Article 422-2Right to Demand Substitute
第四百二十二条の二(代償請求権)
If the obligor acquires a right or profit as a substitute for the subject matter of the obligation due to the same cause as the one that has rendered the performance of the obligation impossible, the obligee may demand the transfer of the right or reimbursement of the profit from the obligor, to the extent of the amount of damage sustained by them.
債務者が、その債務の履行が不能となったのと同一の原因により債務の目的物の代償である権利又は利益を取得したときは、債権者は、その受けた損害の額の限度において、債務者に対し、その権利の移転又はその利益の償還を請求することができる。
Subsection 2 Obligee's Right of Subrogation
第二款 債権者代位権
Article 423Requirements for Obligee's Right of Subrogation
第四百二十三条(債権者代位権の要件)
An obligee may exercise the right of the obligor (referred to as the "subrogor's right" below) when it is necessary to do so in order to preserve the obligee's own claim; provided, however, that this does not apply to rights which belong exclusively to and are personal to the obligor or rights which are immune from seizure.
債権者は、自己の債権を保全するため必要があるときは、債務者に属する権利(以下「被代位権利」という。)を行使することができる。ただし、債務者の一身に専属する権利及び差押えを禁じられた権利は、この限りでない。
The obligee may not exercise the subrogor's right unless and until the obligee's claim becomes due; provided, however, that this does not apply to an act of preservation.
債権者は、その債権の期限が到来しない間は、被代位権利を行使することができない。ただし、保存行為は、この限りでない。
The obligee may not exercise the subrogor's right if the obligee's claim is not enforceable by judicial enforcement.
債権者は、その債権が強制執行により実現することのできないものであるときは、被代位権利を行使することができない。
Article 423-2Scope of Exercise by Subrogation
第四百二十三条の二(代位行使の範囲)
If the obligee exercises the subrogor's right, and the subject of the subrogor's right is divisible, the obligee may exercise the subrogor's right only to the extent of the amount of the obligee's own claim.
債権者は、被代位権利を行使する場合において、被代位権利の目的が可分であるときは、自己の債権の額の限度においてのみ、被代位権利を行使することができる。
Article 423-3Payment or Delivery to Obligee
第四百二十三条の三(債権者への支払又は引渡し)
If the obligee exercises the subrogor's right, and the subject of the subrogor's right is the payment of money or delivery of movables, the obligee may demand that the other party make the payment or delivery to the obligee. In such a case, if the other party makes the payment or delivery to the obligee, the subrogor's right is extinguished thereby.
債権者は、被代位権利を行使する場合において、被代位権利が金銭の支払又は動産の引渡しを目的とするものであるときは、相手方に対し、その支払又は引渡しを自己に対してすることを求めることができる。この場合において、相手方が債権者に対してその支払又は引渡しをしたときは、被代位権利は、これによって消滅する。
Article 423-4Defense of the Other Party
第四百二十三条の四(相手方の抗弁)
If the obligee exercises the subrogor's right, the other party may duly assert against the obligee any defense that may be asserted against the obligor.
債権者が被代位権利を行使したときは、相手方は、債務者に対して主張することができる抗弁をもって、債権者に対抗することができる。
Article 423-5Obligor's Authority to Collect and Dispose
第四百二十三条の五(債務者の取立てその他の処分の権限等)
Even if the obligee exercises the subrogor's right, the obligor is not precluded from independently collecting or otherwise disposing of the subrogor's right. In such a case, the other party is not precluded from performing the obligation to the obligor with respect to the subrogor's right.
債権者が被代位権利を行使した場合であっても、債務者は、被代位権利について、自ら取立てその他の処分をすることを妨げられない。この場合においては、相手方も、被代位権利について、債務者に対して履行をすることを妨げられない。
第四百二十三条の六(被代位権利の行使に係る訴えを提起した場合の訴訟告知)
If the obligee files an action concerning the exercise of the subrogor's right, the obligee must give a notice of suit to the obligor without delay.
債権者は、被代位権利の行使に係る訴えを提起したときは、遅滞なく、債務者に対し、訴訟告知をしなければならない。
Article 423-7Obligee's Right of Subrogation to Preserve the Right to Request Registration
第四百二十三条の七(登記又は登録の請求権を保全するための債権者代位権)
A person that has acquired by assignment from another person a property for which the acquisition or loss of rights and the change to rights cannot be duly asserted against a third party unless registered may exercise the assignor's right to request a third party to complete the registration procedure if the assignor does not exercise that right. In such a case, the provisions of the preceding three Articles apply mutatis mutandis.
