Chapter VIII Statutory Liens on Ships and Mortgages on Ships
第八章 船舶先取特権及び船舶抵当権
Article 842Statutory Liens on Ships
第八百四十二条（船舶先取特権）
A person holding a claim as set forth in one of the following has a statutory lien on the ship and its equipment:
次に掲げる債権を有する者は、船舶及びその属具について先取特権を有する。
a claim to compensation for loss or damage due to harm to an individual's life or person that has arisen in direct connection with the operation of the ship;
船舶の運航に直接関連して生じた人の生命又は身体の侵害による損害賠償請求権
a claim for the salvage charges or a claim based on the sharing of a general average to be borne by the ship;
救助料に係る債権又は船舶の負担に属する共同海損の分担に基づく債権
a claim that can be collected pursuant to the National Tax Collection Act (Act No. 147 of 1959) or using procedures for collecting national taxes and that arises in connection with the ship's entry into a port or use of a port or in connection with other operation of the ship; or a claim for pilotage charges or towage charges;
国税徴収法（昭和三十四年法律第百四十七号）若しくは国税徴収の例によって徴収することのできる請求権であって船舶の入港、港湾の利用その他船舶の航海に関して生じたもの又は水先料若しくは引き船料に係る債権
a claim for costs necessary for continuing a voyage; and
航海を継続するために必要な費用に係る債権
a claim held by the master or a mariner arising from an employment contract.
雇用契約によって生じた船長その他の船員の債権
Article 843Order of Priority of Statutory Liens on Ships
第八百四十三条（船舶先取特権の順位）
If statutory liens based on claims set forth in the items of the preceding Article (hereinafter referred to as "statutory liens on a ship" in this Chapter) are in conflict with each other, the order of priority of those statutory liens follows the order set forth in the items of that Article; provided, however, that a statutory lien on a ship based on the claim set forth in item (ii) of that Article (limited to one for the salvage charges) takes precedence over any other statutory liens on the ship that have arisen earlier.
If two or more persons hold statutory liens on a ship which are of the same rank, those persons are paid in proportion to the amount of their claims; provided, however, that for claims set forth in items (ii) through (iv) of the preceding Article, if the statutory liens arise at different times, the one arising later takes precedence over one arising earlier.
同一順位の船舶先取特権を有する者が数人あるときは、これらの者は、その債権額の割合に応じて弁済を受ける。ただし、前条第二号から第四号までに掲げる債権にあっては、同一順位の船舶先取特権が同時に生じたものでないときは、後に生じた船舶先取特権が前に生じた船舶先取特権に優先する。
Article 844Conflict between Statutory Liens on Ships and Other Statutory Liens
第八百四十四条（船舶先取特権と他の先取特権との競合）
If a statutory lien on a ship and any other statutory lien conflict with each other, the statutory lien on the ship takes precedence over the other statutory lien.
船舶先取特権と他の先取特権とが競合する場合には、船舶先取特権は、他の先取特権に優先する。
Article 845Statutory Liens on Ship and Transferee of Ship
第八百四十五条（船舶先取特権と船舶の譲受人）
If a shipowner transfers a ship, the transferee, after registering the transfer, must issue public notice to the holders of statutory liens on the ship indicating that they must file their claims within a fixed term. In such a case, the term in question may not be made shorter than one month.
A statutory lien on a ship is extinguished if the holder does not file a claim within the term referred to in the preceding paragraph.
Article 846Extinguishment of Statutory Liens on Ships
第八百四十六条（船舶先取特権の消滅）
A statutory lien on a ship is extinguished one year's time after it arises.
船舶先取特権は、その発生後一年を経過したときは、消滅する。
第八百四十七条（船舶抵当権）
Provisions concerning mortgages on real property apply mutatis mutandis to a mortgage on a ship. In this case, the phrase "if an obligee does not enforce the mortgage by filing a petition for auction within two months" in Article 384, item (i) of the Civil Code is deemed to be replaced with "if an obligee does not enforce the mortgage by filing a petition for auction or give notice to the third party acquirer that the obligee has not approved its offer within two months, or if the obligee giving that notice does not enforce the mortgage by filing a petition for auction within one week after the obligee becomes able to file it".
船舶の抵当権には、不動産の抵当権に関する規定を準用する。この場合において、民法第三百八十四条第一号中「抵当権を実行して競売の申立てをしないとき」とあるのは、「抵当権の実行としての競売の申立て若しくはその提供を承諾しない旨の第三取得者に対する通知をせず、又はその通知をした債権者が抵当権の実行としての競売の申立てをすることができるに至った後一週間以内にこれをしないとき」と読み替えるものとする。
Article 848Conflict between Mortgage on Ship and Statutory Lien on Ship
第八百四十八条（船舶抵当権と船舶先取特権等との競合）
If a mortgage on a ship and a statutory lien on a ship conflict with each other, the lien takes precedence over the mortgage.
