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Subsection 3 Transfer of Contractual Status第三款 契約上の地位の移転
Article 539-2第五百三十九条の二
Article 539-2, paragraph (1)
If one of the parties to a contract made an agreement with a third party to transfer that party's contractual status to that third party, and the other party to the contract gives consent to the transfer, the contractual status is transferred to the third party.
If one of the parties has the right to cancel pursuant to the provisions of the contract or the law, the cancellation is effected by manifestation of intention to the other party.
The manifestation of intention referred to in the preceding paragraph may not be withdrawn.
前項の意思表示は、撤回することができない。
Article 541第五百四十一条
Cancellation After Demand(催告による解除)
Article 541, paragraph (1)
If one of the parties does not perform that party's obligation, and the other party demands performance of that obligation, specifying a reasonable period of time, but no performance is completed during that period, the other party may cancel the contract; provided, however, that this does not apply if the non-performance of the obligations upon the passage of the period is minor in light of the contract and common sense trading practices.
In the following cases, the obligee may immediately cancel the contract without making the demand referred to in the preceding Article:
次に掲げる場合には、債権者は、前条の催告をすることなく、直ちに契約の解除をすることができる。
Article 542, paragraph (1), item (i)
if the performance of the whole of the obligation is impossible;
債務の全部の履行が不能であるとき。
Article 542, paragraph (1), item (ii)
if the obligor unequivocally manifests the intention to refuse to perform the obligation in whole;
債務者がその債務の全部の履行を拒絶する意思を明確に表示したとき。
Article 542, paragraph (1), item (iii)
if the performance of part of the obligation is impossible, or if the obligor clearly manifests the intention to refuse to perform part of the obligation and the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved by the performance of the remaining part of the obligation;
if, due to the nature of the contract or a manifestation of intention by the parties, the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved unless the obligation is performed at a specific time on a specific date or within a certain period of time, and the obligor fails to perform the obligation at that time or before that period of time expires; or
beyond the cases stated in the preceding items, if the obligor does not perform the obligation and it is obvious that the obligor is unlikely to perform the obligation to the extent necessary to achieve the purpose of the contract even if the obligee makes the demand referred to in the preceding Article.
In the following cases, the obligee may immediately cancel a part of the contract without making the demand referred to in the preceding Article:
次に掲げる場合には、債権者は、前条の催告をすることなく、直ちに契約の一部の解除をすることができる。
Article 542, paragraph (2), item (i)
the performance of the part of the obligation is impossible; or
債務の一部の履行が不能であるとき。
Article 542, paragraph (2), item (ii)
the obligor clearly manifests the intention to refuse to perform the part of the obligation.
債務者がその債務の一部の履行を拒絶する意思を明確に表示したとき。
Article 543第五百四十三条
Non-Performance Due to Grounds Attributable to Obligee(債権者の責めに帰すべき事由による場合)
Article 543, paragraph (1)
If non-performance of an obligation is due to grounds attributable to the obligee, the obligee may not cancel the contract under the preceding two Articles.
If one party to a contract is comprised of two or more persons, the cancellation of the contract may be effected only by, or against, all of those persons.
In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, if the right to cancel is extinguished with respect to one of the persons that constitute a party to the contract, it is also extinguished with respect to the other persons.
前項の場合において、解除権が当事者のうちの一人について消滅したときは、他の者についても消滅する。
Article 545第五百四十五条
Effect of Cancellation(解除の効果)
Article 545, paragraph (1)
If one of the parties exercises the right to cancel, each party assumes an obligation to restore the other party to that other party's original state; provided, however, that this may not prejudice the rights of a third party.
In the case referred to in the main clause of the preceding paragraph, if any monies are to be refunded, interest must accrue from the time of the receipt of those monies.
前項本文の場合において、金銭を返還するときは、その受領の時から利息を付さなければならない。
Article 545, paragraph (3)
In the case referred to in the main clause of paragraph (1), if a thing other than money is to be returned, fruits that have accrued on or after the time of the receipt of the thing must also be returned.
The exercise of the right to cancel does not preclude claims for damages.
解除権の行使は、損害賠償の請求を妨げない。
Article 546第五百四十六条
Cancellation of Contract and Simultaneous Performance(契約の解除と同時履行)
Article 546, paragraph (1)
The provisions of Article 533 apply mutatis mutandis to the preceding Article.
