①If an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings is issued, collection of national tax delinquency (excluding a disposal of foreign tax delinquency; the same applies in the following paragraph) may not be made against property that belongs to the bankruptcy estate.

②If a collection of national tax delinquency has already been initiated against property that belongs to the bankruptcy estate, an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings does not preclude the continuation of the collection of national tax delinquency.

③When an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings is issued, the prescription for a fine, petty fine, and collection of equivalent value do not proceed until the bankruptcy proceedings are closed. The same applies during the period after a petition for a grant of discharge is filed until a judicial decision on the petition becomes final and binding (if a petition for a grant of discharge is filed before an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings is issued, during the period after an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings is issued until a judicial decision on the petition becomes final and binding).

①When an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings is issued, any action relating to the bankruptcy estate in which the bankrupt stands as a party is subject to a continuance.

②A bankruptcy trustee may take over the action which was subject to a continuance under the provisions of the preceding paragraph which does not relate to any bankruptcy claim. In this case, a petition for taking over the action may also be filed by the opponent.

③In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, the opponent's claim for court costs against the bankrupt is a claim on the estate.

④When the bankruptcy proceedings are closed, any action relating to the bankruptcy estate in which a bankruptcy trustee stands as a party is subject to a continuance.

⑤The bankrupt must take over the action which was subject to a continuance under the provisions of the preceding paragraph. In this case, a petition for taking over the action may also be filed by the opponent.

⑥If bankruptcy proceedings are closed before the action which was subject to a continuance pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) is taken over under the provisions of paragraph (2), the bankrupt automatically takes over the action.

①If an action filed by a bankruptcy creditor or holder of a claim on the estate pursuant to the provisions of Article 423, paragraph (1), Article 423-7 or Article 424, paragraph (1) of the Civil Code (Act No. 89 of 1896) is pending at the time of commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, the action is subject to a continuance.

②A bankruptcy trustee may take over the action which was subject to a continuance pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph. In this case, a petition for taking over the action may also be filed by the opponent.

③In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, the opponent's claim for court costs against the bankruptcy creditor or holder of a claim on the estate is a claim on the estate.

④If the bankruptcy proceedings are closed after the action was taken over under the provisions of paragraph (2), the bankruptcy proceedings which were subject to a continuance under the provisions of paragraph (1), the action is subject to a continuance.

⑤In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, the bankruptcy creditor or holder of claim on the estate must take over the action. In this case, a petition for taking over the action may also be filed by the opponent.

⑥If the bankruptcy proceedings which were subject to a continuance under the provisions of paragraph (1) are closed before the proceeding action has been taken over under the provisions of paragraph (2), the bankruptcy creditor or holder of claim on the estate automatically takes over the action.

The provisions of Article 44 apply mutatis mutandis to cases relating to the bankruptcy estate that is pending before an administrative agency.

①A juridical act conducted by the bankrupt after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings with respect to property that belongs to the bankruptcy estate may not be asserted effective in relation to the bankruptcy proceedings.

②A juridical act conducted by the bankrupt on the date of commencement of bankruptcy proceedings is presumed to be conducted after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings.

①If a right is acquired after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings with respect to property that belongs to the bankruptcy estate but it is not by way of the bankrupt's juridical act, the acquisition of the right may not be asserted effective in relation to the bankruptcy proceedings.

②The provisions of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis to the acquisition of the right under the preceding paragraph that occurs on the date of commencement of bankruptcy proceedings.

①A registration or a provisional registration under the provisions of Article 105, item (i) of the Real Property Registration Act (Act No. 123 of 2004), which is made with respect to real property or a vessel after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings based on the cause of registration that occurred prior to the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, may not be asserted to be effective in relation to the bankruptcy proceedings; provided, however, that this does not apply to a registration or provisional registration made by a person entitled to demand registration, without the knowing the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings.

②The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis to a registration or provisional registration made with respect to the establishment, transfer, or modification of a right, or registration made with respect to the establishment, transfer, or modification of an enterprise mortgage.

①Payment made to the bankrupt after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings without knowing the commencement may also be asserted effective in relation to the bankruptcy proceedings.

