If an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings is made, the right to administer and dispose of property that belongs to the bankruptcy estate is vested exclusively in a bankruptcy trustee appointed by the court.
Bankruptcy trustees must obtain permission of the court in order to conduct the following acts:
破産管財人が次に掲げる行為をするには、裁判所の許可を得なければならない。
sale by private contract of real estate, Japanese vessels or foreign vessels that must be registered;
不動産に関する物権、登記すべき日本船舶又は外国船舶の任意売却
sale by private contract of mining rights, fishing rights, rights to operate a public facility, etc., timber rights, rights to operate fishing port surface facilities, storage rights, prospecting rights (meaning prospecting rights prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (8) of the Act on Carbon Dioxide Storage Business (Act No. 38 of 2024)), patent rights, utility model rights, design rights, trademark rights, rights of layout-designs of integrated circuits, breeder's rights, copyrights or neighboring rights;
鉱業権、漁業権、公共施設等運営権、樹木採取権、漁港水面施設運営権、貯留権、試掘権（二酸化炭素の貯留事業に関する法律（令和六年法律第三十八号）第二条第八項に規定する試掘権をいう。）、特許権、実用新案権、意匠権、商標権、回路配置利用権、育成者権、著作権又は著作隣接権の任意売却
transfer of operations or business;
営業又は事業の譲渡
package sale of goods;
商品の一括売却
borrowing of money;
借財
approval of renunciation of inheritance under the provisions of Article 238, paragraph (2), approval of renunciation of a universal legacy under the provisions of Article 243 as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 238, paragraph (2) or renunciation of a particular legacy pursuant to the provisions of Article 244 paragraph (1);
第二百三十八条第二項の規定による相続の放棄の承認、第二百四十三条において準用する同項の規定による包括遺贈の放棄の承認又は第二百四十四条第一項の規定による特定遺贈の放棄
sale by private contract of movables;
動産の任意売却
transfer of a claim or securities;
債権又は有価証券の譲渡
request for performance under the provisions of Article 53, paragraph (1);
第五十三条第一項の規定による履行の請求
filing of an action;
訴えの提起
settlement or arbitration agreement (meaning an arbitration agreement prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Arbitration Act (Act No. 138 of 2003));
和解又は仲裁合意（仲裁法（平成十五年法律第百三十八号）第二条第一項に規定する仲裁合意をいう。）
waiver of a right;
権利の放棄
approval of a claim on the estate, right of segregation or right of separate satisfaction;
redemption of the collateral for the right of separate satisfaction; and
別除権の目的である財産の受戻し
any other act designated by the court.
その他裁判所の指定する行為
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, in the following cases, the acts listed in item (vii) to item (xiv) of that paragraph do not require permission stated in that paragraph:
前項の規定にかかわらず、同項第七号から第十四号までに掲げる行為については、次に掲げる場合には、同項の許可を要しない。
if the value of the subject matter of the act in question is not more than the amount specified by the Rules of the Supreme Court; or
最高裁判所規則で定める額以下の価額を有するものに関するとき。
beyond the case stated in the preceding item, if the court considers that the permission stated in the preceding paragraph is not required for the act in question.
When granting the permission stated in paragraph (2) for the transfer of an operation or business pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (2), item (iii), the court must hear opinions of the labor union, etc.
Any act conducted without the permission stated in paragraph (2) is void; provided, however, that this may not be asserted against a third party in good faith.
第二項の許可を得ないでした行為は、無効とする。ただし、これをもって善意の第三者に対抗することができない。
When seeking to conduct any of the acts stated in the items of paragraph (2), a bankruptcy trustee must hear the opinions of the bankrupt, except if the hearing is likely to cause a delay, or in any of the cases stated in the items of paragraph (3).
Read this with the articles around it
(Effect of Unconditional Acceptance of Inheritance or Renunciation of Inheritance by the Bankrupt)
A bankruptcy trustee may acknowledge the effect of renunciation of inheritance notwithstanding the provisions of the second sentence of the preceding paragraph.
