Subsection 1 General Provisions
第一款 総則
第五百五十五条（売買）
A sale becomes effective when one of the parties promises to transfer certain property rights to the other party and the other party promises to pay the price for this.
売買は、当事者の一方がある財産権を相手方に移転することを約し、相手方がこれに対してその代金を支払うことを約することによって、その効力を生ずる。
An option contract for a purchase and sale made by one party becomes effective when the other party manifests the intention to complete the purchase and sale.
売買の一方の予約は、相手方が売買を完結する意思を表示した時から、売買の効力を生ずる。
If no period is provided in relation to the manifestation of intention referred to in the preceding paragraph, the party to the option contact may issue a notice of demand to the other party, specifying a reasonable period of time, to the effect that the other party is to give a definite answer as to whether or not that party will complete the sale within that period. In these cases, if the other party fails to give a definite answer within that period, the option contract for a purchase and sale by one party ceases to be effective.
前項の意思表示について期間を定めなかったときは、予約者は、相手方に対し、相当の期間を定めて、その期間内に売買を完結するかどうかを確答すべき旨の催告をすることができる。この場合において、相手方がその期間内に確答をしないときは、売買の一方の予約は、その効力を失う。
第五百五十七条（手付）
If the buyer pays earnest money to the seller, the buyer may cancel the contract by waiving the earnest money, or the seller may cancel the contract by actually providing the buyer with twice its amount; provided, however, that this does not apply after the counterparty commences performance of the contract.
買主が売主に手付を交付したときは、買主はその手付を放棄し、売主はその倍額を現実に提供して、契約の解除をすることができる。ただし、その相手方が契約の履行に着手した後は、この限りでない。
The provisions of Article 545, paragraph (4) do not apply to the cases referred to in the preceding paragraph.
第五百四十五条第四項の規定は、前項の場合には、適用しない。
Article 558Expenses of Contracts for Sale
第五百五十八条（売買契約に関する費用）
The expenses associated with contracts for sale are borne equally by both parties.
売買契約に関する費用は、当事者双方が等しい割合で負担する。
Article 559Mutatis Mutandis Application to Contracts for Value
第五百五十九条（有償契約への準用）
The provisions of this Section apply mutatis mutandis to contracts for value other than contracts for sale; provided, however, that this does not apply when it is not permitted by the nature of the contract for value.
この節の規定は、売買以外の有償契約について準用する。ただし、その有償契約の性質がこれを許さないときは、この限りでない。
Subsection 2 Effect of Sale
第二款 売買の効力
Article 560Seller's Obligation for Satisfaction of Requirements for Perfection of Transfer of Rights
第五百六十条（権利移転の対抗要件に係る売主の義務）
The seller bears an obligation to enable the buyer to satisfy the requirements for perfection of the transfer of the right that is the subject of the sale, such as completing registration.
売主は、買主に対し、登記、登録その他の売買の目的である権利の移転についての対抗要件を備えさせる義務を負う。
Article 561Seller's Obligation When Purchasing and Selling Rights of Others
第五百六十一条（他人の権利の売買における売主の義務）
If the subject of a sale is another person's right (including a part of a right that belongs to another person), the seller bears an obligation to acquire the right and transfer it to the buyer.
他人の権利（権利の一部が他人に属する場合におけるその権利の一部を含む。）を売買の目的としたときは、売主は、その権利を取得して買主に移転する義務を負う。
Article 562Buyer's Right to Demand Completion
第五百六十二条（買主の追完請求権）
If the subject matter delivered to the buyer does not conform to the contract terms with respect to the kind, quality or quantity, the buyer may demand that the seller complete the non-conformity of performance by repairing the subject matter, delivering the substitute or delivering the replenishment; provided, however, that the seller may complete the non-conformity of performance by a method that is different from the method demanded by the buyer if it does not impose any undue burden on the buyer.
引き渡された目的物が種類、品質又は数量に関して契約の内容に適合しないものであるときは、買主は、売主に対し、目的物の修補、代替物の引渡し又は不足分の引渡しによる履行の追完を請求することができる。ただし、売主は、買主に不相当な負担を課するものでないときは、買主が請求した方法と異なる方法による履行の追完をすることができる。
If the non-conformity referred to in the preceding paragraph is due to grounds attributable to the buyer, the buyer may not demand that the seller complete the non-conformity of performance under the provisions of that paragraph.
Article 563Buyer's Right to Demand Reduction of Price
第五百六十三条（買主の代金減額請求権）
In the case prescribed in the main clause of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, if the buyer demands that the seller complete the non-conformity of performance by specifying a reasonable period of time but the non-conformity of performance is not completed within that period, the buyer may request a reduction of the price in proportion to the degree of non-conformity.
