Chapter II Final Appeals
第二章 上告
Article 311Final Appellate Court
第三百十一条（上告裁判所）
A final appeal may be filed with the Supreme Court against a final judgment that the high court enters as the court of second instance or as the court of first instance, or may be filed with the high court against a final judgment that the district court enters as the court of second instance.
上告は、高等裁判所が第二審又は第一審としてした終局判決に対しては最高裁判所に、地方裁判所が第二審としてした終局判決に対しては高等裁判所にすることができる。
In a case as referred to in the proviso to Article 281, paragraph (1), a final appeal may be filed directly with the Supreme Court against a district court judgment, and may be filed directly with a high court against a summary court judgment.
第二百八十一条第一項ただし書の場合には、地方裁判所の判決に対しては最高裁判所に、簡易裁判所の判決に対しては高等裁判所に、直ちに上告をすることができる。
Article 312Grounds for Final Appeal
第三百十二条（上告の理由）
A final appeal may be filed on the grounds that the judgment reflects an error in the interpretation of the Constitution or that it is otherwise unconstitutional.
上告は、判決に憲法の解釈の誤りがあることその他憲法の違反があることを理由とするときに、することができる。
A final appeal may also be filed on the grounds that any of the following circumstances are present; provided, however, that this does not apply to the circumstances stated in item (iv) if the ratification under the provisions of Article 34, paragraph (2) has taken place (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 59):
the court that pronounced judgment was not composed in accordance with the law;
法律に従って判決裁判所を構成しなかったこと。
a judge who, by law, is not permitted to participate in the judgment, has participated in the judgment;
法律により判決に関与することができない裁判官が判決に関与したこと。
provisions on the exclusive jurisdiction of the Japanese courts have been violated;
日本の裁判所の管轄権の専属に関する規定に違反したこと。
provisions on exclusive jurisdiction have been violated (unless one of the courts specified in the items of Article 6, paragraph (1) has entered the final judgment in the first instance, and that litigation is subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of another court pursuant to the provisions of Article 6, paragraph (1));
authority to act as a person's legal representative, authority to act as a person's litigation representative, or the delegation of powers that a representative needs in order to perform procedural acts, was lacking;
法定代理権、訴訟代理権又は代理人が訴訟行為をするのに必要な授権を欠いたこと。
provisions on the opening of oral arguments to the public have been violated;
口頭弁論の公開の規定に違反したこと。
no reason has been given for the judgment, or the reasons given for the judgment conflict with each other.
判決に理由を付せず、又は理由に食違いがあること。
A final appeal to the high court may also be filed on the grounds of a violation of law or regulation that has clearly influenced the judgment.
高等裁判所にする上告は、判決に影響を及ぼすことが明らかな法令の違反があることを理由とするときも、することができる。
The provisions of the preceding Chapter, except as otherwise provided, apply mutatis mutandis to a final appeal and to litigation proceedings in the final appellate instance.
前章の規定は、特別の定めがある場合を除き、上告及び上告審の訴訟手続について準用する。
Article 314Formalities for the Filing of Final Appeal
第三百十四条（上告提起の方式等）
A final appeal must be filed through the submission of a petition for a final appeal with the court of prior instance.
上告の提起は、上告状を原裁判所に提出してしなければならない。
The authority of the presiding judge under the provisions of Article 288 and Article 289, paragraph (2) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to the preceding Article is exercised by the presiding judge of the court of prior instance.
前条において準用する第二百八十八条及び第二百八十九条第二項の規定による裁判長の職権は、原裁判所の裁判長が行う。
Article 315Entry of Grounds for Final Appeal
第三百十五条（上告の理由の記載）
If the grounds for final appeal are not entered in a petition for final appeal, a statement of the grounds for final appeal must be submitted to the court of prior instance within the time frame specified by the Rules of the Supreme Court.
上告状に上告の理由の記載がないときは、上告人は、最高裁判所規則で定める期間内に、上告理由書を原裁判所に提出しなければならない。
Grounds for final appeal must be entered in the format specified by the Rules of the Supreme Court.
