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Civil Code

民法(みんぽう)

Section 1 General Provisions (Articles 539-2 to 548-4)

The law as Act Partially Amending the Civil Code, etc. (Act No. 45 of 2026) leaves it, with the words it changes marked.

The main text is read a page at a time: a chapter to a page, and a long chapter in runs of articles. The whole main text, and the supplementary provisions and appended tables this amendment changes. Those it leaves untouched are on the page for the text in force.

Subsection 3 Transfer of Contractual Status第三款 契約上の地位の移転

Article 539-2第五百三十九条の二

Article 539-2, paragraph (1)

If one of the parties to a contract made an agreement with a third party to transfer that party's contractual status to that third party, and the other party to the contract gives consent to the transfer, the contractual status is transferred to the third party.

契約の当事者の一方が第三者との間で契約上の地位を譲渡する旨の合意をした場合において、その契約の相手方がその譲渡を承諾したときは、契約上の地位は、その第三者に移転する。

Subsection 4 Cancellation of Contracts第四款 契約の解除

Article 540第五百四十条

Exercise of Right to Cancel(解除権の行使)
Article 540, paragraph (1)

If one of the parties has the right to cancel pursuant to the provisions of the contract or the law, the cancellation is effected by manifestation of intention to the other party.

契約又は法律の規定により当事者の一方が解除権を有するときは、その解除は、相手方に対する意思表示によってする。

Article 540, paragraph (2)

The manifestation of intention referred to in the preceding paragraph may not be withdrawn.

前項の意思表示は、撤回することができない。

Article 541第五百四十一条

Cancellation After Demand(催告による解除)
Article 541, paragraph (1)

If one of the parties does not perform that party's obligation, and the other party demands performance of that obligation, specifying a reasonable period of time, but no performance is completed during that period, the other party may cancel the contract; provided, however, that this does not apply if the non-performance of the obligations upon the passage of the period is minor in light of the contract and common sense trading practices.

当事者の一方がその債務を履行しない場合において、相手方が相当の期間を定めてその履行の催告をし、その期間内に履行がないときは、相手方は、契約の解除をすることができる。ただし、その期間を経過した時における債務の不履行がその契約及び取引上の社会通念に照らして軽微であるときは、この限りでない。

Article 542第五百四十二条

Cancellation Without Demand(催告によらない解除)
Article 542, paragraph (1)

In the following cases, the obligee may immediately cancel the contract without making the demand referred to in the preceding Article:

次に掲げる場合には、債権者は、前条の催告をすることなく、直ちに契約の解除をすることができる。

Article 542, paragraph (1), item (i)

if the performance of the whole of the obligation is impossible;

債務の全部の履行が不能であるとき。

Article 542, paragraph (1), item (ii)

if the obligor unequivocally manifests the intention to refuse to perform the obligation in whole;

債務者がその債務の全部の履行を拒絶する意思を明確に表示したとき。

Article 542, paragraph (1), item (iii)

if the performance of part of the obligation is impossible, or if the obligor clearly manifests the intention to refuse to perform part of the obligation and the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved by the performance of the remaining part of the obligation;

債務の一部の履行が不能である場合又は債務者がその債務の一部の履行を拒絶する意思を明確に表示した場合において、残存する部分のみでは契約をした目的を達することができないとき。

Article 542, paragraph (1), item (iv)

if, due to the nature of the contract or a manifestation of intention by the parties, the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved unless the obligation is performed at a specific time on a specific date or within a certain period of time, and the obligor fails to perform the obligation at that time or before that period of time expires; or

契約の性質又は当事者の意思表示により、特定の日時又は一定の期間内に履行をしなければ契約をした目的を達することができない場合において、債務者が履行をしないでその時期を経過したとき。

Article 542, paragraph (1), item (v)

beyond the cases stated in the preceding items, if the obligor does not perform the obligation and it is obvious that the obligor is unlikely to perform the obligation to the extent necessary to achieve the purpose of the contract even if the obligee makes the demand referred to in the preceding Article.

前各号に掲げる場合のほか、債務者がその債務の履行をせず、債権者が前条の催告をしても契約をした目的を達するのに足りる履行がされる見込みがないことが明らかであるとき。

Article 542, paragraph (2)

In the following cases, the obligee may immediately cancel a part of the contract without making the demand referred to in the preceding Article:

次に掲げる場合には、債権者は、前条の催告をすることなく、直ちに契約の一部の解除をすることができる。

Article 542, paragraph (2), item (i)

the performance of the part of the obligation is impossible; or

債務の一部の履行が不能であるとき。

Article 542, paragraph (2), item (ii)

the obligor clearly manifests the intention to refuse to perform the part of the obligation.

債務者がその債務の一部の履行を拒絶する意思を明確に表示したとき。

Article 543第五百四十三条

Non-Performance Due to Grounds Attributable to Obligee(債権者の責めに帰すべき事由による場合)
Article 543, paragraph (1)

If non-performance of an obligation is due to grounds attributable to the obligee, the obligee may not cancel the contract under the preceding two Articles.

