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Terms
号
One entry in a numbered list inside an article or paragraph, printed 一, 二, 三. The official English writes them item (i), (ii), (iii).
Written by AI using Upper House Legislative Bureau: 条・項・号・号の細分 and Japanese Law Translation: Labor Standards Act as a reference.
法令番号
The official identifier a law receives when it is published: the year, the kind of law, and a serial number within that year. Titles can repeat over the decades; numbers never do.
Written by AI using Upper House Legislative Bureau: 法律番号 and Wikipedia: 法令番号 as a reference.
元号
Japanese law counts years by imperial era: 令和 (Reiwa) began in 2019, 平成 (Heisei) in 1989 and 昭和 (Shōwa) in 1926. 令和8年 (Reiwa 8) is 2026, the eighth year of that era.
Written by AI using Cabinet Order changing the era to Reiwa and Wikipedia: 元号一覧 (日本) as a reference.
法律としての効力を有する命令
Some rules made during the Allied occupation were issued as Cabinet Orders, as orders implementing Japan's acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, and an Act passed in 1952 gave the…
Written by AI using Act No. 126 of 1952, Art. 4, e-Gov: 出入国管理及び難民認定法 and its revision history and Wikipedia (Japanese): 出入国管理及び難民認定法 as a reference.
定款
A company's own basic rules, written by its founders when it is formed: at least its purpose, its trade name, where its head office is, the value of the property contributed at inc…
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 26, 27, 30, 466, 575 as a reference.
取締役会
The body made up of all of a stock company's directors (Companies Act, Article 362, paragraph (1)). It decides how the company's business is carried out, supervises the directors,…
Written by AI using Companies Act, Arts. 2, 326, 327, 331, 362, 399-13, 416, 420 as a reference.
税務署長
The head of a tax office (税務署), the local office of the National Tax Agency that deals with taxpayers in its district (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Article 24)…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Art. 24, Act on General Rules for National Taxes, Arts. 30, 43, 75 and Income Tax Act, Art. 120 as a reference.
国税局長
The head of a regional taxation bureau (国税局), the National Tax Agency's regional office, which oversees the tax offices of its region (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Fina…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Arts. 23, 24 and Act on General Rules for National Taxes, Arts. 43, 75 as a reference.
国税庁長官
The head of the National Tax Agency (国税庁), the agency within the Ministry of Finance that assesses and collects national taxes (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Ar…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Arts. 18, 19 and Act on General Rules for National Taxes, Arts. 75, 99 as a reference.
国税不服審判所
The body within the National Tax Agency that decides requests for review (審査請求) of tax decisions (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Article 22; Act on General Rules…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Art. 22 and Act on General Rules for National Taxes, Arts. 75, 78, 102, 115 as a reference.
税関長
The head of a customs house (税関), a local office of the Ministry of Finance (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Article 12, paragraph (1)). A customs house collects…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Arts. 4, 12, 16 and Consumption Tax Act, Arts. 47, 50 as a reference.
行政不服審査会
A board set up in the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (総務省) to deal with the matters the Administrative Complaint Review Act puts in its charge (Administrative Comp…
Written by AI using Administrative Complaint Review Act, Arts. 43, 44, 50, 67, 68, 69, 72, 79, 81 and Act on Access to Information Held by Administrative Organs, Arts. 18, 19 as a reference.
保健所
An office set up by a prefecture (都道府県), by one of the cities named by Cabinet Order (政令), which include every designated city (指定都市) and core city (中核市), or by a special ward (特別区…
Written by AI using Community Health Act, Arts. 5, 6, Local Autonomy Act, Arts. 252-19, 252-22 and Hotel Business Act, Arts. 2, 3 as a reference.
中小企業庁長官
The head of the Small and Medium Enterprise Agency (中小企業庁), which the Act for Establishment of the Small and Medium Enterprise Agency (中小企業庁設置法) sets up as an external agency (外局)…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Small and Medium Enterprise Agency, Arts. 2, 4 as a reference.
