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法律
A law passed by both Houses of the National Diet, Japan's parliament. Acts rank below the Constitution. Rules on people's rights and duties are made by Act: a Cabinet Order or Mini…
Written by AI using Constitution, Arts. 41, 59, 98 and Wikipedia: 行政立法 as a reference.
法律としての効力を有する命令
Some rules made during the Allied occupation were issued as Cabinet Orders, as orders implementing Japan's acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, and an Act passed in 1952 gave the…
Written by AI using Act No. 126 of 1952, Art. 4, e-Gov: 出入国管理及び難民認定法 and its revision history and Wikipedia (Japanese): 出入国管理及び難民認定法 as a reference.
法律行為
An act by which a person, by manifesting their intention (意思表示), brings about the legal effect they intend, such as making a contract or buying everyday goods (Civil Code, Articles…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 3-2, 4, 5, 9, 90, 91, 119, 121, 127, 522 and Act on General Rules for Application of Laws, Arts. 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 as a reference.
憲法
The highest law in Japan. Every Act, Cabinet Order and Ministerial Order has to conform to it, and anything in conflict with it has no legal force. It is also the hardest law to ch…
Written by AI using Constitution, Arts. 96, 98, e-Gov: 日本国憲法 and its revision history and Wikipedia: Constitution of Japan as a reference.
政令
Rules made by the Cabinet to carry out the Constitution and Acts. A Cabinet Order cannot impose duties, restrict rights or set penalties unless an Act delegates that to it.
Written by AI using Constitution, Art. 73 and Wikipedia: 政令 as a reference.
省令
Rules issued by a minister, to carry out an Act or Cabinet Order or under a delegation from one. Each is named by its ministry and number, such as Ministry of Justice Order No. 54…
Written by AI using 国家行政組織法, Art. 12 and Wikipedia: 省令 as a reference.
国会
Japan's parliament, and under Article 41 the only body that can make an Act (法律). It has two chambers, the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors, both made up of el…
Written by AI using Constitution, Arts. 41, 42, 43 and Wikipedia: National Diet as a reference.
衆議院
The lower of the Diet's two chambers (Article 42). Its members serve four years, and the term ends early whenever the House is dissolved (Article 45) — which is the difference that…
Written by AI using Constitution, Arts. 42, 45, 59, 60, 61, 67 and Wikipedia: House of Representatives (Japan) as a reference.
内閣
The body that holds executive power: the Prime Minister and the other Ministers of State (Articles 65 and 66). It administers the law, conducts foreign affairs, prepares the budget…
Written by AI using Constitution, Arts. 65, 66, 69, 73 and Wikipedia: Cabinet of Japan as a reference.
最高裁判所
The highest court, and the court of last resort on whether any law, order, regulation or official act conforms to the Constitution (Article 76, paragraph (1), and Article 81). That…
Written by AI using Constitution, Arts. 76, 79, 81, 98 and Wikipedia: Supreme Court of Japan as a reference.
国税不服審判所
The body within the National Tax Agency that decides requests for review (審査請求) of tax decisions (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Article 22; Act on General Rules…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Art. 22 and Act on General Rules for National Taxes, Arts. 75, 78, 102, 115 as a reference.
税関長
The head of a customs house (税関), a local office of the Ministry of Finance (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Article 12, paragraph (1)). A customs house collects…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Finance, Arts. 4, 12, 16 and Consumption Tax Act, Arts. 47, 50 as a reference.
情報公開・個人情報保護審査会
A board set up in the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (総務省) to examine a request for review (審査請求) when the body that must decide it consults the board under the Ac…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Information Disclosure and Personal Information Protection Review Board, Arts. 2, 3, 4, 9, 16 and Act on Access to Information Held by Administrative Organs, Art. 19 as a reference.
行政不服審査会
A board set up in the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (総務省) to deal with the matters the Administrative Complaint Review Act puts in its charge (Administrative Comp…
Written by AI using Administrative Complaint Review Act, Arts. 43, 44, 50, 67, 68, 69, 72, 79, 81 and Act on Access to Information Held by Administrative Organs, Arts. 18, 19 as a reference.
戸籍
The public record of who a person is related to by birth, marriage and adoption. One is made for each married couple and their children who share their surname, where they set thei…
Written by AI using Family Register Act, Arts. 1, 4, 6, 13, 15, 16, 49, 74, 76, 86 and Residential Basic Book Act, Arts. 7, 30-45, 39 as a reference.
