The author of a work has the exclusive right to reproduce the work.

The author of a work has the exclusive right to give a stage performance or musical performance of the work with the purpose of having it seen or heard directly by the public (hereinafter referred to as "publicly").

The author of a work has the exclusive right to publicly present a work via an on-screen presentation.

①The author of a work has the exclusive right to transmit to the public that work (this includes the right to make the work available for transmission, if the work is to be transmitted to the public via automatic public transmission).

②The author of a work that will be transmitted to the public has the exclusive right to publicly communicate that work through a receiver.

The author of a literary work has the exclusive right to recite that work publicly.

The author of an artistic work or of an unpublished photographic work has the exclusive right to publicly exhibit the original work.

①The author of a cinematographic work has the exclusive right to distribute copies of that cinematographic work.

②The author of a work that is reproduced in a cinematographic work has the exclusive right to distribute that work in copies of the cinematographic work.

①The author of a work (except a cinematographic work; the same applies hereinafter in this Article) has the exclusive right to make that work available to the public through the transfer of the original work or a copy of the work (if the work is one that has been reproduced in a cinematographic work, this excludes making that work available to the public through the transfer of a copy of the cinematographic work; the same applies hereinafter in this Article).

②The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply if a work is made available to the public through the transfer of an original or copy that falls under a category provided for in one of the following items:

The author of a work (except a cinematographic work) has the exclusive right to make that work available to the public by renting out copies of the work (if the work is one that has been reproduced in a cinematographic work, this excludes making that work available to the public by renting out copies of the cinematographic work).

The author of a work has the exclusive right to translate that work, compose a musical arrangement of it, reformulate it, dramatize it, make a cinematographic adaptation of it, or otherwise adapt the work.

The author of the original work underlying a derivative work holds exclusive rights in the same categories as the rights prescribed in this Subsection that the author of the derivative work holds in connection with the exploitation of that derivative work.

①If the author of a cinematographic work (excluding a cinematographic work to which the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (1), the following paragraph, or paragraph (3) of this Article apply) has promised the producer of the cinematographic work that the author will participate in its production, the copyright to that cinematographic work belongs to the producer of the cinematographic work.

②Among the rights in the copyright to a cinematographic work (excluding a cinematographic work to which the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (1) apply) that a broadcaster produces solely as a practical means of broadcasting or simultaneous broadcasting, the following rights belong to that broadcaster as the producer of the cinematographic work:

③Among the rights in the copyright to a cinematographic work (excluding a cinematographic work to which the provisions of Article 15, paragraph (1) apply) that a cablecaster produces solely as a practical means of cablecasting or simultaneous broadcasting, the following rights belong to the cablecaster as the producer of the cinematographic work:

①Except in the following cases, a user may reproduce a work that is subject to copyright (hereinafter in this Subsection referred to as a "work") if the reproduction is for personal or family use or for any other use of a similarly limited scope (hereinafter referred to as "private use"):

②The provisions of items (iii) and (iv) of the preceding paragraph must not be interpreted as including cases where a user undertakes the relevant action through gross negligence in not knowing the fact that the relevant action constitutes the specified infringing sound or visual recording or the specified infringing reproduction.

③A person who, for private use, records the sound or visuals of a work in a digital format, on a digital sound or visual recording medium that is provided for by Cabinet Order, by means of a machine with digital sound or visual recording functions (excluding a machine with special performance capabilities for use in the broadcasting business or other special performance capabilities that are generally not offered for private use, and also excluding a telephone with a sound recording function or any other machine with sound or visual recording functions incidental to its primary function) which is provided for by Cabinet Order must pay a reasonable amount of compensation to the copyright owner.

①In the process of taking photographs, recording sounds or visuals, broadcasting, or otherwise reproducing images or sounds of objects or communicating them without reproduction them (hereinafter in this paragraph, referred to as "act of reproducing or communicating"), any other work comprising objects or sounds that are captured incidentally along with the objects or sounds captured during the act of reproducing or communicating (hereinafter in this paragraph referred to as "objects or sounds captured for reproduction or communication") (those captured incidentally include the objects or sounds captured as constituting a part of the objects or sounds captured for reproduction or communication; hereinafter in this paragraph referred to as "incidentally captured objects or sounds") (but only another work that constitutes a minor part of the materials created or communicated by the act of reproducing or communicating (hereinafter in this Article referred to as "created or communicated materials"), in light of the percentage of the work in the created or communicated materials, the accuracy of its replication in the created or communicated materials, and other elements; hereinafter in this Article referred to as an "incidentally captured work") may be exploited, in any way, in connection with the act of reproducing or communicating, within the scope that is justified in light of the existence or nonexistence of the intention of making profit through the exploitation of the incidentally captured work, the degree of difficulty in separating the incidentally captured objects or sounds from the objects or sounds captured for reproduction or communication, the role to be played by the incidentally captured work in the created or communicated materials, and other elements; provided, however, that this does not apply if the action would unreasonably prejudice the interests of the copyright owner in light of the nature or purpose of the incidentally captured work or the circumstances of its exploitation.

②An incidentally captured work exploited pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph may be exploited, in any way, in connection with the exploitation of the created or communicated materials relevant to the incidentally captured work; provided, however, that this does not apply if the action would unreasonably prejudice the interests of the copyright owner in light of the nature or purpose of the incidentally captured work or the circumstances of its exploitation.

A person seeking to exploit a work with the authorization of its copyright owner or after obtaining a compulsory license under the provisions of Article 67, paragraph (1); Article 67-3, paragraph (1); Article 68, paragraph (1); or Article 69, paragraph (1) may exploit that work, in any way and to the extent considered necessary, if the purpose of doing so is part of the process by which the person is investigating the exploitation of that work through authorization or a compulsory license (inclusive of the process for obtaining the authorization or compulsory license); provided, however, that this does not apply if the action would unreasonably prejudice the interests of the copyright owner in light of the nature or purpose of the work or the circumstances of its exploitation.