Chapter IV Obligations of Businesses Handling Personal Information (Articles 16 to 21)
The law as Act Partially Amending the Act on the Protection of Personal Information, etc. (Act No. 56 of 2026) leaves it, with the words it changes marked.
The main text is read a page at a time: a chapter to a page, and a long chapter in runs of articles. The whole main text, and the supplementary provisions and appended tables this amendment changes. Those it leaves untouched are on the page for the text in force.
Chapter IV Obligations of Businesses Handling Personal Information第四章 個人情報取扱事業者等の義務等
"Personal information database or the equivalent" in this Chapter and Chapter VIII means a collective body of information comprised of personal information, as set forth in the following (excluding those prescribed by Cabinet Order as having little possibility of harming individual rights and interests in consideration of how the information is used):
those systematically organized so as to be searchable for particular personal information using a computer;
特定の個人情報を電子計算機を用いて検索することができるように体系的に構成したもの
Article 16, paragraph (1), item (ii)(定義)
beyond what is set forth in the preceding item, those prescribed by Cabinet Order as having been systematically organized so as to be easily searchable for particular personal information.
"Businessbusiness handling personal information" in this Chapter and Chapters, Chapter VI throughand Chapter VIII means a person that uses a personal information database or the equivalent for business; provided, however, that this excludes persons set forth as follows:
incorporated administrative agencies or other prescribed corporations;
独立行政法人等
Article 16, paragraph (2), item (iv)(定義)
local incorporated administrative agencies.
地方独立行政法人
Article 16, paragraph (3)(定義)
"Personal data" in this Chapter means personal information compiled in a personal information database or the equivalent.
この章において「個人データ」とは、個人情報データベース等を構成する個人情報をいう。
Article 16, paragraph (4)(定義)
"Personal data the business holds" in this Chapter means personal data which a business handling personal information has the authority to disclose; to correct, add or delete content from; to cease to use; to erase; or to cease to provide to a third party, other than what Cabinet Order provides for as data which is likely to harm the public interest or other interests if its existence or non-existence is made clear.
"Business handling pseudonymizedSpecified biometric personal information" in this Chapter and Chapters VI and VII meansmeans personal information that includes a person that uses a collective body of information consisting of pseudonymized personal information for business, which specified biometric individual identification code (meaning an individual identification code falling under Article 2, paragraph (2), item (i) that has been systematically organized to be searchable using a computer or is the equivalent as prescribed by Cabinet Order as systematically organized in order to be easily searchable for particular pseudonymized personal information (referred to as a "pseudonymized personal information database orconverted from information prescribed by Cabinet Order as information on a characteristic of a part of the body which can be acquired by a method that does not require special technology or a costly expenditure and whose acquisition the identifiable person cannot easily recognize; the equivalent" same applies in Article 4121-2, paragraph (1)); provided, however, that this excludes persons set forth in each item of, item (iv) and Article 35, paragraph (27)).
"Business handling anonymizedpseudonymized personal information" in this Chapter and ChaptersChapter VI and VII means a person that uses collective body of information consisting of anonymizedpseudonymized personal information for business, which has been systematically organized to be searchable using a computer or is the equivalent prescribed by Cabinet Order as systematically organized in order to be easily searchable for particular anonymizedpseudonymized personal information (referred to as an "anonymizeda "pseudonymized personal information database or the equivalent" in Article 4341, paragraph (1) and Article 42, paragraph (3)); provided, however, that this excludes persons set forth in each item of paragraph (2).
"Businessbusiness handling information related toanonymized personal information" in this Chapter and ChaptersChapter VI and VII means a person that uses a collective body of information consisting of information related toanonymized personal information for business, which has been systematically organized to be searchable using a computer or is the equivalent as prescribed by Cabinet Order as systematically organized in order to be easily searchable for particular information related toanonymized personal information (referred to as an "database or the equivalent ofanonymized personal information related to personal informationdatabase or the equivalent" in Article 3143, paragraph (1)); provided, however, that this excludes persons set forth in each item of paragraph (2).