公正取引委員会
The body the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade (独占禁止法, the Antimonopoly Act) sets up to achieve that Act's purpose — among other things, to…
Written by AI using Antimonopoly Act, Arts. 1, 27, 28, 29 and Act against Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representations, Art. 36 as a reference.
金融庁長官
The head of the Financial Services Agency (金融庁), which the Act for Establishment of the Financial Services Agency (金融庁設置法) sets up as an external agency (外局) of the Cabinet Office…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Financial Services Agency, Arts. 2, 3 and Banking Act, Art. 59 as a reference.
国家公安委員会
A commission placed under the Prime Minister's jurisdiction by the Police Act (警察法) (Police Act, Article 4, paragraph (1)), made up of a chairperson, who is a Minister of State (国務…
Written by AI using Police Act, Arts. 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 15 and Secondhand Goods Business Act, Arts. 21-5, 27 as a reference.
方面公安委員会
A commission the Police Act (警察法) sets up in Hokkaido (道). Hokkaido is divided into no more than five districts (方面), and each district except the one where the Hokkaido Police Hea…
Written by AI using Police Act, Arts. 46, 51 and Anti-Stalking Act, Arts. 15, 17 as a reference.
方面本部長
The head of a district headquarters (方面本部) of the Hokkaido police. The Police Act (警察法) divides Hokkaido (道) into no more than five districts (方面) and places a district headquarter…
Written by AI using Police Act, Art. 51 and Anti-Stalking Act, Arts. 16, 17 as a reference.
消費者委員会
A commission placed in the Cabinet Office (内閣府) (Act for Establishment of the Consumer Affairs Agency and the Consumer Commission, Article 6, paragraph (1)), of no more than ten me…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Consumer Affairs Agency and the Consumer Commission, Arts. 6, 7, 9, 10, Act against Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representations, Arts. 3, 6 and Act on Specified Commercial Transactions, Art. 64 as a reference.
労働基準監督署長
The head of a labor standards inspection office (労働基準監督署), one of the offices under each prefectural labor bureau (都道府県労働局) that carry out the Labor Standards Act (Labor Standards…
Written by AI using Labor Standards Act, Arts. 97, 99 and Act on Ensuring Wage Payment, Arts. 3, 4, 7, 13, 14 as a reference.
労働基準監督官
An official who carries out the Labor Standards Act, stationed in the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare's Labor Standards Management Bureau (労働基準主管局), in the prefectural labor…
Written by AI using Labor Standards Act, Arts. 97, 101, 102, 104, 105 and Act on Ensuring Wage Payment, Arts. 11, 13, 14 as a reference.
地方運輸局長
The head of a district transport bureau (地方運輸局), a local branch (地方支分部局) of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (国土交通省), a national ministry (Act for Establ…
Written by AI using Road Transport Vehicle Act, Arts. 54, 78, 105, Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Arts. 2, 4, 30, 35, 36, National Government Organization Act, Arts. 3, 9, Act on Promoting the Resolution of Individual Labor-Related Disputes, Arts. 3, 4, 5, 21 and Minimum Wage Act, Art. 35 as a reference.
労働政策審議会
A council (審議会) attached to the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Article 6, paragraph (1)). At the Minis…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Arts. 6, 9 and Cabinet Order on the Labor Policy Council, Arts. 2, 3 as a reference.
個人情報保護委員会規則
Rules the Personal Information Protection Commission (個人情報保護委員会) makes on the matters in its charge, to carry out an Act or a Cabinet Order (政令) or under a special delegation from…
Written by AI using Act on the Protection of Personal Information, Arts. 130, 132, 133, 134, 145 and Act on the Use of Numbers to Identify a Specific Individual in Administrative Procedures, Art. 2 as a reference.
個人情報保護委員会
The commission the Act on the Protection of Personal Information sets up under Article 49, paragraph (3) of the Act for Establishment of the Cabinet Office (内閣府設置法), under the Prim…
Written by AI using Act on the Protection of Personal Information, Arts. 130, 132, 133, 134, 145, 146, 147, 148 and Act on the Use of Numbers to Identify a Specific Individual in Administrative Procedures, Art. 2 as a reference.
医道審議会
A council (審議会) set up in the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Article 6, paragraph (1)) to deal with th…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Arts. 6, 10 and Medical Practitioners' Act, Arts. 7, 10, 11, 16-2, 16-3, 16-10, 16-11, 24-2 as a reference.