都道府県公安委員会
A commission the Police Act (警察法) places in each prefecture under the jurisdiction of its governor (都道府県知事) (Police Act, Article 38, paragraph (1)). It administers that prefecture'…
Written by AI using Police Act, Arts. 38, 39 and Secondhand Goods Business Act, Arts. 2, 3 as a reference.
消費者委員会
A commission placed in the Cabinet Office (内閣府) (Act for Establishment of the Consumer Affairs Agency and the Consumer Commission, Article 6, paragraph (1)), of no more than ten me…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Consumer Affairs Agency and the Consumer Commission, Arts. 6, 7, 9, 10, Act against Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representations, Arts. 3, 6 and Act on Specified Commercial Transactions, Art. 64 as a reference.
総括安全衛生管理者
The person an employer (事業者) must appoint at each workplace of the size a Cabinet Order (政令) sets, to direct the safety managers (安全管理者), the health managers (衛生管理者) and certain ot…
Written by AI using Industrial Safety and Health Act, Arts. 10, 17, 18, 19, 99-2 as a reference.
安全管理者
A person an employer (事業者) must appoint at each workplace in the industries and of the size a Cabinet Order (政令) sets, from among people with the qualifications an Order of the Min…
Written by AI using Industrial Safety and Health Act, Arts. 10, 11, 17, 19, 19-2, 99-2 as a reference.
衛生管理者
A person an employer (事業者) must appoint at each workplace of the size a Cabinet Order (政令) sets, according to the kinds of work done there, from among people licensed by the direct…
Written by AI using Industrial Safety and Health Act, Arts. 10, 11, 12, 18, 19, 19-2, 99-2 as a reference.
産業医
A physician an employer (事業者) must appoint at each workplace of the size a Cabinet Order (政令) sets, to look after workers' health and carry out the other duties an Order of the Min…
Written by AI using Industrial Safety and Health Act, Arts. 13, 13-2, 13-3, 18, 19, 101 as a reference.
自動車検査証
The certificate issued for a motor vehicle that has passed the inspection the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (国土交通大臣) carries out: a card on which the chas…
Written by AI using Road Transport Vehicle Act, Arts. 2, 34, 36-2, 58, 60, 61, 62, 66, 94-5 as a reference.
特別永住者証明書
The certificate the Commissioner of the Immigration Services Agency (出入国在留管理庁長官) issues to every special permanent resident (特別永住者) (Special Act on the Immigration Control of, inte…
Written by AI using Special Act on the Immigration Control of, inter alia, those who have lost Japanese Nationality pursuant to the Treaty of Peace with Japan, Arts. 7 to 13, 15, 16, 16-2, 17, 23, 26 as a reference.
地方運輸局長
The head of a district transport bureau (地方運輸局), a local branch (地方支分部局) of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (国土交通省), a national ministry (Act for Establ…
Written by AI using Road Transport Vehicle Act, Arts. 54, 78, 105, Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Arts. 2, 4, 30, 35, 36, National Government Organization Act, Arts. 3, 9, Act on Promoting the Resolution of Individual Labor-Related Disputes, Arts. 3, 4, 5, 21 and Minimum Wage Act, Art. 35 as a reference.
法務局
A local office of the Ministry of Justice (法務省). The Legal Affairs Bureaus and the District Legal Affairs Bureaus (地方法務局) are set up under the Ministry (Act for Establishment of th…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Justice, Arts. 4, 15, 18, 19 and Real Property Registration Act, Arts. 2, 6, 9 as a reference.
個人情報保護委員会規則
Rules the Personal Information Protection Commission (個人情報保護委員会) makes on the matters in its charge, to carry out an Act or a Cabinet Order (政令) or under a special delegation from…
Written by AI using Act on the Protection of Personal Information, Arts. 130, 132, 133, 134, 145 and Act on the Use of Numbers to Identify a Specific Individual in Administrative Procedures, Art. 2 as a reference.
