party is or where they are, it can be made by public notice (Article 98, paragraph (1)). It is not void just because the person making it knew it was not their true intention, unless the other party knew or could have known that (Article 93, paragraph (1)); a false one made in collusion with the other party is void (Article 94, paragraph (1)); and neither voidness can be asserted against a third party who did not know of it (善意) (Articles 93, paragraph (2), and 94, paragraph (2)). One based on a mistake that is material in light of the purpose of the juridical act (法律行為) and accepted views in dealings may be rescinded — one based on a mistaken view of the circumstances behind the act only if it had been shown that the act was based on them, and as a rule not where the mistake came from the gross negligence of the person who made it (Article 95, paragraphs (1) to (3)) — and so may one made under fraud or duress, though one induced by a third party's fraud only if the other party knew of the fraud or could have known of it (Article 96, paragraphs (1) and (2)); a rescission for mistake or fraud cannot be relied on against a third party who did not know and was not careless in not knowing (Article 95, paragraph (4), and Article 96, paragraph (3)). One that an agent makes within the agent's authority, showing that it is made for the principal, takes effect directly for the principal (Article 99, paragraph (1)). The Consumer Contract Act lets a consumer rescind an offer or acceptance of a consumer contract made because the business, when soliciting it, told them something untrue about an important matter and they believed it, among other grounds (Consumer Contract Act, Article 4, paragraph (1), item (i)), and the Act on Specified Commercial Transactions does the same where, in a door-to-door sale, the seller or service provider told them something untrue about such matters as the goods or the price (Article 6, paragraph (1), and Article 9-3, paragraph (1), item (i)).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 123, 522, 527, 540, Consumer Contract Act, Art. 4 and Act on Specified Commercial Transactions, Arts. 6, 9-3 as a reference.