上告の理由は、最高裁判所規則で定める方式により記載しなければならない。
Article 316Denial of a Final Appeal by the Court of Prior Instance
第三百十六条（原裁判所による上告の却下）
If circumstances clearly fall under any of the following items, the court of prior instance must rule to deny the final appeal:
次の各号に該当することが明らかであるときは、原裁判所は、決定で、上告を却下しなければならない。
the final appeal is not in accordance with the law and this defect cannot be corrected;
上告が不適法でその不備を補正することができないとき。
a statement of grounds for final appeal has not been submitted, constituting a violation of the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article; or the stated grounds for final appeal are in violation of paragraph (2) of that Article.
An immediate appeal may be filed against a ruling as referred to in the preceding paragraph.
前項の決定に対しては、即時抗告をすることができる。
Article 317Denial of a Final Appeal by the Final Appellate Court
第三百十七条（上告裁判所による上告の却下等）
In the cases stated in the items of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, the final appellate court may rule to dismiss a final appeal.
前条第一項各号に掲げる場合には、上告裁判所は、決定で、上告を却下することができる。
The Supreme Court, as the final appellate court, may rule to dismiss a final appeal if the grounds for final appeal clearly do not fall under the circumstances prescribed in Article 312, paragraph (1) or (2).
If the Supreme Court is the court with which the final appeal should be filed, it may rule, upon petition, to accept as the final appellate court, a case in which a prior instance judgment reflects a determination that conflicts with Supreme Court precedent (or, if there is no Supreme Court precedent, conflicts with precedent of the former Great Court of Cassation or precedent of the high court acting as the final appellate court or the court of second instance) or to accept any other case that is found to involve matters of material import in the interpretation of laws and regulations.
上告をすべき裁判所が最高裁判所である場合には、最高裁判所は、原判決に最高裁判所の判例（これがない場合にあっては、大審院又は上告裁判所若しくは控訴裁判所である高等裁判所の判例）と相反する判断がある事件その他の法令の解釈に関する重要な事項を含むものと認められる事件について、申立てにより、決定で、上告審として事件を受理することができる。
A petition as referred to in the preceding paragraph (referred to below as a "petition to accept a final appeal") may not give circumstances prescribed in Article 312, paragraphs (1) and (2) as the grounds for petition.
In a case as referred to in paragraph (1), the Supreme Court may exclude any grounds for petition to accept a final appeal that it finds to be immaterial.
If a ruling as referred to paragraph (1) is issued, a final appeal is deemed to have been filed. To apply the provisions of Article 320 in such a case, grounds for petition to accept a final appeal other than those excluded pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph are deemed to be the grounds for the final appeal.
The provisions of Articles 313 through 315 and Article 316, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis to a petition to accept a final appeal.
第三百十三条から第三百十五条まで及び第三百十六条第一項の規定は、上告受理の申立てについて準用する。
Article 319Dismissal of a Final Appeal, Without Oral Arguments Being Heard
第三百十九条（口頭弁論を経ない上告の棄却）
If the final appellate court finds that a final appeal is without grounds based on the petition for final appeal, statement of grounds for final appeal, written answer, or any other documents, it may enter a judgment to dismiss the final appeal, without hearing oral arguments.
上告裁判所は、上告状、上告理由書、答弁書その他の書類により、上告を理由がないと認めるときは、口頭弁論を経ないで、判決で、上告を棄却することができる。
Article 320Scope of Examination
第三百二十条（調査の範囲）
The final appellate court must conduct its examination based on the grounds for final appeal, only within the bounds of the objection that has been entered.
上告裁判所は、上告の理由に基づき、不服の申立てがあった限度においてのみ調査をする。
Article 321Binding Force of Facts Found in a Prior Instance Judgment
第三百二十一条（原判決の確定した事実の拘束）
Lawful findings of fact in a prior instance judgment are binding on the final appellate court.
原判決において適法に確定した事実は、上告裁判所を拘束する。
If a final appeal under the provisions of Article 311, paragraph (2) is filed, the final appellate court may not reverse the prior instance judgment on the grounds that the findings of fact in the judgment are in violation of the law.
第三百十一条第二項の規定による上告があった場合には、上告裁判所は、原判決における事実の確定が法律に違反したことを理由として、その判決を破棄することができない。
第三百二十二条（職権調査事項についての適用除外）
The provisions of the preceding two Articles do not apply to matters that must be examined by the court sua sponte.