個人情報保護委員会
The commission the Act on the Protection of Personal Information sets up under Article 49, paragraph (3) of the Act for Establishment of the Cabinet Office (内閣府設置法), under the Prim…
Written by AI using Act on the Protection of Personal Information, Arts. 130, 132, 133, 134, 145, 146, 147, 148 and Act on the Use of Numbers to Identify a Specific Individual in Administrative Procedures, Art. 2 as a reference.
条例
A rule a local government makes for itself: a prefecture (都道府県), a city, town or village (市町村), or one of Tokyo's special wards (特別区) (Local Autonomy Act, Articles 1-3, 281 and 283…
Written by AI using Constitution, Art. 94 and Local Autonomy Act, Arts. 1-3, 2, 14, 16, 89, 96, 139, 281, 283 as a reference.
地上権
A right to use another person's land in order to own buildings or other structures, or trees or bamboo, on it (Civil Code, Article 265). It can be entered in the land register (Rea…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Art. 265, Real Property Registration Act, Art. 3 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Art. 2 as a reference.
賃借権
The right a lessee (賃借人) has under a lease (賃貸借): to use the leased thing and take what it yields, in return for paying rent (Civil Code, Article 601). The lessee may not transfer…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 601, 605, 612, Real Property Registration Act, Art. 3 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Arts. 10, 31 as a reference.
先取特権
A right the law itself gives certain creditors to be paid out of the debtor's property ahead of other creditors (Civil Code, Article 303). Some reach all of the debtor's property,…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 303, 306, 311, 312, 313 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Art. 12 as a reference.
取消し
Undoing a legal act, such as an offer or acceptance of a contract (意思表示, a manifestation of intention), that the law says may be rescinded: for example one made through an importan…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 5, 95, 96, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126 and Consumer Contract Act, Arts. 4, 7 as a reference.
無効
Having no legal effect from the start. A void act does not take effect even if the parties later confirm it; confirming it knowing it is void counts as making a new act (Civil Code…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 90, 119, Act on Land and Building Leases, Art. 9, Consumer Contract Act, Art. 8 and Labor Standards Act, Art. 13 as a reference.
損害賠償
Compensation for loss one person has caused another. A debtor who does not perform an obligation as it should be performed, or cannot perform it, must compensate the creditor for t…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 415, 417, 420, 709, 722 and Consumer Contract Act, Art. 9 as a reference.
意思表示
A person's expression of an intention to which the law gives a legal effect, such as an offer to conclude a contract, which shows its terms and forms the contract once the other pa…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 123, 522, 527, 540, Consumer Contract Act, Art. 4 and Act on Specified Commercial Transactions, Arts. 6, 9-3 as a reference.
裁判上の和解
A settlement (和解) is an agreement in which the parties each give way to end a dispute between them (Civil Code, Article 695). A judicial settlement is one reached in court proceedi…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Art. 695, Code of Civil Procedure, Arts. 89, 267, 275, Civil Enforcement Act, Art. 22 and Civil Mediation Act, Arts. 16, 17, 18 as a reference.
拘禁刑
The punishment of being held in a penal institution (刑事施設), for life or for a fixed term of one month to twenty years (Penal Code, Article 12, paragraphs (1) and (2)); a fixed term…
Written by AI using Penal Code, Arts. 9, 10, 12, 14, Act No. 67 of 2022, Art. 2 and Act No. 68 of 2022, Art. 443 as a reference.
懲役
A punishment the Penal Code had until Act No. 67 of 2022 came into force: being held in a penal institution (刑事施設) and made to do prescribed work, for life or for a fixed term of o…
Written by AI using Penal Code, former Art. 12, Act No. 67 of 2022, Art. 2 and Act No. 68 of 2022, Arts. 441, 443 as a reference.
禁錮
A punishment the Penal Code had until Act No. 67 of 2022 came into force: being held in a penal institution (刑事施設), for life or for a fixed term of one month to twenty years, witho…
Written by AI using Penal Code, former Arts. 12, 13, Act No. 67 of 2022, Art. 2 and Act No. 68 of 2022, Arts. 441, 443 as a reference.
