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Bankruptcy Act

破産法(はさんほう)

Chapter II Commencement of Bankruptcy Proceedings (Articles 43 to 58)

The law as Act on the Arrangement of Related Acts to Promote the Use of Information and Communications Technology in Civil Procedures, etc. (Act No. 53 of 2023) leaves it, with the words it changes marked.

The main text is read a page at a time: a chapter to a page, and a long chapter in runs of articles. The whole main text, and the supplementary provisions and appended tables this amendment changes. Those it leaves untouched are on the page for the text in force.

Article 43第四十三条

Handling of Collection of National Tax Delinquency(国税滞納処分等の取扱い)
Article 43, paragraph (1)

If an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings is issued, collection of national tax delinquency (excluding a disposal of foreign tax delinquency; the same applies in the following paragraph) may not be made against property that belongs to the bankruptcy estate.

破産手続開始の決定があった場合には、破産財団に属する財産に対する国税滞納処分(外国租税滞納処分を除く。次項において同じ。)は、することができない。

Article 43, paragraph (2)

If a collection of national tax delinquency has already been initiated against property that belongs to the bankruptcy estate, an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings does not preclude the continuation of the collection of national tax delinquency.

破産財団に属する財産に対して国税滞納処分が既にされている場合には、破産手続開始の決定は、その国税滞納処分の続行を妨げない。

Article 43, paragraph (3)

When an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings is issued, the prescription for a fine, petty fine, and collection of equivalent value do not proceed until the bankruptcy proceedings are closed. The same applies during the period after a petition for a grant of discharge is filed until a judicial decision on the petition becomes final and binding (if a petition for a grant of discharge is filed before an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings is issued, during the period after an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings is issued until a judicial decision on the petition becomes final and binding).

破産手続開始の決定があったときは、破産手続が終了するまでの間は、罰金、科料及び追徴の時効は、進行しない。免責許可の申立てがあった後当該申立てについての裁判が確定するまでの間(破産手続開始の決定前に免責許可の申立てがあった場合にあっては、破産手続開始の決定後当該申立てについての裁判が確定するまでの間)も、同様とする。

Article 44第四十四条

Actions Relating to Bankruptcy Estates(破産財団に関する訴えの取扱い)
Article 44, paragraph (1)

When an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings is issued, any action relating to the bankruptcy estate in which the bankrupt stands as a party is subject to a continuance.

破産手続開始の決定があったときは、破産者を当事者とする破産財団に関する訴訟手続は、中断する。

Article 44, paragraph (2)

A bankruptcy trustee may take over the action which was subject to a continuance under the provisions of the preceding paragraph which does not relate to any bankruptcy claim. In this case, a petition for taking over the action may also be filed by the opponent.

破産管財人は、前項の規定により中断した訴訟手続のうち破産債権に関しないものを受け継ぐことができる。この場合においては、受継の申立ては、相手方もすることができる。

Article 44, paragraph (3)

In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, the opponent's claim for court costs against the bankrupt is a claim on the estate.

前項の場合においては、相手方の破産者に対する訴訟費用請求権は、財団債権とする。

Article 44, paragraph (4)

When the bankruptcy proceedings are closed, any action relating to the bankruptcy estate in which a bankruptcy trustee stands as a party is subject to a continuance.

破産手続が終了したときは、破産管財人を当事者とする破産財団に関する訴訟手続は、中断する。

Article 44, paragraph (5)

The bankrupt must take over the action which was subject to a continuance under the provisions of the preceding paragraph. In this case, a petition for taking over the action may also be filed by the opponent.

破産者は、前項の規定により中断した訴訟手続を受け継がなければならない。この場合においては、受継の申立ては、相手方もすることができる。

Article 44, paragraph (6)

If bankruptcy proceedings are closed before the action which was subject to a continuance pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) is taken over under the provisions of paragraph (2), the bankrupt automatically takes over the action.

第一項の規定により中断した訴訟手続について第二項の規定による受継があるまでに破産手続が終了したときは、破産者は、当然訴訟手続を受継する。

Article 45第四十五条

Handling of Actions by the Subrogee and Actions for Rescission of Fraudulent Acts(債権者代位訴訟及び詐害行為取消訴訟の取扱い)
Article 45, paragraph (1)

If an action filed by a bankruptcy creditor or holder of a claim on the estate pursuant to the provisions of Article 423, paragraph (1), Article 423-7 or Article 424, paragraph (1) of the Civil Code (Act No. 89 of 1896) is pending at the time of commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, the action is subject to a continuance.

民法(明治二十九年法律第八十九号)第四百二十三条第一項、第四百二十三条の七又は第四百二十四条第一項の規定により破産債権者又は財団債権者の提起した訴訟が破産手続開始当時係属するときは、その訴訟手続は、中断する。

Article 45, paragraph (2)

A bankruptcy trustee may take over the action which was subject to a continuance pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph. In this case, a petition for taking over the action may also be filed by the opponent.