破産管財人は、前項後段の規定にかかわらず、相続の放棄の効力を認めることができる。この場合においては、相続の放棄があったことを知った時から三月以内に、その旨を家庭裁判所に申述しなければならない。
Open this provision(Bankruptcy of Universal Legatees)
The provisions of the preceding Section apply mutatis mutandis if an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings is issued against a universal legatee.
前節の規定は、包括受遺者について破産手続開始の決定があった場合について準用する。
Open this provision(Acceptance or Renunciation of Particular Legacies)
If a particular legacy was given to a bankrupt before an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings is issued, when the bankrupt has not accepted or renounced the legacy at the time the order is issued…
破産手続開始の決定前に破産者のために特定遺贈があった場合において、破産者が当該決定の時においてその承認又は放棄をしていなかったときは、破産管財人は、破産者に代わって、その承認又は放棄をすることができる。
Open this provision(Executory Contracts)
If both the bankrupt and the other party under an executory contract have not yet completely performed their obligations by the time of the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings…
双務契約について破産者及びその相手方が破産手続開始の時において共にまだその履行を完了していないときは、破産管財人は、契約の解除をし、又は破産者の債務を履行して相手方の債務の履行を請求することができる。
Open this provision(Authority of Bankruptcy Trustees)
Bankruptcy trustees must obtain permission of the court in order to conduct the following acts:
破産管財人が次に掲げる行為をするには、裁判所の許可を得なければならない。
Open this provision(Authority of Bankruptcy Trustees)
filing of an action;
訴えの提起
Open this provision(Authority of Bankruptcy Trustees)
settlement or arbitration agreement (meaning an arbitration agreement prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Arbitration Act (Act No. 138 of 2003));
和解又は仲裁合意（仲裁法（平成十五年法律第百三十八号）第二条第一項に規定する仲裁合意をいう。）
Open this provision(Authority of Bankruptcy Trustees)
waiver of a right;
権利の放棄
Open this provision(Authority of Bankruptcy Trustees)
approval of a claim on the estate, right of segregation or right of separate satisfaction;
財団債権、取戻権又は別除権の承認
Open this provision(Authority of Bankruptcy Trustees)
redemption of the collateral for the right of separate satisfaction; and
別除権の目的である財産の受戻し
Open this provision(Authority of Bankruptcy Trustees)
transfer of operations or business;
営業又は事業の譲渡
Open this provision(Authority of Bankruptcy Trustees)
sale by private contract of movables;
動産の任意売却
Open this provision(Authority of Bankruptcy Trustees)
transfer of a claim or securities;
債権又は有価証券の譲渡
Open this provision(Authority of Bankruptcy Trustees)
request for performance under the provisions of Article 53, paragraph (1);
第五十三条第一項の規定による履行の請求
Open this provision(Authority of Bankruptcy Trustees)
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, in the following cases, the acts listed in item (vii) to item (xiv) of that paragraph do not require permission stated in that paragraph:
前項の規定にかかわらず、同項第七号から第十四号までに掲げる行為については、次に掲げる場合には、同項の許可を要しない。
Open this provision(Authority of Bankruptcy Trustees)
if the value of the subject matter of the act in question is not more than the amount specified by the Rules of the Supreme Court; or
最高裁判所規則で定める額以下の価額を有するものに関するとき。
Open this provisionbankrupt
「破産者」
A debtor against whom an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings has been made under Article 30, paragraph (1).
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (4)· applies throughout the law
claim on the estate
「財団債権」
A claim that can be paid out of the bankruptcy estate (破産財団) at any time, without going through the bankruptcy proceedings.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (7)· applies throughout the law
right of separate satisfaction
「別除権」
The right of a person who, when bankruptcy proceedings begin, holds a special statutory lien (特別の先取特権), pledge (質権) or mortgage (抵当権) over property of the bankruptcy estate (破産財団) to enforce it against that property outside the bankruptcy proceedings, as Article 65, paragraph (1) allows.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (9)· applies throughout the law
bankruptcy trustee
「破産管財人」
A person who has the right to administer and dispose of the property belonging to the bankruptcy estate (破産財団) in bankruptcy proceedings.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (12)· applies throughout the law
bankruptcy estate
「破産財団」
The bankrupt's (破産者) property, inherited property (相続財産) or trust property (信託財産) that the bankruptcy trustee (破産管財人) has the exclusive right to administer and dispose of in bankruptcy proceedings.
