第三章 実親子関係訴訟の特例
Chapter III Special Provisions for Litigation Involving Biological Relationships
Article 41Parties to an Action to Rebut the Presumption of Legitimacy
If a father dies before the birth of a child, or dies within the period specified by Article 777 (limited to the part related to item (i)) or Article 778 (limited to the part related to item (i)) of the Civil Code without filing an action to rebut the presumption of legitimacy, a person whose right of inheritance is harmed because of the child, or any other blood relative of the father's within the third degree of kinship, may file an action to rebut the presumption of legitimacy only within one year from the day on which the father died.
If a father dies after filing an action to rebut the presumption of legitimacy, a person permitted to file an action to rebut the presumption of legitimacy pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph may be substituted in the court proceedings within six months from the day of the father's death. In that case, the provisions of the second sentence of Article 124, paragraph (1) of the Code of Civil Procedure do not apply.
父が嫡出否認の訴えを提起した後に死亡した場合には、前項の規定により嫡出否認の訴えを提起することができる者は、父の死亡の日から六月以内に訴訟手続を受け継ぐことができる。この場合においては、民事訴訟法第百二十四条第一項後段の規定は、適用しない。
If a former husband specified in Article 774, paragraph (4) of the Civil Code files an action to rebut the presumption of legitimacy pursuant to the provisions of Article 775, paragraph (1) of that Code (limited to the portion related to item (iv)), if there is a person (other than the father) who marries the mother during the period from the time of conception to the time of the birth of the child after dissolution or rescission of the mother's marriage to the former husband, an action to rebut the presumption of legitimacy naming those persons as defendants must be filed by joining with the action to rebut the presumption of legitimacy.
民法第七百七十四条第四項に規定する前夫は、同法第七百七十五条第一項（第四号に係る部分に限る。）の規定により嫡出否認の訴えを提起する場合において、子の懐胎の時から出生の時までの間に、当該前夫との婚姻の解消又は取消しの後に母と婚姻していた者（父を除く。）がいるときは、その嫡出否認の訴えに併合してそれらの者を被告とする嫡出否認の訴えを提起しなければならない。
The oral arguments and judicial decisions in an action to rebut the presumption of legitimacy filed by joining pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph must not be separated from one another.
前項の規定により併合して提起された嫡出否認の訴えの弁論及び裁判は、それぞれ分離しないでしなければならない。
Article 42Notice of Judgment in an Action to Rebut the Presumption of Legitimacy
When a judgment in an action to rebut the presumption of legitimacy concerning a child whose paternity has been established pursuant to the provisions of Article 772, paragraph (3) of the Civil Code becomes final and binding, the court is to provide notice of the contents of the judgment to the former husband (limited to a person whose name and domicile or residence are indicated in the case record) referred to in Article 774, paragraph (4) of that Code.
裁判所は、民法第七百七十二条第三項の規定により父が定められる子について嫡出否認の判決が確定したときは、同法第七百七十四条第四項に規定する前夫（訴訟記録上その氏名及び住所又は居所が判明しているものに限る。）に対し、当該判決の内容を通知するものとする。
Article 43Parties to an Action for Denial of Filiation
The provisions of Article 41, paragraphs (1) and (2) apply mutatis mutandis to an action for invalidation of filiation referred to in Article 786 of the Civil Code. In this case, the term "father" in Article 41, paragraphs (1) and (2) is deemed to be replaced with "person who acknowledged filiation" and the phrase "Article 777 (limited to the part related to item (i)) or Article 778 (limited to the part related to item (i))" in paragraph (1) of that Article is deemed to be replaced with "Article 786, paragraph (1) (limited to the part related to item (ii))."
If a child dies during the period prescribed in Article 786, paragraph (1) (limited to the part related to item (i)) of the Civil Code without filing an action for invalidation of filiation, the child's lineal descendant or legal representative may file an action for invalidation of filiation. In this case, the action must be filed within one year from the day on which the child died.