破産管財人は、前項の規定により中断した訴訟手続を受け継ぐことができる。この場合においては、受継の申立ては、相手方もすることができる。

Article 45, paragraph (3)

In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, the opponent's claim for court costs against the bankruptcy creditor or holder of a claim on the estate is a claim on the estate.

前項の場合においては、相手方の破産債権者又は財団債権者に対する訴訟費用請求権は、財団債権とする。

Article 45, paragraph (4)

If the bankruptcy proceedings are closed after the action was taken over under the provisions of paragraph (2), the bankruptcy proceedings which were subject to a continuance under the provisions of paragraph (1), the action is subject to a continuance.

第一項の規定により中断した訴訟手続について第二項の規定による受継があった後に破産手続が終了したときは、当該訴訟手続は、中断する。

Article 45, paragraph (5)

In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, the bankruptcy creditor or holder of claim on the estate must take over the action. In this case, a petition for taking over the action may also be filed by the opponent.

前項の場合には、破産債権者又は財団債権者において当該訴訟手続を受け継がなければならない。この場合においては、受継の申立ては、相手方もすることができる。

Article 45, paragraph (6)

If the bankruptcy proceedings which were subject to a continuance under the provisions of paragraph (1) are closed before the proceeding action has been taken over under the provisions of paragraph (2), the bankruptcy creditor or holder of claim on the estate automatically takes over the action.

第一項の規定により中断した訴訟手続について第二項の規定による受継があるまでに破産手続が終了したときは、破産債権者又は財団債権者は、当然訴訟手続を受継する。

Article 46第四十六条

Handling of Cases Pending Before Administrative Agencies(行政庁に係属する事件の取扱い)
Article 46, paragraph (1)

The provisions of Article 44 apply mutatis mutandis to cases relating to the bankruptcy estate that is pending before an administrative agency.

第四十四条の規定は、破産財団に関する事件で行政庁に係属するものについて準用する。

Subsection 2 Effect of Commencement of Bankruptcy Proceedings第二款 破産手続開始の効果

Article 47第四十七条

Effect of Juridical Acts After Commencement of Bankruptcy Proceedings(開始後の法律行為の効力)
Article 47, paragraph (1)

A juridical act conducted by the bankrupt after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings with respect to property that belongs to the bankruptcy estate may not be asserted effective in relation to the bankruptcy proceedings.

破産者が破産手続開始後に破産財団に属する財産に関してした法律行為は、破産手続の関係においては、その効力を主張することができない。

Article 47, paragraph (2)

A juridical act conducted by the bankrupt on the date of commencement of bankruptcy proceedings is presumed to be conducted after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings.

破産者が破産手続開始の日にした法律行為は、破産手続開始後にしたものと推定する。

Article 48第四十八条

Effect of Acquisition of Rights After Commencement of Bankruptcy Proceedings(開始後の権利取得の効力)
Article 48, paragraph (1)

If a right is acquired after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings with respect to property that belongs to the bankruptcy estate but it is not by way of the bankrupt's juridical act, the acquisition of the right may not be asserted effective in relation to the bankruptcy proceedings.

破産手続開始後に破産財団に属する財産に関して破産者の法律行為によらないで権利を取得しても、その権利の取得は、破産手続の関係においては、その効力を主張することができない。

Article 48, paragraph (2)

The provisions of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis to the acquisition of the right under the preceding paragraph that occurs on the date of commencement of bankruptcy proceedings.

前条第二項の規定は、破産手続開始の日における前項の権利の取得について準用する。

Article 49第四十九条

Effect of Registrations After Commencement of Bankruptcy Proceedings(開始後の登記及び登録の効力)
Article 49, paragraph (1)

A registration or a provisional registration under the provisions of Article 105, item (i) of the Real Property Registration Act (Act No. 123 of 2004), which is made with respect to real property or a vessel after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings based on the cause of registration that occurred prior to the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, may not be asserted to be effective in relation to the bankruptcy proceedings; provided, however, that this does not apply to a registration or provisional registration made by a person entitled to demand registration, without the knowing the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings.

不動産又は船舶に関し破産手続開始前に生じた登記原因に基づき破産手続開始後にされた登記又は不動産登記法(平成十六年法律第百二十三号)第百五条第一号の規定による仮登記は、破産手続の関係においては、その効力を主張することができない。ただし、登記権利者が破産手続開始の事実を知らないでした登記又は仮登記については、この限りでない。

Article 49, paragraph (2)

The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis to a registration or provisional registration made with respect to the establishment, transfer, or modification of a right, or registration made with respect to the establishment, transfer, or modification of an enterprise mortgage.