罰金
A criminal punishment of paying money to the state, of 10,000 yen or more, or less where it is reduced (Penal Code, Article 15). It ranks below imprisonment (拘禁刑) and above penal d…
Written by AI using Penal Code, Arts. 9, 10, 15, 18, 31 to 34 as a reference.
口頭弁論
The hearing at which the parties to a civil lawsuit or another court proceeding put their case to the court by speaking: the parties must argue a lawsuit before the court in oral a…
Written by AI using Code of Civil Procedure, Arts. 87, 87-2, 140, 148, 158 to 161, 249, 251, 263, 276, 312 as a reference.
控訴
An appeal against a final judgment that a district court (地方裁判所) gave at first instance, or against a summary court's (簡易裁判所) final judgment (Code of Civil Procedure, Article 281,…
Written by AI using Code of Civil Procedure, Arts. 96, 116, 281, 284 to 286, 292, 293, 296, 298, 302 to 305, 377 and Courts Act, Arts. 16, 24 as a reference.
少額訴訟
A lawsuit in a summary court (簡易裁判所), heard and decided under rules of its own, on a claim to be paid money where the amount in dispute is 600,000 yen or less; the plaintiff asks f…
Written by AI using Code of Civil Procedure, Arts. 146, 368 to 381 and Civil Enforcement Act, Art. 22 as a reference.
報労金
The reward a person who gets back property they lost (遺失者) must pay its finder (拾得者): an amount from 5% to 20% of the property's value, or of the price it fetched where the police…
Written by AI using Lost Property Act, Arts. 9, 17, 20, 28, 29, 31, 34 as a reference.
再調査の請求
A request to the administrative agency (行政庁) that made a disposition (処分) to look into it again. A person who objects to the disposition can make one only where a request for revie…
Written by AI using Administrative Complaint Review Act, Arts. 1, 5, 18, 54, 57 to 60 and Act on General Rules for National Taxes, Art. 75 as a reference.
制定文
A sentence at the very top of a law, before its first article, saying what enacting it does. The Corporation Tax Act's (法人税法) reads 「法人税法（昭和二十二年法律第二十八号）の全部を改正する。」 — this Act replac…
Written by AI using e-Gov: 法人税法 and Wikipedia: 日本の法令の基本形式 as a reference.
条
The basic numbered unit of a law: 第三十六条 is Article 36. An article added later is usually given a branch number with の rather than renumbering the ones after it — 第三十二条の二, Article 3…
Written by AI using Upper House Legislative Bureau: 条の枝番号と削除 and Wikipedia: 日本の法令の基本形式 as a reference.
項
A subdivision of an article, begun on a new line. In the official text, paragraphs from the second on are numbered 2, 3 and so on, and the first has no number; this site shows them…
Written by AI using Upper House Legislative Bureau: 条・項・号・号の細分 and Wikipedia: 日本の法令の基本形式 as a reference.
削除
An article that has been repealed. Its number stays where it was with the single word 削除 in place of its text, so no other article is renumbered and no link to one breaks.
Written by AI using Upper House Legislative Bureau: 条の枝番号と削除 and Labor Standards Act, Art. 8 as a reference.
繰下げ・繰上げ
An amending law usually leaves every article's number alone: a new article takes a branch number such as Article 32-2, and a repealed one leaves 削除 (Deleted) at its number. Sometim…
Written by AI using Upper House Legislative Bureau: 条の枝番号と削除 and Act on Land and Building Leases, as amended by Act No. 53 of 2023 as a reference.
定義の範囲
Some definitions hold throughout the law (この法律で, この法律において); others only inside one article, paragraph or item (以下この条において). Some also leave a named part of the law out, such as a ch…
Written by AI using Upper House Legislative Bureau: 法令における用語の定義 and Labor Standards Act, Arts. 9, 36 as a reference.