"Academic research institution or the equivalentBusiness handling information related to personal information" in this Chapter and Chapter VI means a university or other organization or group associated with academic studies, person that uses collective body of information consisting of information related to personal information for business, which has been systematically organized to be searchable using a computer or a person belonging is the equivalent as prescribed by Cabinet Order as systematically organized in order to be easily searchable for particular information related to personal information (referred to as a "database or the equivalent of information related to itpersonal information" in Article 31, paragraph (1)); provided, however, that this excludes persons set forth in each item of paragraph (2).
"academic research institution or the equivalent" in this Chapter means a university or other organization or group associated with academic studies (including a hospital prescribed in Article 1-5, paragraph (1) of the Medical Care Act (Act No. 205 of 1948) (referred to as a "hospital" in Article 58, paragraph (2)) and other organizations or groups for the purpose of providing medical care), or a person belonging to it.
Section 2 Obligations of Businesses Handling Personal Information and Businesses handling Information Related to Personal Information第二節 個人情報取扱事業者及び個人関連情報取扱事業者の義務
Article 17第十七条
Specifying the Purpose of Use(利用目的の特定)
Article 17, paragraph (1)
In handling personal information, the business handling personal information must specify as much as possible the purpose for which it uses that information (hereinafter referred to as the "purpose of use").
When altering the purpose of use, businesses handling personal information must not alter it beyond the extent that can be appreciably linked to what it was before the alteration.
A business handling personal information must not handle personal information beyond the scope necessary for achieving the purpose of use specified pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article without obtaining the identifiable person's consent to do so in advance.
If, due to a merger or other such circumstances, a business handling personal information acquires personal information when succeeding to the business of another business handling personal information, it must not handle that personal information beyond the scope necessary for achieving the pre-succession purpose of use for that personal information without obtaining the identifiable person's consent to do so in advance.
The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs do not apply in the following cases:
前二項の規定は、次に掲げる場合については、適用しない。
Article 18, paragraph (3), item (i)(利用目的による制限)
cases based on laws and regulations (including local ordinances; hereinafter the same applies in this Chapter);
法令(条例を含む。以下この章において同じ。)に基づく場合
Article 18, paragraph (3), item (ii)(利用目的による制限)(Restriction Due to Purpose of use)Changed
cases in which there is a need to protect the life, wellbeing, or property of an individual, and it is difficult to obtain the consent of the identifiable person or there are otherwise reasonable grounds for not obtaining the consent of the identifiable person;
Article 18, paragraph (3), item (iii)(利用目的による制限)(Restriction Due to Purpose of use)Changed
cases in which there is a special need to improve public wellbeing or promote healthy child development, and it is difficult to obtain the consent of the identifiable person or there are otherwise reasonable grounds for not obtaining the consent of the identifiable person;
cases in which there is a need to cooperate with a national government organ, local government, or person entrusted thereby with performing the functions prescribed by laws and regulations, and obtaining the consent of the identifiable person is likely to interfere with the performance of those functions;
cases in which the business handling personal information is an academic research institution or the equivalent, and needs to handle the personal information for the purpose of using it in academic research (hereinafter referred to as "academic research purposes" in this Chapter) (including cases in which a part of the purpose of handling the personal information is for academic research purposes, and excluding cases in which there is a risk of unjustly infringing on individual rights and interests);
cases in which personal data is provided to an academic research institution or the equivalent, and they need to handle the personal data for academic research purposes (including cases in which a part of the purpose of handling the personal data is for academic research purposes, and excluding cases in which there is a risk of unjustly infringing on individual rights and interests).
Article 18, paragraph (3), item (vii)(利用目的による制限)(Restriction Due to Purpose of use)Added
cases prescribed by Order of the Personal Information Protection Commission as cases in which it is obvious that handling the personal information is unavoidably necessary for the performance of the contract with the identifiable person, or other cases in which it is obvious, in light of the circumstances of the acquisition of that personal information, that handling it is not contrary to the intention of the identifiable person and therefore does not harm the person's rights and interests.
A business handling personal information must not utilize personal information in a way that there is a possibility of fomenting or inducing unlawful or unjust act.
A business handling personal information must not acquire personal information by deception or other wrongful means.