Defined inArticle 2, paragraph (14)· applies throughout the law
labor union, etc.machine translation
「労働組合等」
In Article 32, paragraph (3), item (iv), Article 78, paragraph (4) and Article 136, paragraph (3), a labor union organized by a majority of the bankrupt's (破産者) employees and other workers, or, where there is no such union, a person representing that majority.
Defined inArticle 32, paragraph (3), item (iv)· applies only in this provision and in Article 78, paragraph (4); and Article 136, paragraph (3)
right of segregation
「取戻権」
In Articles 62 and 64 and Article 78, paragraph (2), item (xiii), the right to take back from the bankruptcy estate (破産財団) property that does not belong to the bankrupt (破産者), which the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings does not affect.
Short name set inArticle 62, paragraph (1)· applies only in this provision and in Article 64; and Article 78, paragraph (2), item (xiii)
assert against
対抗
To be able to rely on a right, or on a fact about it, against someone who is not a party to it. Acquiring, losing or changing a right in rem (物権) in land or a building cannot be asserted against third parties until it is registered (登記) (Civil Code, Article 177), and a registered lease of land or a building can be asserted against a person who acquires a right in rem in it, such as a buyer, and against other third parties (Article 605). The Act on Land and Building Leases lets a tenant do without registering the lease itself: a right to use land for a building (借地権) can be asserted against third parties once the tenant owns a registered building on the land (Article 10, paragraph (1)), and a building lease takes effect against anyone who later acquires a right in rem in the building, such as a new owner, once the building has been handed over (Article 31). Some rules protect only a third party who did not know: a rescission for fraud cannot be asserted against a third party who did not know of the fraud and was not careless in not knowing (善意でかつ過失がない) (Civil Code, Article 96, paragraph (3)).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 96, 177, 605 and Act on Land and Building Leases, Arts. 10, 31 as a reference.
registration
登記
Entry in a public register kept by a registry office (登記所) — a Legal Affairs Bureau or one of its branch offices — so that the matter is made public (Real Property Registration Act, Articles 1 and 6, paragraph (1)). Rights in land and buildings, such as ownership, a superficies (地上権), a statutory lien (先取特権), a mortgage and a right of lease (賃借権), can be registered under that Act (Article 3), and matters the Commercial Code, the Companies Act and other Acts require to be registered are registered under the Commercial Registration Act (Article 1). Registration also lets a right be asserted against third parties: acquiring, losing or changing a right in rem (物権) in land or a building, such as ownership, cannot be asserted against third parties until it is registered (Civil Code, Article 177), and a matter the Companies Act requires to be registered cannot be asserted against a third party who does not know of it until it has been registered, nor, even after that, against one who had a justifiable reason for not knowing of the registration (Companies Act, Article 908, paragraph (1)).
Written by AI using Real Property Registration Act, Arts. 1, 3, 6, Commercial Registration Act, Art. 1, Civil Code, Art. 177 and Companies Act, Art. 908 as a reference.
void
無効
Having no legal effect from the start. A void act does not take effect even if the parties later confirm it; confirming it knowing it is void counts as making a new act (Civil Code, Article 119). An act against public order or good morals is void (Article 90). Some Acts that protect one side make void a term that takes that protection away: a term of a land lease that is worse for the tenant than the Act on Land and Building Leases' rules on how long the lease lasts and how it is renewed (Article 9), a clause of a consumer contract that frees a business from all liability for damage its failure to perform causes the consumer (Consumer Contract Act, Article 8, paragraph (1), item (i)), or the part of a labor contract that falls short of the Labor Standards Act's standards, which the Act's standard replaces (Labor Standards Act, Article 13).
Written by AI using Civil Code, Arts. 90, 119, Act on Land and Building Leases, Art. 9, Consumer Contract Act, Art. 8 and Labor Standards Act, Art. 13 as a reference.