旧題名
The title (題名) a law had before an amending Act renamed it. A renamed law is the same law, with the same law number: what changes is what it is called. Other laws, official guidanc…
Written by AI using e-Gov law data: 製造委託等に係る中小受託事業者に対する代金の支払の遅延等の防止に関する法律 (revisions) as a reference.
The individual number (the personal 'My Number') as defined in Article 2, paragraph (5) of the Act on the Use of Numbers to Identify a Specific Individual in Administrative Procedures (Act No. 27 of 2013).
行政手続における特定の個人を識別するための番号の利用等に関する法律（平成二十五年法律第二十七号）第二条第五項（定義）に規定する個人番号
法人番号
A corporate number as defined in Article 2, paragraph (16) of the Act on the Use of Numbers to Identify a Specific Individual in Administrative Procedures.
行政手続における特定の個人を識別するための番号の利用等に関する法律第二条第十六項に規定する法人番号
The number made under Article 7(1) or (2) by converting a person's resident record code (住民票コード) and designated to identify the person whose certificate of residence (住民票) carries that code.
第七条第一項又は第二項の規定により、住民票コード（住民基本台帳法（昭和四十二年法律第八十一号）第七条第十三号に規定する住民票コードをいう。以下同じ。）を変換して得られる番号であって、当該住民票コードが記載された住民票に係る者を識別するために指定されるもの
A person registered by the Prime Minister under Article 63-2 to carry on cryptoasset exchange services (暗号資産交換業).
第六十三条の二の登録を受けた者
Carrying on as a business any of these: buying and selling cryptoassets (暗号資産) or exchanging them for other cryptoassets; acting as intermediary, broker or agent for those transactions; managing users' money in connection with them; or managing cryptoassets for others, unless another law has special provisions for doing so as a business.
次に掲げる行為のいずれかを業として行うこと
電子決済手段・暗号資産サービス仲介業者
A person registered by the Prime Minister under Article 63-22-2 to carry on electronic payment instruments and cryptoasset intermediary services (電子決済手段・暗号資産サービス仲介業).
第六十三条の二十二の二の登録を受けた者
個人番号カード
An Individual Number Card as defined in Article 2, paragraph (7) of the Act on the Use of Numbers to Identify a Specific Individual in Administrative Procedures: a card showing, among other things, the holder's name, address, date of birth, sex and Individual Number (個人番号), with a photograph unless the holder is below an age set by Ministerial Order, and with that information also recorded electronically.
…住民（住民基本台帳法第三十条の四十五に規定する外国人住民をいう。次項において同じ。）にあっては、第二号に掲げる事項を除く。）が記載され、第十六条の二第一項の申請の日において本人の年齢が主務省令で定める年…
電子決済手段・暗号資産サービス仲介業
Carrying on as a business either of these: a person other than an electronic payment instruments service provider (電子決済手段等取引業者), entrusted by one, acting as intermediary for the buying, selling or exchange of electronic payment instruments on that provider's behalf; or a person other than a cryptoasset exchange service provider (暗号資産交換業者), entrusted by one, acting as intermediary for the buying, selling or exchange of cryptoassets on that provider's behalf.
次に掲げる行為のいずれかを業として行うこと
The individual number (the personal 'My Number') as defined in Article 2, paragraph (5) of the Act on the Use of Numbers to Identify a Specific Individual in Administrative Procedures (Act No. 27 of 2013).
行政手続における特定の個人を識別するための番号の利用等に関する法律（平成二十五年法律第二十七号）第二条第五項（定義）に規定する個人番号
The individual number (the personal 'My Number') as defined in Article 2, paragraph (5) of the Act on the Use of Numbers to Identify a Specific Individual in Administrative Procedures (Act No. 27 of 2013).
行政手続における特定の個人を識別するための番号の利用等に関する法律（平成二十五年法律第二十七号）第二条第五項に規定する個人番号
An Individual Number Card (個人番号カード) on which its holder's specified license information (特定免許情報) has been recorded.