前条第一項本文に規定する場合において、買主が相当の期間を定めて履行の追完の催告をし、その期間内に履行の追完がないときは、買主は、その不適合の程度に応じて代金の減額を請求することができる。
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, in the following cases, a buyer in good faith may request a reduction of the price immediately without making demand referred to in that paragraph:
if it is impossible to complete the non-conformity of performance;
履行の追完が不能であるとき。
if the seller unequivocally manifests the intention to refuse to complete the non-conformity of performance;
売主が履行の追完を拒絶する意思を明確に表示したとき。
if, due to the nature of the contract or a manifestation of intention by the parties, the purpose of the contract is unable to be achieved unless the performance is carried out at a specific time on a specific date or within a certain period of time, and the seller fails to complete the non-conformity of the performance at the time or before the period expires; or
契約の性質又は当事者の意思表示により、特定の日時又は一定の期間内に履行をしなければ契約をした目的を達することができない場合において、売主が履行の追完をしないでその時期を経過したとき。
beyond the cases stated in the preceding items, it is obvious that the seller is unlikely to complete the non-conformity of the performance even if the buyer makes the demand referred to in the preceding paragraph.
If the non-conformity referred to in paragraph (1) is due to grounds attributable to the buyer, the buyer may not request a reduction of the price under the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs.
Article 564Claim for Damages and Exercise of Right to Cancel by Buyer
第五百六十四条（買主の損害賠償請求及び解除権の行使）
The provisions of the preceding two Articles do not preclude the buyer from claiming damages pursuant to the provisions of Article 415 or exercising the right to cancel pursuant to the provisions of Articles 541 and 542.
Article 565Seller's Warranty in Case of Non-Conformity of Transferred Right to Contract Terms
第五百六十五条（移転した権利が契約の内容に適合しない場合における売主の担保責任）
The provisions of the preceding three Articles apply mutatis mutandis if the right transferred by the seller to the buyer does not conform to the contract terms (including the case in which the seller fails to transfer part of a right that belongs to another person).
前三条の規定は、売主が買主に移転した権利が契約の内容に適合しないものである場合（権利の一部が他人に属する場合においてその権利の一部を移転しないときを含む。）について準用する。
Article 566Limitation on Period of Warranty with Respect to Kind or Quality of Subject Matter
第五百六十六条（目的物の種類又は品質に関する担保責任の期間の制限）
If the subject matter delivered by the seller to the buyer does not conform to the contract terms with respect to the kind or quality, and the buyer fails to notify the seller of the non-conformity within one year from the time when the buyer becomes aware of it, the buyer may not demand completion of the non-conformity of performance, demand a reduction of the price, claim compensation for damage, or cancel the contract, on the grounds of the non-conformity; provided, however, that this does not apply if the seller knew or did not know due to gross negligence the non-conformity at the time of the delivery.
売主が種類又は品質に関して契約の内容に適合しない目的物を買主に引き渡した場合において、買主がその不適合を知った時から一年以内にその旨を売主に通知しないときは、買主は、その不適合を理由として、履行の追完の請求、代金の減額の請求、損害賠償の請求及び契約の解除をすることができない。ただし、売主が引渡しの時にその不適合を知り、又は重大な過失によって知らなかったときは、この限りでない。
Article 567Transfer of Risk for Loss of Subject Matter
第五百六十七条（目的物の滅失等についての危険の移転）
If the seller delivers the subject matter (limited to one that has been ascertained as the subject matter of the sale; the same applies in this Article below) to the buyer, and the subject matter is lost or damaged after the time of the delivery due to any grounds not attributable to either party, the buyer may not demand completion of the non-conformity of performance, demand a reduction of the price, claim compensation for damage, or cancel the contract, on the ground of the loss or damage. In such a case, the buyer may not refuse to pay the price.
売主が買主に目的物（売買の目的として特定したものに限る。以下この条において同じ。）を引き渡した場合において、その引渡しがあった時以後にその目的物が当事者双方の責めに帰することができない事由によって滅失し、又は損傷したときは、買主は、その滅失又は損傷を理由として、履行の追完の請求、代金の減額の請求、損害賠償の請求及び契約の解除をすることができない。この場合において、買主は、代金の支払を拒むことができない。
The preceding paragraph also applies if the seller tenders the performance of the obligation of delivery by delivering the subject matter that conforms to the contract terms, but the buyer refuses to accept or is unable to accept the performance, and the subject matter is lost or damaged after the time of the tender of the performance due to any grounds not attributable to either party.
売主が契約の内容に適合する目的物をもって、その引渡しの債務の履行を提供したにもかかわらず、買主がその履行を受けることを拒み、又は受けることができない場合において、その履行の提供があった時以後に当事者双方の責めに帰することができない事由によってその目的物が滅失し、又は損傷したときも、前項と同様とする。
Article 568Warranty in Cases of Auctions
第五百六十八条（競売における担保責任等）
The successful bidder at an auction based on the provisions of the Civil Execution Act and other laws (referred to as an "auction" in this Article below) may cancel the contract or demand a reduction of the price against the obligor pursuant to the provisions of Articles 541 and 542 and the provisions of Article 563 (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 565).
In the cases referred to in the preceding paragraph, if the obligor is insolvent, the successful bidder may demand total or partial reimbursement of the proceeds against the obligees that received the distribution of the proceeds.
前項の場合において、債務者が無資力であるときは、買受人は、代金の配当を受けた債権者に対し、その代金の全部又は一部の返還を請求することができる。
In the cases stated in the preceding two paragraphs, if obligors knew of the absence of the object or right and did not disclose the same, or if obligees knew of the absence but demanded an auction, the successful bidder may claim for damages from those persons.
The provisions of the preceding three paragraphs do not apply to the non-conformity with respect to the kind or quality of the subject matter of an auction.