前項の規定は、権利の設定、移転若しくは変更に関する登録若しくは仮登録又は企業担保権の設定、移転若しくは変更に関する登記について準用する。

Article 50第五十条

Effect of Payment to the Bankrupt After Commencement of Bankruptcy Proceedings(開始後の破産者に対する弁済の効力)
Article 50, paragraph (1)

Payment made to the bankrupt after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings without knowing the commencement may also be asserted effective in relation to the bankruptcy proceedings.

破産手続開始後に、その事実を知らないで破産者にした弁済は、破産手続の関係においても、その効力を主張することができる。

Article 50, paragraph (2)

Payment made to the bankrupt after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings with the knowledge of the commencement may be asserted effective in relation to the bankruptcy proceedings only to the extent that the bankruptcy estate has been enriched.

破産手続開始後に、その事実を知って破産者にした弁済は、破産財団が受けた利益の限度においてのみ、破産手続の関係において、その効力を主張することができる。

Article 51第五十一条

Presumption of Existence or Absence of Knowledge(善意又は悪意の推定)
Article 51, paragraph (1)

For the application of the provisions of the preceding two Articles, the absence of knowledge of the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings is presumed prior to a public notice made under the provisions of Article 32, paragraph (1), and the existence of knowledge of the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings is presumed after the public notice is made.

前二条の規定の適用については、第三十二条第一項の規定による公告の前においてはその事実を知らなかったものと推定し、当該公告の後においてはその事実を知っていたものと推定する。

Article 52第五十二条

Co-Ownership(共有関係)
Article 52, paragraph (1)

If two or more persons jointly hold property rights and any one of them has received an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings, a claim for dividing the property in co-ownership may be made even if there is an agreement between the co-owners to the effect that division has not been agreed upon.

数人が共同して財産権を有する場合において、共有者の中に破産手続開始の決定を受けた者があるときは、その共有に係る財産の分割の請求は、共有者の間で分割をしない旨の定めがあるときでも、することができる。

Article 52, paragraph (2)

In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, other co-owners may acquire the bankrupt's co-owned interest in the property by paying a reasonable amount of compensation.

前項の場合には、他の共有者は、相当の償金を支払って破産者の持分を取得することができる。

Article 53第五十三条

Executory Contracts(双務契約)
Article 53, paragraph (1)

If both the bankrupt and the other party under an executory contract have not yet completely performed their obligations by the time of the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, a bankruptcy trustee may cancel the contract or may perform the bankrupt's obligation and request the other party to perform their obligation.

双務契約について破産者及びその相手方が破産手続開始の時において共にまだその履行を完了していないときは、破産管財人は、契約の解除をし、又は破産者の債務を履行して相手方の債務の履行を請求することができる。

Article 53, paragraph (2)

In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, the counterparty may specify a reasonable period and make a demand on the bankruptcy trustee that the trustee should give a definite answer within that period with regard to whether they will cancel the contract or request performance of the obligation. In this case, if the bankruptcy trustee fails to give a definite answer within that period, it is deemed that the trustee has cancelled the contract.

前項の場合には、相手方は、破産管財人に対し、相当の期間を定め、その期間内に契約の解除をするか、又は債務の履行を請求するかを確答すべき旨を催告することができる。この場合において、破産管財人がその期間内に確答をしないときは、契約の解除をしたものとみなす。

Article 53, paragraph (3)

The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis if the counterparty or a bankruptcy trustee may give a notice of termination pursuant to the provisions of the first sentence of Article 631 of the Civil Code or cancel the contract pursuant to the first sentence of Article 642, paragraph (1) of that Code.

前項の規定は、相手方又は破産管財人が民法第六百三十一条前段の規定により解約の申入れをすることができる場合又は同法第六百四十二条第一項前段の規定により契約の解除をすることができる場合について準用する。

Article 54第五十四条

Article 54, paragraph (1)

If a contract is cancelled pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) or (2) of the preceding Article, the counterparty may exercise their right to claim of compensation for damages as a bankruptcy creditor.

前条第一項又は第二項の規定により契約の解除があった場合には、相手方は、損害の賠償について破産債権者としてその権利を行使することができる。

Article 54, paragraph (2)

In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, if the counter-performance received by the bankrupt still exists in the bankruptcy estate, the counterparty may request its return, and if it does not exist in the bankruptcy estate, they may exercise their right over its value as a holder of a claim on the estate.

前項に規定する場合において、相手方は、破産者の受けた反対給付が破産財団中に現存するときは、その返還を請求することができ、現存しないときは、その価額について財団債権者としてその権利を行使することができる。

Article 55第五十五条

Executory Contracts for Continuous Performance(継続的給付を目的とする双務契約)
Article 55, paragraph (1)

After the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, the counterparty to a bilateral contract who has an obligation to provide continuous performance to the bankrupt may not refuse to perform the obligation on the grounds that no payment is made with regard to the bankruptcy claim arising from the performance provided prior to the filing of a petition to commence bankruptcy proceedings.