子が民法第七百八十六条第一項（第一号に係る部分に限る。）に定める期間内に認知の無効の訴えを提起しないで死亡したときは、子の直系卑属又はその法定代理人は、認知の無効の訴えを提起することができる。この場合においては、子の死亡の日から一年以内にその訴えを提起しなければならない。
If a child dies after filing an action for invalidation of filiation during the period prescribed in Article 786, paragraph (1) (limited to the part related to item (i)) of the Civil Code, a person permitted to file an action for invalidation of filiation pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph may be substituted in the court proceedings within six months from the day of the child's death. In this case, the provisions of the second sentence of Article 124, paragraph (1) of the Code of Civil Procedure do not apply.
子が民法第七百八十六条第一項（第一号に係る部分に限る。）に定める期間内に認知の無効の訴えを提起した後に死亡した場合には、前項の規定により認知の無効の訴えを提起することができる者は、子の死亡の日から六月以内に訴訟手続を受け継ぐことができる。この場合においては、民事訴訟法第百二十四条第一項後段の規定は、適用しない。
Article 44Parties to an Action for Filiation
In an action for filiation, the alleged father or mother is to be named as the defendant; in an action for filiation after the alleged father or mother has died, the public prosecutor is to be named as the defendant.
認知の訴えにおいては、父又は母を被告とし、その者が死亡した後は、検察官を被告とする。
The provisions of Article 26, paragraph (2) apply mutatis mutandis if a father or mother is named as the defendant pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, and that person then dies.
If a child dies after filing an action seeking filiation, the child's lineal descendant or legal representative may be substituted in the court proceedings after the period specified in the proviso to Article 787 of the Civil Code has passed, within six months from the day on which the child died. In that case, the provisions of the second sentence of Article 124, paragraph (1) of the Code of Civil Procedure do not apply.
子が認知の訴えを提起した後に死亡した場合には、その直系卑属又はその法定代理人は、民法第七百八十七条ただし書に定める期間が経過した後、子の死亡の日から六月以内に訴訟手続を受け継ぐことができる。この場合においては、民事訴訟法第百二十四条第一項後段の規定は、適用しない。
Article 45Parties to an Action to Establish Paternity
A child, mother, or the mother's spouse from an earlier or later marriage may file an action to establish paternity pursuant to the provisions of Article 773 of the Civil Code.
子、母、母の前婚の配偶者又はその後婚の配偶者は、民法第七百七十三条の規定により父を定めることを目的とする訴えを提起することができる。
In an action as referred to in the preceding paragraph that a person set forth in one of the following items files, the person specified in that item is to be named as the defendant; after the person in question has died, the public prosecutor is to be named as the defendant:
次の各号に掲げる者が提起する前項の訴えにおいては、それぞれ当該各号に定める者を被告とし、これらの者が死亡した後は、検察官を被告とする。
the child or mother: the mother's spouses from an earlier and later marriage (or, after one of them has died, the other one);
子又は母 母の前婚の配偶者及びその後婚の配偶者（その一方が死亡した後は、他の一方）
the mother's spouse from an earlier marriage: the mother's spouse from a later marriage; or
母の前婚の配偶者 母の後婚の配偶者
the mother's spouse from a later marriage: the mother's spouse from an earlier marriage.
母の後婚の配偶者 母の前婚の配偶者
The provisions of Article 26 apply mutatis mutandis if a person specified in one of the items of the preceding paragraph is named as a defendant pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph and then dies.
検察官
犯罪について、裁判所に訴えを起こす（公訴を行う）役目を負う者です（刑事訴訟法第二百四十七条）。犯人の性格、年齢や境遇、犯罪の重さや事情、犯罪の後の状況から、訴える必要がないと考えるときは、訴えを起こさないことができます（刑事訴訟法第二百四十八条）。刑事の事件では、裁判所に法を正しく当てはめるよう求め、裁判の執行を監督します。また、社会全体の利益を代表して、ほかの法令が検察官に任せた仕事も行い、それは刑事の事件に限りません（検察庁法第四条）。どのような犯罪についても捜査をすることができます（検察庁法第六条第一項）。検察官の仕事は検察庁がまとめており、検察庁には最高検察庁、高等検察庁、地方検察庁、区検察庁があります（検察庁法第一条）。
刑事訴訟法第247条・第248条、検察庁法第1条・第4条・第6条を参考にAIが作成。