社会保険審査官
An official of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare whom the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare appoints, placed in each Regional Bureau of Health and Welfare (地方厚生局), to…
Written by AI using Act on Social Insurance Examiners and the Social Insurance Examination Committee, Arts. 1, 2, Health Insurance Act, Art. 189 and Employees' Pension Insurance Act, Art. 90 as a reference.
社会保険審査会
A committee under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare that hears requests for re-examination (再審査請求) against the decisions of social insurance examiners…
Written by AI using Act on Social Insurance Examiners and the Social Insurance Examination Committee, Arts. 19 to 22, Health Insurance Act, Art. 190 and Employees' Pension Insurance Act, Art. 91 as a reference.
社会保障審議会
A council (審議会) attached to the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Article 6, paragraph (1)). At the Minis…
Written by AI using Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Arts. 6, 7 as a reference.
配偶者暴力相談支援センター
Not a building of its own but a role: each prefecture (都道府県) has its women's counseling and support center (女性相談支援センター) or another suitable facility it sets up serve as one, and a…
Written by AI using Act on the Prevention of Spousal Violence and the Protection of Victims, Arts. 3, 6 as a reference.
女性相談支援センター
A center every prefecture (都道府県) must set up, and a designated city (指定都市, one of the large cities a Cabinet Order designates under the Local Autonomy Act) may, under the Act on Su…
Written by AI using Act on Support for Women Facing Difficult Problems, Arts. 2, 9 and Act on the Prevention of Spousal Violence and the Protection of Victims, Art. 3 as a reference.
条例
A rule a local government makes for itself: a prefecture (都道府県), a city, town or village (市町村), or one of Tokyo's special wards (特別区) (Local Autonomy Act, Articles 1-3, 281 and 283…
Written by AI using Constitution, Art. 94 and Local Autonomy Act, Arts. 1-3, 2, 14, 16, 89, 96, 139, 281, 283 as a reference.
先取特権
A right the law itself gives certain creditors to be paid out of the debtor's property ahead of other creditors (Civil Code, Article 303). Some reach all of the debtor's property,…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 303, 306, 311, 312, 313 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Art. 12 as a reference.
取消し
Undoing a legal act, such as an offer or acceptance of a contract (意思表示, a manifestation of intention), that the law says may be rescinded: for example one made through an importan…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 5, 95, 96, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126 and Consumer Contract Act, Arts. 4, 7 as a reference.
無効
Having no legal effect from the start. A void act does not take effect even if the parties later confirm it; confirming it knowing it is void counts as making a new act (Civil Code…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 90, 119, Act on Land and Building Leases, Art. 9, Consumer Contract Act, Art. 8 and Labor Standards Act, Art. 13 as a reference.
損害賠償
Compensation for loss one person has caused another. A debtor who does not perform an obligation as it should be performed, or cannot perform it, must compensate the creditor for t…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 415, 417, 420, 709, 722 and Consumer Contract Act, Art. 9 as a reference.
解除
Ending a contract by one party's notice to the other, where the contract or the law gives that party a right to cancel (Civil Code, Article 540, paragraph (1)). The Civil Code lets…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 121, 540, 541, 542, 545, 620 as a reference.
意思表示
A person's expression of an intention to which the law gives a legal effect, such as an offer to conclude a contract, which shows its terms and forms the contract once the other pa…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 123, 522, 527, 540, Consumer Contract Act, Art. 4 and Act on Specified Commercial Transactions, Arts. 6, 9-3 as a reference.
拘禁刑
The punishment of being held in a penal institution (刑事施設), for life or for a fixed term of one month to twenty years (Penal Code, Article 12, paragraphs (1) and (2)); a fixed term…
Written by AI using Penal Code, Arts. 9, 10, 12, 14, Act No. 67 of 2022, Art. 2 and Act No. 68 of 2022, Art. 443 as a reference.
懲役
A punishment the Penal Code had until Act No. 67 of 2022 came into force: being held in a penal institution (刑事施設) and made to do prescribed work, for life or for a fixed term of o…
Written by AI using Penal Code, former Art. 12, Act No. 67 of 2022, Art. 2 and Act No. 68 of 2022, Arts. 441, 443 as a reference.
禁錮
A punishment the Penal Code had until Act No. 67 of 2022 came into force: being held in a penal institution (刑事施設), for life or for a fixed term of one month to twenty years, witho…
Written by AI using Penal Code, former Arts. 12, 13, Act No. 67 of 2022, Art. 2 and Act No. 68 of 2022, Arts. 441, 443 as a reference.