②Payment made to the bankrupt after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings with the knowledge of the commencement may be asserted effective in relation to the bankruptcy proceedings only to the extent that the bankruptcy estate has been enriched.

For the application of the provisions of the preceding two Articles, the absence of knowledge of the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings is presumed prior to a public notice made under the provisions of Article 32, paragraph (1), and the existence of knowledge of the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings is presumed after the public notice is made.

①If two or more persons jointly hold property rights and any one of them has received an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings, a claim for dividing the property in co-ownership may be made even if there is an agreement between the co-owners to the effect that division has not been agreed upon.

②In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, other co-owners may acquire the bankrupt's co-owned interest in the property by paying a reasonable amount of compensation.

①If both the bankrupt and the other party under an executory contract have not yet completely performed their obligations by the time of the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, a bankruptcy trustee may cancel the contract or may perform the bankrupt's obligation and request the other party to perform their obligation.

②In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, the counterparty may specify a reasonable period and make a demand on the bankruptcy trustee that the trustee should give a definite answer within that period with regard to whether they will cancel the contract or request performance of the obligation. In this case, if the bankruptcy trustee fails to give a definite answer within that period, it is deemed that the trustee has cancelled the contract.

③The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis if the counterparty or a bankruptcy trustee may give a notice of termination pursuant to the provisions of the first sentence of Article 631 of the Civil Code or cancel the contract pursuant to the first sentence of Article 642, paragraph (1) of that Code.

①If a contract is cancelled pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) or (2) of the preceding Article, the counterparty may exercise their right to claim of compensation for damages as a bankruptcy creditor.

②In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, if the counter-performance received by the bankrupt still exists in the bankruptcy estate, the counterparty may request its return, and if it does not exist in the bankruptcy estate, they may exercise their right over its value as a holder of a claim on the estate.

①After the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, the counterparty to a bilateral contract who has an obligation to provide continuous performance to the bankrupt may not refuse to perform the obligation on the grounds that no payment is made with regard to the bankruptcy claim arising from the performance provided prior to the filing of a petition to commence bankruptcy proceedings.

②A claim arising from the performance that is provided by the counterparty to an executory contract prescribed in the preceding paragraph after the filing of a petition to commence bankruptcy proceedings, and prior to the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings (in the case of continuous performance for which the amount of claim should be calculated for each specific period of time, the claim arising from the performance provided within the period that includes the date of filing of the petition is included) is a claim on the estate.

③The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs do not apply to a labor contract.

①The provisions of Article 53, paragraphs (1) and (2) do not apply when the counterparty of the bankrupt under a contract for the establishment of a leasehold or any other right of use or extracting profit has a registration or meets any other requirement for duly asserting the right against any third party.

②In the case prescribed in the preceding paragraph, a claim held by the counterparty is a claim on the estate.

When bankruptcy proceedings are commenced against the mandator, if they have administered the mandated business without receiving a notice of commencement of bankruptcy proceedings under the provisions of Article 655 of the Civil Code and also without knowing the fact of the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, the mandatary may exercise their right to a claim arising from the above mentioned administration as a bankruptcy creditor.

①With regard to a contract for a transaction of goods with a quotation on an exchange or any other market quotation the purpose of which cannot be achieved unless the transaction is performed on a specific date or within a specific period of time from the nature of the transaction, if the due date is to come after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, it is deemed that the contract has been cancelled.

②In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, the amount of compensation for damages is determined by the difference between the quotation for the same kind of transaction to be performed at the same time at the place of performance or any other reference place for quotation, and the price of the goods under the contract.

③The provisions of Article 54, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis to compensation for damages under the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

④If there are any special provisions in the exchange or market in question with regard to the particulars specified in paragraph (1) or paragraph (2), those provisions prevail.

⑤If, under a basic contract concluded for performing transactions stated in paragraph (1) continuously by the parties to the transactions, there is an agreement to the effect that claims and liabilities of compensation for damages prescribed in paragraph (2) arising from all contracts for transactions prescribed in paragraph (1) enforced under the basic contract is settled on a net basis, such an agreement prevails with regard to the calculation of the claimable amount of damages.