前二条の規定は、裁判所が職権で調査すべき事項には、適用しない。
Article 323Declaration of Provisional Enforceability
第三百二十三条（仮執行の宣言）
Upon petition, the final appellate court may rule to issue a declaration of provisional enforceability, but only with regard to the part of the judgment in the prior instance against which no objection has been entered.
上告裁判所は、原判決について不服の申立てがない部分に限り、申立てにより、決定で、仮執行の宣言をすることができる。
Article 324Transfer to the Supreme Court
第三百二十四条（最高裁判所への移送）
The high court, as the final appellate court, must rule to transfer a case to the Supreme Court if the circumstances specified by the Rules of the Supreme Court are present.
上告裁判所である高等裁判所は、最高裁判所規則で定める事由があるときは、決定で、事件を最高裁判所に移送しなければならない。
Article 325Reversal and Remand
第三百二十五条（破棄差戻し等）
If there are circumstances prescribed in Article 312, paragraph (1) or (2), the final appellate court must reverse the prior instance judgment, and, except in the cases referred to in the following Article, it must remand the case to the court of prior instance or transfer the case to another, equivalent court. The same applies if the high court is the final appellate court and a violation of law or regulation has clearly influenced the judgment.
Even without the circumstances prescribed in Article 312, paragraph (1) or (2), the Supreme Court, as the final appellate court, may reverse a prior instance judgment if a violation of law or regulation has clearly influenced the judgment, and, except in the cases referred to in the following Article, it may remand the case to the court of prior instance or transfer the case to another, equivalent court.
The court to which a case is remanded or transferred pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs must reach a judicial decision based on additional oral arguments. In such a case, the factual or legal finding based on which the final appellate court has reversed the judgment is binding on the court to which the case is remanded or transferred.
前二項の規定により差戻し又は移送を受けた裁判所は、新たな口頭弁論に基づき裁判をしなければならない。この場合において、上告裁判所が破棄の理由とした事実上及び法律上の判断は、差戻し又は移送を受けた裁判所を拘束する。
A judge who has participated in the prior instance judgment may not participate in the judicial decision referred to in the preceding paragraph.
原判決に関与した裁判官は、前項の裁判に関与することができない。
In the following cases, the final appellate court must reach a judicial decision on the case:
次に掲げる場合には、上告裁判所は、事件について裁判をしなければならない。
the final appellate court reverses a judgment on the grounds that there has been an error in the application of the Constitution or any other law or regulation to the facts that have been found, and the case has been sufficiently developed to allow a judicial decision to be reached based on these facts;
確定した事実について憲法その他の法令の適用を誤ったことを理由として判決を破棄する場合において、事件がその事実に基づき裁判をするのに熟するとき。
the final appellate court reverses a judgment on the grounds that the case is not subject to the jurisdiction of the court.
事件が裁判所の権限に属しないことを理由として判決を破棄するとき。
A further appeal may be filed with the Supreme Court against a final judgment entered by the high court as the final appellate court, but only on the grounds that the judgment involves an error in the interpretation of the Constitution or that it is otherwise unconstitutional.
高等裁判所が上告審としてした終局判決に対しては、その判決に憲法の解釈の誤りがあることその他憲法の違反があることを理由とするときに限り、最高裁判所に更に上告をすることができる。
Unless it is contrary to their nature, provisions concerning a final appeal and litigation proceedings in the final appellate instance against a final judgment by the court of second instance or the court of first instance apply mutatis mutandis to a final appeal as referred to in the preceding paragraph and litigation proceedings in the final appellate instance. This being the case, the phrase "a prior instance judgment" in Article 321, paragraph (1) is deemed to be replaced with "the final judgment entered by the district court as the court of second instance (or the final judgment entered by the summary court, if a final appeal under the provisions of Article 311, paragraph (2) is filed)".
前項の上告及びその上告審の訴訟手続には、その性質に反しない限り、第二審又は第一審の終局判決に対する上告及びその上告審の訴訟手続に関する規定を準用する。この場合において、第三百二十一条第一項中「原判決」とあるのは、「地方裁判所が第二審としてした終局判決（第三百十一条第二項の規定による上告があった場合にあっては、簡易裁判所の終局判決）」と読み替えるものとする。