Chapter VII Injunctions and Damages
第七章 差止請求及び損害賠償
第二十四条
A person whose interests are infringed upon or likely to be infringed upon by an act in violation of the provisions of Article 8, item (v) or Article 19 and who is thereby suffering or likely to suffer extreme damage is entitled to seek the suspension or prevention of the infringements from an enterprise or a trade association that infringes upon or is likely to infringe upon the interests.
第二十五条
An enterprise that has committed an act in violation of the provisions of Articles 3, 6, or 19 (for an enterprise that has committed acts in violation of the provisions of Article 6, limited to an enterprise that has effected unreasonable restraint of trade or employed unfair trade practices in the international agreement or contract concerned) and any trade association that has committed an act in violation of the provisions of Article 8 is liable for damages suffered by another party.
No enterprise or trade association may be exempted from the liability provided in the preceding paragraph by proving the non-existence of intention or negligence on its part.
第二十六条
The right to claim damages under the provisions of the preceding Article may not be asserted in court until the cease and desist order provided for in the provisions of Article 49 (if no such order has been issued, the payment order provided in Article 62, paragraph (1) (excluding those issued against an enterprise that constitutes a trade association that has committed an act in violation of the provisions of Article 8, item (i) or (ii))) has become final and binding.
The right set forth in the preceding paragraph expires by prescription after a lapse of three years from the date on which the cease and desist order or the payment order set forth in the paragraph became final and binding.
enterprise
「事業者」
Anyone who carries on a commercial, industrial, financial or other business; an officer, employee, agent or other person acting for the benefit of an enterprise is also treated as one for the purposes of Article 2, paragraph (2) and Chapter 3 (trade associations).
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (1)· applies throughout the law
trade association
「事業者団体」
A combination of two or more business operators (事業者), or a federation of such combinations, whose main purpose is to advance their common interests as business operators, including associations, foundations and partnerships of the kinds Article 2, paragraph (2) lists, but not one that has capital or contributions from its members and mainly carries on, and actually carries on, a business for profit.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (2)· applies throughout the law
unreasonable restraint of trade
「不当な取引制限」
An enterprise (事業者), by contract, agreement or any other means, acting together with other enterprises to fix, maintain or raise prices or to limit quantities, technology, products, facilities or business partners, so that they mutually restrict or carry on their business activities and, contrary to the public interest, substantially restrain competition in a particular field of trade.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (6)· applies throughout the law
unfair trade practices
「不公正な取引方法」
Any of the acts Article 2, paragraph (9) lists: refusing to deal together with competitors without justifiable grounds, unjust discriminatory pricing or selling far below cost that is likely to make other enterprises' business difficult, restricting a buyer's resale prices, abusing a superior bargaining position, and other acts likely to impede fair competition of the kinds listed in item (vi) that the Japan Fair Trade Commission designates.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (9)· applies throughout the law
constituent enterprise
「構成事業者」
A business operator (事業者) that is a member of a trade association (事業者団体).
Defined inArticle 8, paragraph (1), item (iv)
cease and desist order
「排除措置命令」
An order the Japan Fair Trade Commission makes under Article 7, paragraph (1) or (2) (including as applied by Article 8-2, paragraph (2) and Article 20, paragraph (2)), Article 8-2, paragraph (1) or (3), Article 17-2 or Article 20, paragraph (1), requiring the measures needed to end a violation.
Short name set inArticle 49, paragraph (1)
payment order
「納付命令」
An order the Japan Fair Trade Commission makes under Article 7-2, paragraph (1) (including as applied by Article 8-3), Article 7-9, paragraph (1) or (2) or Articles 20-2 to 20-6, requiring an enterprise to pay a surcharge (課徴金) to the national treasury; it is given in a written payment order stating the amount, its basis, the violation and the deadline.
Short name set inArticle 62, paragraph (1)
damages
損害賠償
Compensation for loss one person has caused another. A debtor who does not perform an obligation as it should be performed, or cannot perform it, must compensate the creditor for the loss that results, unless the failure comes from a cause the debtor is not responsible for, judged by the contract or other source of the obligation and by accepted views in dealings (Civil Code, Article 415, paragraph (1)); and a person who, intentionally or negligently, infringes another's rights or legally protected interests must compensate for the loss that results (Article 709). It is paid in money unless otherwise agreed (Articles 417 and 722, paragraph (1)), and the parties to a contract may agree in advance the amount due if it is not performed; a sum fixed for breach (違約金) is presumed to be such an agreement (Article 420, paragraphs (1) and (3)). The Consumer Contract Act makes void the part of such an amount in a consumer contract, for its cancellation, with any penalty added, above the average loss the business would suffer from the cancellation of consumer contracts of that kind, measured separately for each category the clause sets, such as the reason for and time of cancellation (Consumer Contract Act, Article 9, paragraph (1), item (i)).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 415, 417, 420, 709, 722 and Consumer Contract Act, Art. 9 as a reference.