Chapter VI Business of Commission Merchants
第六章 問屋営業
第五百五十一条（定義）
The term "commission merchant" as used in this Chapter means a person in the business of selling or purchasing goods in its own name on behalf of another person.
この章において「問屋」とは、自己の名をもって他人のために物品の販売又は買入れをすることを業とする者をいう。
Article 552Rights and Obligations of Commission Merchants
第五百五十二条（問屋の権利義務）
A commission merchant acquires rights against and bears obligations toward the other party personally by reason of a sale or purchase that the commission merchant makes on behalf of another person.
問屋は、他人のためにした販売又は買入れにより、相手方に対して、自ら権利を取得し、義務を負う。
In addition to the provisions of this Chapter, the provisions on mandates and agency apply mutatis mutandis between a commission merchant and a consignor.
問屋と委託者との間の関係については、この章に定めるもののほか、委任及び代理に関する規定を準用する。
Article 553Commission Merchant's Warranty
第五百五十三条（問屋の担保責任）
A commission merchant is personally liable for performance if the other party fails to perform an obligation in a sale or purchase that the merchant has made on a consignor's behalf; provided, however, that this does not apply if the parties manifest a different intention or if custom dictates otherwise.
問屋は、委託者のためにした販売又は買入れにつき相手方がその債務を履行しないときに、自らその履行をする責任を負う。ただし、当事者の別段の意思表示又は別段の慣習があるときは、この限りでない。
第五百五十四条（問屋が委託者の指定した金額との差額を負担する場合の販売又は買入れの効力）
If a commission merchant sells goods at a price lower than that designated by the consignor or purchases goods at a price higher than that designated by the consignor but the merchant personally bears the difference, the sale or purchase is valid for the consignor.
問屋が委託者の指定した金額より低い価格で販売をし、又は高い価格で買入れをした場合において、自らその差額を負担するときは、その販売又は買入れは、委託者に対してその効力を生ずる。
Article 555Right of Intervention
第五百五十五条（介入権）
When a commission merchant is entrusted to sell or purchase goods for which there is a quotation on an exchange, the merchant may personally stand as the purchaser or seller. In this case, the sale or purchase price is determined by the quotation on the exchange at the time the commission merchant issues notice that it will stand as the purchaser or seller.
問屋は、取引所の相場がある物品の販売又は買入れの委託を受けたときは、自ら買主又は売主となることができる。この場合において、売買の代価は、問屋が買主又は売主となったことの通知を発した時における取引所の相場によって定める。
In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, the commission merchant may claim remuneration from the consignor.
Article 556Deposit and Auction of Goods Purchased by Commission Merchant
第五百五十六条（問屋が買い入れた物品の供託及び競売）
The provisions of Article 524 apply mutatis mutandis if a commission merchant is entrusted with purchasing goods but the consignor refuses or is unable to receive the goods that the merchant has purchased.
Article 557Application Mutatis Mutandis of Provisions on Commercial Agent
第五百五十七条（代理商に関する規定の準用）
The provisions of Article 27 and Article 31 apply mutatis mutandis to commission merchants.
Article 558Constructive Commission Merchants
第五百五十八条（準問屋）
The provisions of this Chapter apply mutatis mutandis to a person in the business of undertaking acts other than selling or purchasing goods in its own name on behalf of another person.
この章の規定は、自己の名をもって他人のために販売又は買入れ以外の行為をすることを業とする者について準用する。
commission merchant
「問屋」
A person whose business is selling or buying goods in their own name on behalf of others.
Defined inArticle 551, paragraph (1)· applies only in this chapter
manifestation of intention
意思表示
A person's expression of an intention to which the law gives a legal effect, such as an offer to conclude a contract, which shows its terms and forms the contract once the other party accepts it (Civil Code, Article 522, paragraph (1)), the acceptance itself (Article 527), or the notice to the other party by which a party rescinds (取消し) an act or cancels (解除) a contract (Articles 123 and 540, paragraph (1)). One made to another person takes effect when notice of it reaches that person, or when it would normally have reached them if they blocked it without good reason (Article 97, paragraphs (1) and (2)), and does not lose its effect because the person who made it dies, loses mental capacity (意思能力) or comes under legal limits on what they can do alone after sending the notice (Article 97, paragraph (3)); where the person making it cannot find out who the other party is or where they are, it can be made by public notice (Article 98, paragraph (1)). It is not void just because the person making it knew it was not their true intention, unless the other party knew or could have known that (Article 93, paragraph (1)); a false one made in collusion with the other party is void (Article 94, paragraph (1)); and neither voidness can be asserted against a third party who did not know of it (善意) (Articles 93, paragraph (2), and 94, paragraph (2)). One based on a mistake that is material in light of the purpose of the juridical act (法律行為) and accepted views in dealings may be rescinded — one based on a mistaken view of the circumstances behind the act only if it had been shown that the act was based on them, and as a rule not where the mistake came from the gross negligence of the person who made it (Article 95, paragraphs (1) to (3)) — and so may one made under fraud or duress, though one induced by a third party's fraud only if the other party knew of the fraud or could have known of it (Article 96, paragraphs (1) and (2)); a rescission for mistake or fraud cannot be relied on against a third party who did not know and was not careless in not knowing (Article 95, paragraph (4), and Article 96, paragraph (3)). One that an agent makes within the agent's authority, showing that it is made for the principal, takes effect directly for the principal (Article 99, paragraph (1)). The Consumer Contract Act lets a consumer rescind an offer or acceptance of a consumer contract made because the business, when soliciting it, told them something untrue about an important matter and they believed it, among other grounds (Consumer Contract Act, Article 4, paragraph (1), item (i)), and the Act on Specified Commercial Transactions does the same where, in a door-to-door sale, the seller or service provider told them something untrue about such matters as the goods or the price (Article 6, paragraph (1), and Article 9-3, paragraph (1), item (i)).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 123, 522, 527, 540, Consumer Contract Act, Art. 4 and Act on Specified Commercial Transactions, Arts. 6, 9-3 as a reference.