債務の不履行が債権者の責めに帰すべき事由によるものであるときは、債権者は、前二条の規定による契約の解除をすることができない。

Article 544第五百四十四条

Indivisible Nature of Right to Cancel(解除権の不可分性)
Article 544, paragraph (1)

If one party to a contract is comprised of two or more persons, the cancellation of the contract may be effected only by, or against, all of those persons.

当事者の一方が数人ある場合には、契約の解除は、その全員から又はその全員に対してのみ、することができる。

Article 544, paragraph (2)

In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, if the right to cancel is extinguished with respect to one of the persons that constitute a party to the contract, it is also extinguished with respect to the other persons.

前項の場合において、解除権が当事者のうちの一人について消滅したときは、他の者についても消滅する。

Article 545第五百四十五条

Effect of Cancellation(解除の効果)
Article 545, paragraph (1)

If one of the parties exercises the right to cancel, each party assumes an obligation to restore the other party to that other party's original state; provided, however, that this may not prejudice the rights of a third party.

当事者の一方がその解除権を行使したときは、各当事者は、その相手方を原状に復させる義務を負う。ただし、第三者の権利を害することはできない。

Article 545, paragraph (2)

In the case referred to in the main clause of the preceding paragraph, if any monies are to be refunded, interest must accrue from the time of the receipt of those monies.

前項本文の場合において、金銭を返還するときは、その受領の時から利息を付さなければならない。

Article 545, paragraph (3)

In the case referred to in the main clause of paragraph (1), if a thing other than money is to be returned, fruits that have accrued on or after the time of the receipt of the thing must also be returned.

第一項本文の場合において、金銭以外の物を返還するときは、その受領の時以後に生じた果実をも返還しなければならない。

Article 545, paragraph (4)

The exercise of the right to cancel does not preclude claims for damages.

解除権の行使は、損害賠償の請求を妨げない。

Article 546第五百四十六条

Cancellation of Contract and Simultaneous Performance(契約の解除と同時履行)
Article 546, paragraph (1)

The provisions of Article 533 apply mutatis mutandis to the preceding Article.

第五百三十三条の規定は、前条の場合について準用する。

Article 547第五百四十七条

Extinguishment of Right to Cancel by Demand(催告による解除権の消滅)
Article 547, paragraph (1)

If no period of time is specified for the exercise of the right to cancel, the other party may issue a notice of demand to the holder of the right to cancel, specifying a reasonable period of time, to the effect that the holder of the right to cancel is to give a definite answer as to whether the holder will cancel or not within that period of time. In this case, if no notice of cancellation is received within that period, the right to cancel is extinguished.

解除権の行使について期間の定めがないときは、相手方は、解除権を有する者に対し、相当の期間を定めて、その期間内に解除をするかどうかを確答すべき旨の催告をすることができる。この場合において、その期間内に解除の通知を受けないときは、解除権は、消滅する。

Article 548第五百四十八条

Extinguishment of Right to Cancel by Damage Caused to Object Intentionally by Holder of Right to Cancel(解除権者の故意による目的物の損傷等による解除権の消滅)
Article 548, paragraph (1)

The right to cancel is extinguished if the holder of the right to cancel, intentionally or negligently, causes significant damage to, or makes it impossible to return the object of the contract, or converts the object into another kind of thing by processing or alteration; provided, however, that this does not apply if the holder of the right to cancel does not know of the holder's right to cancel.

解除権を有する者が故意若しくは過失によって契約の目的物を著しく損傷し、若しくは返還することができなくなったとき、又は加工若しくは改造によってこれを他の種類の物に変えたときは、解除権は、消滅する。ただし、解除権を有する者がその解除権を有することを知らなかったときは、この限りでない。

Subsection 5 Standard Terms and Conditions第五款 定型約款

Article 548-2第五百四十八条の二

Agreement on Standard Terms and Conditions(定型約款の合意)
Article 548-2, paragraph (1)

In the following cases, a person making an agreement to conduct a standard transaction (meaning a transaction conducted by a specified person with an unspecified and large number of persons as the counterparties, in which the uniformity of the whole or part of the transaction is reasonable to both parties; the same applies below) (that agreement is referred to as an "agreement on standard transaction" in the following Article) is deemed to have made an agreement on each provisions of the standard terms and conditions(referring to a collection of provisions prepared by that specific person with the purpose of applying them as contract terms for a standard transaction; the same applies below):

定型取引(ある特定の者が不特定多数の者を相手方として行う取引であって、その内容の全部又は一部が画一的であることがその双方にとって合理的なものをいう。以下同じ。)を行うことの合意(次条において「定型取引合意」という。)をした者は、次に掲げる場合には、定型約款(定型取引において、契約の内容とすることを目的としてその特定の者により準備された条項の総体をいう。以下同じ。)の個別の条項についても合意をしたものとみなす。

Article 548-2, paragraph (1), item (i)

if the person agrees to apply the standard terms and conditions as the contract terms; or

定型約款を契約の内容とする旨の合意をしたとき。

Article 548-2, paragraph (1), item (ii)

if the person that has prepared the standard terms and conditions (referred to as the "preparer of the standard terms and conditions" below) manifests to the counterparty the intention to apply the standard terms and conditions as the contract terms in advance.