登記又は登録をしなければ権利の得喪及び変更を第三者に対抗することができない財産を譲り受けた者は、その譲渡人が第三者に対して有する登記手続又は登録手続をすべきことを請求する権利を行使しないときは、その権利を行使することができる。この場合においては、前三条の規定を準用する。
Subsection 3 Right to Demand Revocation of Fraudulent Act
第三款 詐害行為取消権
Division 1 Requirements for Right to Demand Revocation of Fraudulent Act
第一目 詐害行為取消権の要件
Article 424Demand for Revocation of Fraudulent Act
第四百二十四条(詐害行為取消請求)
An obligee may demand the court to revoke an act which the obligor commits knowing that it will prejudice the obligee; provided, however, that this does not apply if a person that benefits from that act (referred to as the "beneficiary" in this Subsection below) does not know, at the time of the act, that the obligee will be prejudiced.
債権者は、債務者が債権者を害することを知ってした行為の取消しを裁判所に請求することができる。ただし、その行為によって利益を受けた者(以下この款において「受益者」という。)がその行為の時において債権者を害することを知らなかったときは、この限りでない。
The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply to an act with a subject other than property rights.
前項の規定は、財産権を目的としない行為については、適用しない。
The obligee may make the demand under the provisions of paragraph (1) (referred to as "demand for revocation of fraudulent act" below) only if the obligee's claim has arisen from a cause that existed before the act prescribed in paragraph (1).
The obligee may not make demand for revocation of fraudulent act if the obligee's claim is not enforceable by judicial enforcement.
債権者は、その債権が強制執行により実現することのできないものであるときは、詐害行為取消請求をすることができない。
Article 424-2Special Provisions for Act of Disposing of Property in Exchange for Reasonable Value
第四百二十四条の二(相当の対価を得てした財産の処分行為の特則)
If the obligor commits an act of disposing of a property held thereby, and, in exchange, acquires a reasonable value from the beneficiary, the obligee may make demand for revocation of fraudulent act with respect to that act only if the act satisfies all of the following requirements:
the act is to lead to the risk that the obligor would conceal, gratuitously convey, or otherwise dispose of the property in a manner prejudicial to obligees (referred to as "concealment or other disposition" in this Article below) by realizing immovables or otherwise changing the kind of the property through that disposition;
その行為が、不動産の金銭への換価その他の当該処分による財産の種類の変更により、債務者において隠匿、無償の供与その他の債権者を害することとなる処分(以下この条において「隠匿等の処分」という。)をするおそれを現に生じさせるものであること。
the obligor, at the time of the act, has the intention to engage in concealment or other disposition of any property such as money that the obligor acquires as in exchange for the act; and
債務者が、その行為の当時、対価として取得した金銭その他の財産について、隠匿等の処分をする意思を有していたこと。
the beneficiary, at the time of the act, knows that the obligor has the intention to engage in concealment or other disposition.
Article 424-3Special Provisions for Provision of Security to Specific Obligee
第四百二十四条の三(特定の債権者に対する担保の供与等の特則)
The obligee may make demand for revocation of fraudulent act with respect to an act concerning the provision of a security or extinguishment of an obligation that is committed by the obligor with regard to an existing obligation, only if the act satisfies all of the following requirements:
債務者がした既存の債務についての担保の供与又は債務の消滅に関する行為について、債権者は、次に掲げる要件のいずれにも該当する場合に限り、詐害行為取消請求をすることができる。
the act is committed while the obligor is unable to pay debts (meaning the condition in which the obligor, due to lack of ability to pay, is generally and continuously unable to pay debts as they become due; the same applies in item (i) of the following paragraph); and
その行為が、債務者が支払不能(債務者が、支払能力を欠くために、その債務のうち弁済期にあるものにつき、一般的かつ継続的に弁済することができない状態をいう。次項第一号において同じ。)の時に行われたものであること。
the act is committed by the obligor in collusion with the beneficiary with the intention to prejudice other obligees.
その行為が、債務者と受益者とが通謀して他の債権者を害する意図をもって行われたものであること。
If the act prescribed in the preceding paragraph is not within the scope of the obligor's obligation or the time of the act is not such that is required as the obligor's obligation, and it satisfies all of the following requirements, the obligee may make demand for revocation of fraudulent act with respect to that act, notwithstanding the provisions of that paragraph:
the act is committed within 30 days before the obligor became unable to pay debts; and
その行為が、債務者が支払不能になる前三十日以内に行われたものであること。
the act is committed by the obligor in collusion with the beneficiary with the intention to prejudice other obligees.