特別永住者
A person who may live in Japan permanently under a status the Special Act on the Immigration Control of, inter alia, those who have lost Japanese Nationality pursuant to the Treaty…
Written by AI using Special Act on the Immigration Control of, inter alia, those who have lost Japanese Nationality pursuant to the Treaty of Peace with Japan, Arts. 2 to 5, 7, 17, 22, 23 and Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act, Art. 26-2 as a reference.
上告
The appeal against a judgment of second instance, and against a high court's judgment at first instance: it goes to the Supreme Court (最高裁判所) against a final judgment a high court…
Written by AI using Code of Civil Procedure, Arts. 281, 285, 311 to 315, 318, 319, 321, 325 to 327 as a reference.
送達
The delivery of a document in a court proceeding, such as a lawsuit, to the person it is for, by a procedure the law lays down: unless a provision says otherwise, the court carries…
Written by AI using Code of Civil Procedure, Arts. 98, 100 to 104, 106 to 112, 132-11, 138, 255, 285 as a reference.
本国法
The law of the country whose nationality a person has. The Act on General Rules for Application of Laws makes it the law that governs, among other things, a person's capacity to ac…
Written by AI using Act on General Rules for Application of Laws, Arts. 4, 24, 25, 26, 27, 32, 36, 38, 41 as a reference.
常居所
The place where a person habitually lives; the Act on General Rules for Application of Laws uses the term without defining it. That Act makes the law of a person's habitual residen…
Written by AI using Act on General Rules for Application of Laws, Arts. 11, 19, 25, 26, 27, 32, 38, 39 as a reference.
公の秩序又は善良の風俗
Public order and good morals, called 公序 (public policy) for short in the heading of Article 42 of the Act on General Rules for Application of Laws. The law refuses effect to what g…
Written by AI using Civil Code, Art. 90 and Act on General Rules for Application of Laws, Arts. 3, 42 as a reference.
審査請求
A request to an administrative agency (行政庁) to review a disposition (処分) the person objects to, or, where the person applied for a disposition under a law or regulation and a reaso…
Written by AI using Administrative Complaint Review Act, Arts. 1 to 4, 18, 25, 45 to 49, 51, 52 and Employees' Pension Insurance Act, Arts. 90, 91-2 as a reference.
再調査の請求
A request to the administrative agency (行政庁) that made a disposition (処分) to look into it again. A person who objects to the disposition can make one only where a request for revie…
Written by AI using Administrative Complaint Review Act, Arts. 1, 5, 18, 54, 57 to 60 and Act on General Rules for National Taxes, Art. 75 as a reference.
再審査請求
A further request, by a person who objects to the determination (裁決) on a request for review (審査請求) of a disposition (処分), that can be made only where an Act provides for one again…
Written by AI using Administrative Complaint Review Act, Arts. 1, 6, 50, 62, 64, 65 and Employees' Pension Insurance Act, Arts. 90, 91-2 as a reference.
制定文
A sentence at the very top of a law, before its first article, saying what enacting it does. The Corporation Tax Act's (法人税法) reads 「法人税法（昭和二十二年法律第二十八号）の全部を改正する。」 — this Act replac…
Written by AI using e-Gov: 法人税法 and Wikipedia: 日本の法令の基本形式 as a reference.
繰下げ・繰上げ
An amending law usually leaves every article's number alone: a new article takes a branch number such as Article 32-2, and a repealed one leaves 削除 (Deleted) at its number. Sometim…
Written by AI using Upper House Legislative Bureau: 条の枝番号と削除 and Act on Land and Building Leases, as amended by Act No. 53 of 2023 as a reference.
総称
A name for several laws taken together. The three labor Acts (労働三法) are the Labor Standards Act, the Labor Union Act and the Labor Relations Adjustment Act. A name like this names…
Written by AI using Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: 労働法制と社会保障制度 and e-Gov law data: 労働組合法 as a reference.
旧題名
The title (題名) a law had before an amending Act renamed it. A renamed law is the same law, with the same law number: what changes is what it is called. Other laws, official guidanc…
Written by AI using e-Gov law data: 製造委託等に係る中小受託事業者に対する代金の支払の遅延等の防止に関する法律 (revisions) as a reference.
法律第三十四号
In the supplementary provisions (附則) of Act No. 61 of 1988, the Act Partially Amending the National Pension Act, etc. (Act No. 34 of 1985).
法律第九十二号
In the supplementary provisions (附則) of later amending Acts from 1975 to 1985, the 1973 Act partially amending the Employees' Pension Insurance Act and other Acts (Act No. 92 of 1973).