定型約款を準備した者(以下「定型約款準備者」という。)があらかじめその定型約款を契約の内容とする旨を相手方に表示していたとき。

Article 548-2, paragraph (2)

Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the person is deemed not to have agreed to any provisions referred to in that paragraph that restrict the rights or expand the duties of the counterparty and that are found, in light of the manner and circumstances of the standard transaction as well as common sense trading practices, to unilaterally prejudice the interests of the counterparty in violation of the fundamental principle prescribed in Article 1, paragraph (2).

前項の規定にかかわらず、同項の条項のうち、相手方の権利を制限し、又は相手方の義務を加重する条項であって、その定型取引の態様及びその実情並びに取引上の社会通念に照らして第一条第二項に規定する基本原則に反して相手方の利益を一方的に害すると認められるものについては、合意をしなかったものとみなす。

Article 548-3第五百四十八条の三

Disclosure of Details of Standard Terms and Conditions(定型約款の内容の表示)
Article 548-3, paragraph (1)

A preparer of the standard terms and conditions that conducts or seeks to conduct a standard transaction must disclose the details of the standard terms and conditions by a reasonable method without delay if the counterparty requests this within a reasonable period of time before or after an agreement on standard transaction is made; provided, however, that this does not apply if the preparer has already delivered to the counterparty a document that contains the standard terms and conditions or provided the other party with an electronic or magnetic record that contains the same.

定型取引を行い、又は行おうとする定型約款準備者は、定型取引合意の前又は定型取引合意の後相当の期間内に相手方から請求があった場合には、遅滞なく、相当な方法でその定型約款の内容を示さなければならない。ただし、定型約款準備者が既に相手方に対して定型約款を記載した書面を交付し、又はこれを記録した電磁的記録を提供していたときは、この限りでない。

Article 548-3, paragraph (2)

The provisions of the preceding Article do not apply if the preparer of the standard terms and conditions refuses the request referred to in the preceding paragraph before an agreement on standard transaction is made; provided, however, that this does not apply if a temporary communication failure takes place or the preparer has a legitimate reason to refuse it.

定型約款準備者が定型取引合意の前において前項の請求を拒んだときは、前条の規定は、適用しない。ただし、一時的な通信障害が発生した場合その他正当な事由がある場合は、この限りでない。

Article 548-4第五百四十八条の四

Amendment to Standard Terms and Conditions(定型約款の変更)
Article 548-4, paragraph (1)

In the following cases, a preparer of the standard terms and conditions may, by amending the standard terms and conditions, amend the contract terms without making separate agreements with each of the counterparties and deem that the parties have agreed to the amended provisions of the standard terms and conditions:

定型約款準備者は、次に掲げる場合には、定型約款の変更をすることにより、変更後の定型約款の条項について合意があったものとみなし、個別に相手方と合意をすることなく契約の内容を変更することができる。

Article 548-4, paragraph (1), item (i)

if the amendment to the standard terms and conditions conforms to the general interest of the counterparties; or

定型約款の変更が、相手方の一般の利益に適合するとき。

Article 548-4, paragraph (1), item (ii)

if the amendment to the standard terms and conditions does not run afoul of the purpose of the contract, and it is reasonable in light of the circumstances concerning the amendment such as the necessity of the amendment, the appropriateness of the details of the amended conditions, and the details of the contract provisions and whether it is specified in the contract that the standard terms and conditions may be subject to an amendment pursuant to the provisions of this Article.

定型約款の変更が、契約をした目的に反せず、かつ、変更の必要性、変更後の内容の相当性、この条の規定により定型約款の変更をすることがある旨の定めの有無及びその内容その他の変更に係る事情に照らして合理的なものであるとき。

Article 548-4, paragraph (2)

If a preparer of the standard terms and conditions is to amend the standard terms and conditions under the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the preparer must specify the time when the amendment takes effect, and make amendments to the standard terms and conditions, the details of the amended standard terms and conditions, and the time when the amendment takes place known to the public by an appropriate method such as using the internet.

定型約款準備者は、前項の規定による定型約款の変更をするときは、その効力発生時期を定め、かつ、定型約款を変更する旨及び変更後の定型約款の内容並びにその効力発生時期をインターネットの利用その他の適切な方法により周知しなければならない。

Article 548-4, paragraph (3)

An amendment to the standard terms and conditions under the provisions of paragraph (1), item (ii) does not become effective unless it is made known to the public pursuant to the provisions of that paragraph by the time when the amendment takes effect referred to in the preceding paragraph.

第一項第二号の規定による定型約款の変更は、前項の効力発生時期が到来するまでに同項の規定による周知をしなければ、その効力を生じない。

Article 548-4, paragraph (4)

The provisions of Article 548-2, paragraph (2) do not apply to an amendment to the standard terms and conditions under the provisions of paragraph (1).

第五百四十八条の二第二項の規定は、第一項の規定による定型約款の変更については、適用しない。

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