その行為が、債務者と受益者とが通謀して他の債権者を害する意図をもって行われたものであること。
Article 424-4Special Provisions for Substitute Performance for Excessive Consideration
第四百二十四条の四(過大な代物弁済等の特則)
With respect to an act concerning the extinguishment of an obligation which has been committed by the obligor, if the value of the payment or delivery received by the beneficiary exceeds the amount of the obligation extinguished by that act, and the act satisfies the requirement prescribed in Article 424, the obligee may make demand for revocation of fraudulent act with regard to the part other than the part corresponding to the amount of the obligation extinguished, notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article.
Article 424-5Demand for Revocation of Fraudulent Act against Subsequent Acquirer
第四百二十四条の五(転得者に対する詐害行為取消請求)
If the obligee is entitled to make demand revocation for fraudulent act against the beneficiary, and a person subsequently acquires the property which has been transferred to the beneficiary, the obligee may also make demand for revocation of fraudulent act against the subsequent acquirer only in the situations specified in the following items according to the categories stated in the respective items:
if the subsequent acquirer acquires the property from the beneficiary:the subsequent acquirer, at the time of the acquisition, knows that the obligor's act will be prejudicial to the obligee; or
その転得者が受益者から転得した者である場合 その転得者が、転得の当時、債務者がした行為が債権者を害することを知っていたとき。
if the subsequent acquirer acquires the property from another subsequent acquirer:the relevant subsequent acquirer and all the subsequent acquirers that previously acquired the property, at the time of their respective acquisitions, know that the obligor's act will be prejudicial to the obligee.
その転得者が他の転得者から転得した者である場合 その転得者及びその前に転得した全ての転得者が、それぞれの転得の当時、債務者がした行為が債権者を害することを知っていたとき。
Division 2 Method of Exercising Right to Demand Revocation of Fraudulent Act
第二目 詐害行為取消権の行使の方法等
Article 424-6Demand of Return of Property or Reimbursement of Value
第四百二十四条の六(財産の返還又は価額の償還の請求)
In making demand for revocation of fraudulent act against the beneficiary, the obligee may demand the revocation of the act committed by the obligor and also demand the return of the property which has been transferred to the beneficiary as a result of that act. If it is difficult for the beneficiary to return the property, the obligee may demand the reimbursement of its value.
In making demand for revocation of fraudulent act against the subsequent acquirer, the obligee may demand the revocation of the act committed by the obligor and also demand the return of the property which has been acquired by the subsequent acquirer. If it is difficult for the subsequent acquirer to return the property, the obligee may demand the reimbursement of its value.
債権者は、転得者に対する詐害行為取消請求において、債務者がした行為の取消しとともに、転得者が転得した財産の返還を請求することができる。転得者がその財産の返還をすることが困難であるときは、債権者は、その価額の償還を請求することができる。
Article 424-7Defendant and Notice of Suit
第四百二十四条の七(被告及び訴訟告知)
In an action concerning demand for revocation of fraudulent act, the person specified in each of the following items according to the categories stated in the respective items stands as a defendant:
詐害行為取消請求に係る訴えについては、次の各号に掲げる区分に応じ、それぞれ当該各号に定める者を被告とする。
an action concerning demand for revocation of fraudulent act against the beneficiary:the beneficiary; or
an action concerning demand for revocation of fraudulent act against the subsequent acquirer:the subsequent acquirer that is the other party to the demand for revocation of fraudulent act.
転得者に対する詐害行為取消請求に係る訴え その詐害行為取消請求の相手方である転得者
If the obligee files an action concerning demand for revocation of fraudulent act, the obligee must give notice of suit to the obligor without delay.
債権者は、詐害行為取消請求に係る訴えを提起したときは、遅滞なく、債務者に対し、訴訟告知をしなければならない。
Article 424-8Scope of Fraudulent Act to Be Revoked
第四百二十四条の八(詐害行為の取消しの範囲)
If the obligee makes demand for revocation of fraudulent act, and the subject of the act committed by the obligor is divisible, the obligee may demand revocation of the act only to the extent of the amount of the obligee's own claim.
債権者は、詐害行為取消請求をする場合において、債務者がした行為の目的が可分であるときは、自己の債権の額の限度においてのみ、その行為の取消しを請求することができる。
The preceding paragraph also applies if the obligee demands the reimbursement of value pursuant to the provisions of the second sentence of Article 424-6, paragraph (1) or the second sentence of paragraph (2) of that Article.