破産者に対して継続的給付の義務を負う双務契約の相手方は、破産手続開始の申立て前の給付に係る破産債権について弁済がないことを理由としては、破産手続開始後は、その義務の履行を拒むことができない。

Article 55, paragraph (2)

A claim arising from the performance that is provided by the counterparty to an executory contract prescribed in the preceding paragraph after the filing of a petition to commence bankruptcy proceedings, and prior to the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings (in the case of continuous performance for which the amount of claim should be calculated for each specific period of time, the claim arising from the performance provided within the period that includes the date of filing of the petition is included) is a claim on the estate.

前項の双務契約の相手方が破産手続開始の申立て後破産手続開始前にした給付に係る請求権(一定期間ごとに債権額を算定すべき継続的給付については、申立ての日の属する期間内の給付に係る請求権を含む。)は、財団債権とする。

Article 55, paragraph (3)

The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs do not apply to a labor contract.

前二項の規定は、労働契約には、適用しない。

Article 56第五十六条

Lease Contracts(賃貸借契約等)
Article 56, paragraph (1)

The provisions of Article 53, paragraphs (1) and (2) do not apply when the counterparty of the bankrupt under a contract for the establishment of a leasehold or any other right of use or extracting profit has a registration or meets any other requirement for duly asserting the right against any third party.

第五十三条第一項及び第二項の規定は、賃借権その他の使用及び収益を目的とする権利を設定する契約について破産者の相手方が当該権利につき登記、登録その他の第三者に対抗することができる要件を備えている場合には、適用しない。

Article 56, paragraph (2)

In the case prescribed in the preceding paragraph, a claim held by the counterparty is a claim on the estate.

前項に規定する場合には、相手方の有する請求権は、財団債権とする。

Article 57第五十七条

Contract of Mandate(委任契約)
Article 57, paragraph (1)

When bankruptcy proceedings are commenced against the mandator, if they have administered the mandated business without receiving a notice of commencement of bankruptcy proceedings under the provisions of Article 655 of the Civil Code and also without knowing the fact of the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, the mandatary may exercise their right to a claim arising from the above mentioned administration as a bankruptcy creditor.

委任者について破産手続が開始された場合において、受任者は、民法第六百五十五条の規定による破産手続開始の通知を受けず、かつ、破産手続開始の事実を知らないで委任事務を処理したときは、これによって生じた債権について、破産債権者としてその権利を行使することができる。

Article 58第五十八条

Contracts for Transaction of Goods with Market Quotation(市場の相場がある商品の取引に係る契約)
Article 58, paragraph (1)

With regard to a contract for a transaction of goods with a quotation on an exchange or any other market quotation the purpose of which cannot be achieved unless the transaction is performed on a specific date or within a specific period of time from the nature of the transaction, if the due date is to come after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, it is deemed that the contract has been cancelled.

取引所の相場その他の市場の相場がある商品の取引に係る契約であって、その取引の性質上特定の日時又は一定の期間内に履行をしなければ契約をした目的を達することができないものについて、その時期が破産手続開始後に到来すべきときは、当該契約は、解除されたものとみなす。

Article 58, paragraph (2)

In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, the amount of compensation for damages is determined by the difference between the quotation for the same kind of transaction to be performed at the same time at the place of performance or any other reference place for quotation, and the price of the goods under the contract.

前項の場合において、損害賠償の額は、履行地又はその地の相場の標準となるべき地における同種の取引であって同一の時期に履行すべきものの相場と当該契約における商品の価格との差額によって定める。

Article 58, paragraph (3)

The provisions of Article 54, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis to compensation for damages under the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

第五十四条第一項の規定は、前項の規定による損害の賠償について準用する。

Article 58, paragraph (4)

If there are any special provisions in the exchange or market in question with regard to the particulars specified in paragraph (1) or paragraph (2), those provisions prevail.

第一項又は第二項に定める事項について当該取引所又は市場における別段の定めがあるときは、その定めに従う。

Article 58, paragraph (5)

If, under a basic contract concluded for performing transactions stated in paragraph (1) continuously by the parties to the transactions, there is an agreement to the effect that claims and liabilities of compensation for damages prescribed in paragraph (2) arising from all contracts for transactions prescribed in paragraph (1) enforced under the basic contract is settled on a net basis, such an agreement prevails with regard to the calculation of the claimable amount of damages.

第一項の取引を継続して行うためにその当事者間で締結された基本契約において、その基本契約に基づいて行われるすべての同項の取引に係る契約につき生ずる第二項に規定する損害賠償の債権又は債務を差引計算して決済する旨の定めをしたときは、請求することができる損害賠償の額の算定については、その定めに従う。

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