第九十五条の二第四項に規定する免許情報記録個人番号カード
暗号資産
Property value (財産的価値) recorded electronically that can be used to pay unspecified persons for goods or services, can be bought from and sold to unspecified persons, and can be transferred by an electronic data processing system, other than Japanese or foreign currency, currency-denominated assets (通貨建資産) and electronic payment instruments (電子決済手段); and property value that can be exchanged with unspecified persons for such value and transferred the same way; but not anything representing the rights referred to in Article 29-2, paragraph (1), item (viii) of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act.
次に掲げるもの
A cryptoasset (暗号資産) as defined in Article 2, paragraph (14) of the Payment Services Act, or anything listed in paragraph (5), item (iv) of that Article that a Cabinet Office Order (内閣府令) specifies as needing investor protection.
資金決済に関する法律第二条第十四項に規定する暗号資産又は同条第五項第四号に掲げるもののうち投資者の保護を確保することが必要と認められるものとして内閣府令で定めるもの
暗号資産仲介行為
The act in Article 2, paragraph (18), item (ii): a person other than a cryptoasset exchange service provider (暗号資産交換業者), entrusted by one, acting as intermediary for the buying, selling or exchange of cryptoassets (暗号資産) on that provider's behalf.
第二号に掲げる行為
The individual number (the personal 'My Number') as defined in Article 2, paragraph (5) of the Act on the Use of Numbers to Identify a Specific Individual in Administrative Procedures (Act No. 27 of 2013).
行政手続における特定の個人を識別するための番号の利用等に関する法律（平成二十五年法律第二十七号。以下「番号利用法」という。）第二条第五項に規定する個人番号
第一号等厚生年金被保険者
An insured person under employees' pension insurance (厚生年金保険) who is either a category 1 insured (第一号厚生年金被保険者) — one who is not a member of a national or local public officers' mutual aid association or of the private school personnel mutual aid system — or a category 4 insured (第四号厚生年金被保険者), a member of the private school personnel mutual aid system (私立学校教職員共済制度), as Article 2-5, paragraph (1) of the Employees' Pension Insurance Act provides.
厚生年金保険の被保険者のうち厚生年金保険法第二条の五第一項第一号に規定する第一号厚生年金被保険者（以下「第一号厚生年金被保険者」という。）又は同項第四号に規定する第四号厚生年金被保険者（以下「第四号厚生年金被保険者」という。）
A device, operated by electricity, that shows signals by lights to direct road traffic.
電気により操作され、かつ、道路の交通に関し、灯火により交通整理等のための信号を表示する装置
A code that an access administrator (アクセス管理者) assigns to each authorized user (利用権者), and to itself, so that it can tell them apart: a code the administrator says must not be carelessly disclosed to others, a code made by the administrator's method from an image of all or part of the person's body or from their voice, or one made that way from their signature, or any of these combined with other codes.
…該アクセス管理者において当該利用権者等を他の利用権者等と区別して識別することができるように付される符号であって、次のいずれかに該当するもの又は次のいずれかに該当する符号とその他の符号を組み合わせたもの
個人番号カード関係事務
In Articles 38-8 to 38-12, the work the Japan Agency for Local Authority Information Systems (機構) handles under Article 16-2, Article 17(3), Article 18-2(2), (3), (8) and (10) to (13) and Article 18-5(2), together with its certification work (認証事務) under Article 39(1) of the Act on Certification Business of the Japan Agency for Local Authority Information Systems in Relation to Electronic Signatures, etc..
第十六条の二、第十七条第三項、第十八条の二第二項、第三項、第八項及び第十項から第十三項まで並びに第十八条の五第二項の規定により機構が処理する事務並びに公的個人認証法第三十九条第一項に規定する認証事務
Letters, numbers, symbols or other codes, as a Cabinet Order (政令) names them, that either convert a feature of part of a particular person's body for use by computer and can identify that person, or are assigned to an individual for using a service or buying goods, or written or electronically recorded on a card or other document issued to an individual, and differ for each user, buyer or holder so that they can identify that person.
次の各号のいずれかに該当する文字、番号、記号その他の符号のうち、政令で定めるもの