債権者が第四百二十四条の六第一項後段又は第二項後段の規定により価額の償還を請求する場合についても、前項と同様とする。
Article 424-9Payment or Delivery to Obligee
第四百二十四条の九(債権者への支払又は引渡し)
If the obligee demands the return of property from the beneficiary or subsequent acquirer pursuant to the provisions of the first sentence of Article 424-6, paragraph (1) or the first sentence of paragraph (2) of that Article, and the subject of the demand for return is the payment of money or delivery of movables, the obligee may demand that the beneficiary make the payment or delivery to the obligee or that the subsequent acquirer make the delivery to the obligee. In such a case, if the beneficiary or subsequent acquirer makes the payment or delivery to the obligee, they are not required to make the payment or delivery to the obligor.
債権者は、第四百二十四条の六第一項前段又は第二項前段の規定により受益者又は転得者に対して財産の返還を請求する場合において、その返還の請求が金銭の支払又は動産の引渡しを求めるものであるときは、受益者に対してその支払又は引渡しを、転得者に対してその引渡しを、自己に対してすることを求めることができる。この場合において、受益者又は転得者は、債権者に対してその支払又は引渡しをしたときは、債務者に対してその支払又は引渡しをすることを要しない。
The preceding paragraph also applies if the obligee demands the reimbursement of value from the beneficiary or subsequent acquirer pursuant to the provisions of the second sentence of Article 424-6, paragraph (1) or the second sentence of paragraph (2) of that Article.
債権者が第四百二十四条の六第一項後段又は第二項後段の規定により受益者又は転得者に対して価額の償還を請求する場合についても、前項と同様とする。
Division 3 Effect of Exercise of Right to Demand Revocation of Fraudulent Act
第三目 詐害行為取消権の行使の効果
Article 425Scope of Persons Affected by Upholding Judgment
第四百二十五条(認容判決の効力が及ぶ者の範囲)
A final and binding judgment upholding demand for revocation of fraudulent act is effective against the obligor and all obligees.
詐害行為取消請求を認容する確定判決は、債務者及びその全ての債権者に対してもその効力を有する。
Article 425-2Beneficiary's Right for Counter-Performance Received by Obligor
第四百二十五条の二(債務者の受けた反対給付に関する受益者の権利)
If an act concerning the disposition of property conducted by the obligor (excluding an act concerning the extinguishment of an obligation) is revoked, the beneficiary may demand that the obligor return the counter-performance that the beneficiary completed in order to acquire the property. If it is difficult for the obligor to return the counter-performance, the beneficiary may demand the reimbursement of its value.
債務者がした財産の処分に関する行為(債務の消滅に関する行為を除く。)が取り消されたときは、受益者は、債務者に対し、その財産を取得するためにした反対給付の返還を請求することができる。債務者がその反対給付の返還をすることが困難であるときは、受益者は、その価額の償還を請求することができる。
Article 425-3Restoration of Beneficiary's Claim
第四百二十五条の三(受益者の債権の回復)
If an act concerning the extinguishment of an obligation conducted by the obligor is revoked (excluding the case of revocation pursuant to the provisions of Article 424-4), and the beneficiary returns the payment or delivery received from the obligor or reimburse its value, this restores the beneficiary's claim against the obligor to its original state.
Article 425-4Right of Subsequent Acquirer Subject to Demand for Revocation of Fraudulent Act
第四百二十五条の四(詐害行為取消請求を受けた転得者の権利)
If an act done by the obligor is revoked by the demand for revocation of fraudulent act made against the subsequent acquirer, the subsequent acquirer may exercise the right specified in each of the following items according to the categories stated in the respective items; provided, however, that this is limited to the value of the counter-performance which was completed by the subsequent acquirer in order to acquire the property from the predecessor or the value of the claim which was extinguished as a result of the acquisition of the property by the subsequent acquirer from the predecessor:
債務者がした行為が転得者に対する詐害行為取消請求によって取り消されたときは、その転得者は、次の各号に掲げる区分に応じ、それぞれ当該各号に定める権利を行使することができる。ただし、その転得者がその前者から財産を取得するためにした反対給付又はその前者から財産を取得することによって消滅した債権の価額を限度とする。
if the act prescribed in Article 425-2 is revoked:the beneficiary's right to demand return of the counter-performance or right to demand reimbursement of its value from the obligor, which should have arisen pursuant to the provisions of that Article if the act were revoked by the demand for revocation of fraudulent act against the beneficiary; or
if the act prescribed in the preceding Article is revoked (excluding the case of revocation pursuant to the provisions of Article 424-4):the beneficiary's claim against the obligor, which should have been restored pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article if the act were revoked by demand for revocation of fraudulent act against the beneficiary.