第五百三十三条の規定は、前条の場合について準用する。
Article 547第五百四十七条
Extinguishment of Right to Cancel by Demand(催告による解除権の消滅)
Article 547, paragraph (1)
If no period of time is specified for the exercise of the right to cancel, the other party may issue a notice of demand to the holder of the right to cancel, specifying a reasonable period of time, to the effect that the holder of the right to cancel is to give a definite answer as to whether the holder will cancel or not within that period of time. In this case, if no notice of cancellation is received within that period, the right to cancel is extinguished.
Extinguishment of Right to Cancel by Damage Caused to Object Intentionally by Holder of Right to Cancel(解除権者の故意による目的物の損傷等による解除権の消滅)
Article 548, paragraph (1)
The right to cancel is extinguished if the holder of the right to cancel, intentionally or negligently, causes significant damage to, or makes it impossible to return the object of the contract, or converts the object into another kind of thing by processing or alteration; provided, however, that this does not apply if the holder of the right to cancel does not know of the holder's right to cancel.
Subsection 5 Standard Terms and Conditions第五款 定型約款
Article 548-2第五百四十八条の二
Agreement on Standard Terms and Conditions(定型約款の合意)
Article 548-2, paragraph (1)
In the following cases, a person making an agreement to conduct a standard transaction (meaning a transaction conducted by a specified person with an unspecified and large number of persons as the counterparties, in which the uniformity of the whole or part of the transaction is reasonable to both parties; the same applies below) (that agreement is referred to as an "agreement on standard transaction" in the following Article) is deemed to have made an agreement on each provisions of the standard terms and conditions(referring to a collection of provisions prepared by that specific person with the purpose of applying them as contract terms for a standard transaction; the same applies below):
if the person agrees to apply the standard terms and conditions as the contract terms; or
定型約款を契約の内容とする旨の合意をしたとき。
Article 548-2, paragraph (1), item (ii)
if the person that has prepared the standard terms and conditions (referred to as the "preparer of the standard terms and conditions" below) manifests to the counterparty the intention to apply the standard terms and conditions as the contract terms in advance.
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the person is deemed not to have agreed to any provisions referred to in that paragraph that restrict the rights or expand the duties of the counterparty and that are found, in light of the manner and circumstances of the standard transaction as well as common sense trading practices, to unilaterally prejudice the interests of the counterparty in violation of the fundamental principle prescribed in Article 1, paragraph (2).
Disclosure of Details of Standard Terms and Conditions(定型約款の内容の表示)
Article 548-3, paragraph (1)
A preparer of the standard terms and conditions that conducts or seeks to conduct a standard transaction must disclose the details of the standard terms and conditions by a reasonable method without delay if the counterparty requests this within a reasonable period of time before or after an agreement on standard transaction is made; provided, however, that this does not apply if the preparer has already delivered to the counterparty a document that contains the standard terms and conditions or provided the other party with an electronic or magnetic record that contains the same.
The provisions of the preceding Article do not apply if the preparer of the standard terms and conditions refuses the request referred to in the preceding paragraph before an agreement on standard transaction is made; provided, however, that this does not apply if a temporary communication failure takes place or the preparer has a legitimate reason to refuse it.
Amendment to Standard Terms and Conditions(定型約款の変更)
Article 548-4, paragraph (1)
In the following cases, a preparer of the standard terms and conditions may, by amending the standard terms and conditions, amend the contract terms without making separate agreements with each of the counterparties and deem that the parties have agreed to the amended provisions of the standard terms and conditions:
if the amendment to the standard terms and conditions conforms to the general interest of the counterparties; or
定型約款の変更が、相手方の一般の利益に適合するとき。
Article 548-4, paragraph (1), item (ii)
if the amendment to the standard terms and conditions does not run afoul of the purpose of the contract, and it is reasonable in light of the circumstances concerning the amendment such as the necessity of the amendment, the appropriateness of the details of the amended conditions, and the details of the contract provisions and whether it is specified in the contract that the standard terms and conditions may be subject to an amendment pursuant to the provisions of this Article.
If a preparer of the standard terms and conditions is to amend the standard terms and conditions under the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the preparer must specify the time when the amendment takes effect, and make amendments to the standard terms and conditions, the details of the amended standard terms and conditions, and the time when the amendment takes place known to the public by an appropriate method such as using the internet.
An amendment to the standard terms and conditions under the provisions of paragraph (1), item (ii) does not become effective unless it is made known to the public pursuant to the provisions of that paragraph by the time when the amendment takes effect referred to in the preceding paragraph.
The provisions of Article 548-2, paragraph (2) do not apply to an amendment to the standard terms and conditions under the provisions of paragraph (1).