法律第三十四号
In the supplementary provisions (附則) of Act No. 44 of 1987 and Act No. 56 of 1988, the 1985 Act partially amending the National Pension Act and other Acts (Act No. 34 of 1985).
法律第百八十二号
The 1961 Act partially amending related laws to create the aggregated pension system (通算年金制度) (Act No. 182 of 1961), as named in the supplementary provisions (附則) of Act No. 82 of 1980 and Act No. 34 of 1985.
法律第九十二号
In the supplementary provisions (附則) of later amending Acts from 1975 to 1985, the 1973 Act partially amending the Employees' Pension Insurance Act and other Acts (Act No. 92 of 1973).
法律第八十六号
In the supplementary provisions (附則) of later amending Acts from 1973 to 1980, the 1969 Act partially amending the National Pension Act (Act No. 86 of 1969).
法律第五十四号
Short name, in Article 5 of the supplementary provisions (附則) of Act No. 54 of 1991, for that Act itself, the Act Partially Amending the Child Allowance Act (Act No. 54 of 1991).
法律第七十二号
In Article 1 of the supplementary provisions (附則) of Act No. 82 of 1980, the 1971 Act partially amending the Employees' Pension Insurance Act and other Acts (Act No. 72 of 1971).
法律第百三十号
In Article 6 of the supplementary provisions (附則) of Act No. 96 of 1967, the 1965 Act partially amending the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (Act No. 130 of 1965).
法律第七十二号
In Article 1 of the supplementary provisions (附則) of Act No. 82 of 1980, the 1971 Act partially amending the Employees' Pension Insurance Act and other Acts (Act No. 72 of 1971).
法律第八十二号
In Article 4 of the supplementary provisions (附則) of Act No. 84 of 1984, the 1980 Act partially amending the Employees' Pension Insurance Act and other Acts (Act No. 82 of 1980).
法律第百八十二号
The 1961 Act partially amending related laws to create the aggregated pension system (通算年金制度) (Act No. 182 of 1961), as named in the supplementary provisions (附則) of Act No. 82 of 1980 and Act No. 34 of 1985.
この法律以外の医療保険各法
The Mariners Insurance Act, the National Health Insurance Act, the National Public Officers Mutual Aid Association Act (Act No. 128 of 1958, including where other laws apply it or have it followed) and the Local Public Officers, etc. Mutual Aid Association Act: the medical insurance laws besides this Act under which medical institutions and pharmacies providing services covered by health insurance (保険医療機関又は保険薬局) also give benefits for medical treatment (療養の給付).
旧昭和二十七年法律第百二十六号
The Act on Measures for Ministry of Foreign Affairs Orders Issued pursuant to the "Imperial Ordinance on Orders Issued Incidental to Acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration" (Act No. 126 of 1952) as it stood before Article 10 of the supplementary provisions (附則) of the Special Act on the Immigration Control of, inter alia, those who have lost Japanese Nationality pursuant to the Treaty of Peace with Japan (Act No. 71 of 1991) amended it.
平成五年法律第二十四号
In Article 4(4) of the supplementary provisions (附則) of Act No. 11 of 1978, Act No. 24 of 1993 — the 1993 law partially amending the law on assisting mergers of fishery cooperatives (漁業協同組合合併助成法) — called by its number.
平成四年法律第五十七号
In Article 4(4) of the supplementary provisions (附則) of Act No. 11 of 1978, the Act Partially Amending the Act on Promotion of Merger of Agricultural Cooperatives (Act No. 57 of 1992), called by its number.
昭和六十二年法律第七十六号
Short name, in Article 4 of the supplementary provisions (附則) of Act No. 11 of 1978, for Act No. 76 of 1987, the 1987 Act partially amending the Forestry Cooperative Act and the Act on Promotion of Merger of Forestry Cooperatives.
昭和五十五年法律第五号
Short name, in Article 4 of the supplementary provisions (附則) of Act No. 11 of 1978, for the Act Partially Amending the Act on Promotion of Merger of Agricultural Cooperatives (Act No. 5 of 1980).
昭和六十一年法律第十号
Short name, in Article 4 of the supplementary provisions (附則) of Act No. 11 of 1978, for Act No. 10 of 1986, the 1986 Act partially amending the Act on Promotion of Merger of Agricultural Cooperatives.
昭和六十三年法律第十五号
Short name, in Article 4 of the supplementary provisions (附則) of Act No. 11 of 1978, for Act No. 15 of 1988, the 1988 Act partially amending the law on assistance for mergers of fishery cooperatives (漁業協同組合合併助成法).