個人情報取扱事業者は、偽りその他不正の手段により個人情報を取得してはならない。
Article 20, paragraph (2)(適正な取得)
A business handling personal information must not acquire sensitive personal information without obtaining the identifiable person's consent in advance, except cases set forth in the following:
cases in which there is a need to protect the life, wellbeing, or property of an individual, and it is difficult to obtain the consent of the identifiable person or there are otherwise reasonable grounds for not obtaining the consent of the identifiable person;
cases in which there is a special need to improve public wellbeing or promote healthy child development, and it is difficult to obtain the consent of the identifiable person or there are otherwise reasonable grounds for not obtaining the consent of the identifiable person;
cases in which there is a need to cooperate with a national government organ, local government, or person entrusted thereby with performing the functions prescribed by laws and regulations, and the consent of the identifiable person is likely to interfere with the performance of those functions;
cases in which the business handling personal information is an academic research institution or the equivalent, and needs to handle the sensitive personal information for academic research purposes (including cases in which a part of the purpose of handling the sensitive personal information is for academic research purposes, and excluding cases in which there is a risk of unjustly infringing on individual rights and interests);
cases of acquiring the sensitive personal information fromconducting academic research jointly with an academic research institution or the equivalent and it is necessary to acquire that the sensitive personal information from that academic research institution or the equivalent for academic research purposepurposes (including cases in which a part of the purpose of acquiring the sensitive personal information is for academic research purposes, excluding cases in which there is a risk of unjustly infringing on individual rights and interests) (limited to cases in which the business handling personal information and the academic research institution or the equivalent jointly conduct academic research);
cases prescribed by Order of the Personal Information Protection Commission as cases in which it is obvious that acquiring the sensitive personal information is open to unavoidably necessary for the public by a person identifiable by that information, a national government organ, a local government, an academic research institution or performance of the contract with the identifiable person, or other cases in which it is obvious, in light of the circumstances of the equivalent, a person set forth in each item of Article 57, paragraph (1), or other acquisition of the sensitive personal information, that acquiring it is not contrary to the intention of the identifiable person prescribed by Order of and therefore does not harm the Personal Information Protection Commissionperson's rights and interests;
other cases prescribed by Cabinet Order of receiving the provision pursuant to the main clause of Article 30-2, paragraph (5), or of acquiring, as equivalent sensitive personal information, information related to personal information provided pursuant to the cases set forth in each preceding item.main clause of Article 31-3, paragraph (1);
cases in which the sensitive personal information is open to the public by a person identifiable by that information, a national government organ, a local government, an academic research institution or the equivalent, a person set forth in each item of Article 57, paragraph (1), or other person prescribed by Order of the Personal Information Protection Commission;
other cases prescribed by Cabinet Order as equivalent to the cases set forth in each preceding item.
その他前各号に掲げる場合に準ずるものとして政令で定める場合
Article 21第二十一条
Notification of a Purpose of Use when Acquiring Personal Information(取得に際しての利用目的の通知等)
Article 21, paragraph (1)
Unless the purpose of use has already been disclosed to the public, a business handling personal information must promptly notify the identifiable person of that purpose of use or disclose this to the public once it has acquired personal information.
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, a business handling personal information must explicitly specify the purpose of use to the identifiable person, before acquiring their personal information which appears in a written agreement or other document (this includes an electronic or magnetic record; hereinafter the same applies in this paragraph) as a result of concluding an agreement with that person; or acquiring their personal information which appears in a document, directly from the person in question; provided, however, that this does not apply if there is an urgent necessity to dispense with this requirement in order to protect the life, wellbeing, or property of an individual.
If a business handling personal information alters the purpose of use, it must notify identifiable persons of the altered purpose of use or disclose this to the public.
The provisions of the preceding three paragraphs do not apply in the following cases:
前三項の規定は、次に掲げる場合については、適用しない。
Article 21, paragraph (4), item (i)
notifying the identifiable person of the purpose of use or disclosing this to the public is likely to harm the life, wellbeing, property, or other rights or interests of the identifiable person or a third party;
notifying the identifiable person of the purpose of use or disclosing this to the public is likely to harm the rights or legitimate interests of the business handling personal information;
it is necessary for the business to cooperate with a national government organ or a local government in performing the functions prescribed by laws and regulations, and notifying the identifiable person of the purpose of use or disclosing this to the public is likely to interfere with the performance of those functions;