If a mortgage on a ship and a statutory lien (excluding a statutory lien on a ship) conflict with each other, the mortgage is treated as being of the same rank as the first-ranked statutory lien prescribed in Article 330, paragraph (1) of the Civil Code.
船舶の抵当権と先取特権（船舶先取特権を除く。）とが競合する場合には、船舶の抵当権は、民法第三百三十条第一項に規定する第一順位の先取特権と同順位とする。
Article 849Prohibition against Creation of Pledge
第八百四十九条（質権設定の禁止）
Article 850Application Mutatis Mutandis to Ship Under Construction
第八百五十条（製造中の船舶への準用）
ship
「船舶」
In the part on maritime commerce (except Article 747), a ship used for navigation for the purpose of commercial transactions (商行為), other than rowboats and other boats driven only or mainly by oars.
Defined inArticle 684, paragraph (1)
statutory liens on a ship
「船舶先取特権」
A statutory lien (先取特権) on a ship and its equipment held by a person with one of the claims listed in Article 842 — claims for death or injury in the ship's operation, salvage fees or general average contributions, port and pilotage charges, costs needed to continue the voyage, and crew wages.
Short name set inArticle 843, paragraph (1)· applies only in this chapter
damages
損害賠償
Compensation for loss one person has caused another. A debtor who does not perform an obligation as it should be performed, or cannot perform it, must compensate the creditor for the loss that results, unless the failure comes from a cause the debtor is not responsible for, judged by the contract or other source of the obligation and by accepted views in dealings (Civil Code, Article 415, paragraph (1)); and a person who, intentionally or negligently, infringes another's rights or legally protected interests must compensate for the loss that results (Article 709). It is paid in money unless otherwise agreed (Articles 417 and 722, paragraph (1)), and the parties to a contract may agree in advance the amount due if it is not performed; a sum fixed for breach (違約金) is presumed to be such an agreement (Article 420, paragraphs (1) and (3)). The Consumer Contract Act makes void the part of such an amount in a consumer contract, for its cancellation, with any penalty added, above the average loss the business would suffer from the cancellation of consumer contracts of that kind, measured separately for each category the clause sets, such as the reason for and time of cancellation (Consumer Contract Act, Article 9, paragraph (1), item (i)).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 415, 417, 420, 709, 722 and Consumer Contract Act, Art. 9 as a reference.
registration
登記
Entry in a public register kept by a registry office (登記所) — a Legal Affairs Bureau or one of its branch offices — so that the matter is made public (Real Property Registration Act, Articles 1 and 6, paragraph (1)). Rights in land and buildings, such as ownership, a superficies (地上権), a statutory lien (先取特権), a mortgage and a right of lease (賃借権), can be registered under that Act (Article 3), and matters the Commercial Code, the Companies Act and other Acts require to be registered are registered under the Commercial Registration Act (Article 1). Registration also lets a right be asserted against third parties: acquiring, losing or changing a right in rem (物権) in land or a building, such as ownership, cannot be asserted against third parties until it is registered (Civil Code, Article 177), and a matter the Companies Act requires to be registered cannot be asserted against a third party who does not know of it until it has been registered, nor, even after that, against one who had a justifiable reason for not knowing of the registration (Companies Act, Article 908, paragraph (1)).
Written by AI using Real Property Registration Act, Arts. 1, 3, 6, Commercial Registration Act, Art. 1, Civil Code, Art. 177 and Companies Act, Art. 908 as a reference.
statutory lien
先取特権
A right the law itself gives certain creditors to be paid out of the debtor's property ahead of other creditors (Civil Code, Article 303). Some reach all of the debtor's property, such as a claim arising from employment (Article 306, item (ii)); others reach particular property only, such as a landlord's claim for rent and other debts under a lease of land or a building, which reaches, for land, the movables furnished to it or to a building used with it, the movables used on it and the crops or other fruits of it the tenant holds, and for a building, the movables the tenant has furnished it with (Articles 311 to 313). The Act on Land and Building Leases gives a landowner one over the tenant's building on the land for the last two years' rent that has fallen due (Article 12, paragraph (1)), which keeps its effect by the registration of the superficies or the land lease (Article 12, paragraph (2)).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 303, 306, 311, 312, 313 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Art. 12 as a reference.