①It is prohibited for any person to drive a motor vehicle or ride a general motorized bicycle without being licensed to drive by a public safety commission as under Article 84, paragraph (1) (this includes if the person's driver's license has been suspended pursuant to Article 90, paragraph (5), Article 103, paragraph (1) or (4), Article 103-2, paragraph (1), Article 104-2-3, paragraph (1) or (3), or Article 103, paragraph (4) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 104-2-3, paragraph (5)).

②It is prohibited for any person to provide a person who is likely to drive a motor vehicle or ride a general motorized bicycle in violation of the preceding paragraph with a motor vehicle or general motorized bicycle.

③It is prohibited for any person who knows that the driver of a motor vehicle (other than a motor vehicle used for passenger motor carrier services as prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (3) of the Road Transportation Act (hereinafter simply referred to as "passenger motor carrier services") while it is in service; and other than any other motor vehicles that Cabinet Order prescribes; the same applies hereinafter in this paragraph) or general motorized bicycle has not been licensed by a public safety commission as under Article 84, paragraph (1) (this includes if the driver's license has been suspended pursuant to Article 90, paragraph (5), Article 103, paragraph (1) or (4), Article 103-2, paragraph (1), Article 104-2-3, paragraph (1) or (3), or Article 103, paragraph (4) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 104-2-3, paragraph (5)) to demand or request that the driver transport that person by driving that motor vehicle or general motorized bicycle, and then get into or onto a motor vehicle or general motorized bicycle that the driver will drive in violation of paragraph (1) together with the driver.

①A person under 16 years of age must not drive a specified small motorized bicycle.

②It is prohibited for any person to provide a person who is likely to drive a specified small motorized bicycle in violation of the preceding paragraph with a specified small motorized bicycle.

①It is prohibited for any person to drive a vehicle or streetcar while under the influence of alcohol.

②It is prohibited for any person to provide a vehicle or streetcar to a person under the influence of alcohol who is likely to drive it in violation of the preceding paragraph.

③It is prohibited for any person to provide an alcoholic beverage to or encourage the consumption of alcohol by a person who is likely to drive a vehicle or streetcar in violation of paragraph (1).

④It is prohibited for any person to demand or request that a driver transport that person in a vehicle (other than a trolleybus or motor vehicle used for passenger motor carrier services that is in service at the time, or any other motor vehicle that Cabinet Order prescribes; the same applies hereinafter in this paragraph, Article 117-2-2, paragraph (1), item (vi) and Article 117-3-2, item (iii)) with the knowledge that the driver is under the influence of alcohol, and then get into a vehicle that the driver is driving in violation of paragraph (1) together with the driver.

It is prohibited for any person to drive a vehicle or streetcar while in a state in which overwork, illness, the influence of drugs, or any other circumstances is likely to make the person unable to drive safely, beyond as provided in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article. Inability to drive safely because the person is

①If a driver violates the preceding Article by driving a vehicle while in a state in which overwork is likely to make the driver unable to drive safely (hereinafter referred to as "driving while overworked" in this Article and Article 75-2, paragraph (1)) in connection with the services of the user of the vehicle (other than the selfsame driver of the vehicle; the same applies hereinafter in this Article), and the user of the vehicle that the driver has driven while overworked is found not to be undertaking the necessary operational management to prevent drivers from driving while overworked in that vehicle, the public safety commission with jurisdiction over the vehicle's base of operations may instruct the user of the vehicle to give its drivers directions or advice so that they will not drive while overworked, and may instruct the user to take other necessary measures to prevent drivers from driving while overworked.

②Article 22-2, paragraph (2) applies mutatis mutandis to instructions given pursuant to the preceding paragraph.

①On finding that the driver of a vehicle or streetcar is driving the vehicle or streetcar in violation of Article 64, paragraph (1), Article 65, paragraph (1), Article 66, Article 71-4, paragraphs (4) through (7) or Article 85, paragraphs (5) through (7) (other than item (ii)), a police officer may stop the vehicle or streetcar and demand that the driver present a driver's license as referred to in Article 92, paragraph (1) or an international driving permit or foreign driver's license as referred to in Article 107-2.

②Beyond as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, if the driver of a vehicle or streetcar, in driving a vehicle or streetcar, violates this Act (other than Article 64, paragraph (1), Article 65, paragraph (1), Article 66, Article 71-4, paragraphs (4) through (7) and Article 85, paragraphs (5) through (7) (other than item (ii))), an order under this Act, or a measure under this Act; or causes injury or death to a person or damage to object with a moving vehicle or streetcar (hereinafter this is referred to as causing a "traffic accident"), and a police officer finds it to be necessary to do so in order to determine whether it would be appropriate to allow the driver to continue driving the vehicle or streetcar, the police officer may demand that the driver present a driver's license as referred to in Article 92, paragraph (1) or an international driving permit or foreign driver's license as referred to in Article 107-2.

③If it is found to be likely that a person who is inside of or about to enter a vehicle or streetcar will drive the vehicle or streetcar in violation of Article 65, paragraph (1), a police officer may test that person's breath pursuant to Cabinet Order to determine the level of alcohol in the person's system, in connection with the measures under the following paragraph.

④In a case as referred to in one of the preceding three paragraphs, if the driver of the vehicle or streetcar is likely to drive the vehicle or streetcar in violation of Article 64, paragraph (1), Article 64-2, paragraph (1), Article 65, paragraph (1), Article 66, Article 71-4, paragraphs (4) through (7) or Article 85, paragraphs (5) through (7) (other than item (ii)), a police officer may take the necessary stop-gap measures to prevent a road traffic hazard, such as instructing the driver not to drive the vehicle or streetcar until the driver is in a state that allows normal driving.

When the drivers and riders of any combination of at least one motor vehicle and at least one motorized bicycle are traveling down a road two or more in a row or abreast of each other, they must not act in concert in a way that gives rise to a serious road traffic hazard or causes a serious nuisance to others.

The driver of a vehicle or streetcar must work the vehicle's or streetcar's steering wheel, brakes, and other equipment in a consistent manner, and must drive at a speed and in a manner that poses no hazard to others in consideration of road conditions, traffic conditions, and the condition of the vehicle or streetcar.

The driver of a vehicle or streetcar must observe the following rules:

It is prohibited for the driver of a motor vehicle or motorized bicycle (other than a machine that Cabinet Office Order prescribes; the same applies hereinafter in this Article) to drive the motor vehicle or ride the motorized bicycle if it is not equipped with a muffler as prescribed in Article 41, paragraph (1), item (xi) or Article 44, item (viii) of the Road Transport Vehicle Act (this includes a motor vehicle or motorized bicycle equipped with a muffler that has been cut or to which another modification or the like that seriously hinders the function of a muffler and that Cabinet Office Order prescribes has been made).

①The driver of a motor vehicle (other than a standard or large motorcycle; the same applies hereinafter in this Article) must not drive without fastening the seatbelt that is required to be installed in the motor vehicle pursuant to Chapter III of the Act on Vehicles for Road Transportation and pursuant to orders based upon that Act (hereinafter referred to as a "seatbelt"); provided, however, that this does not apply if the driver's restraint by a seatbelt is not appropriate in light of the medical treatment that the driver is receiving for an illness, if the driver in question is the driver of an emergency motor vehicle and is driving that emergency motor vehicle, or if there are any other compelling circumstances that Cabinet Order prescribes.

②The driver of a motor vehicle must not carry a person unrestrained by a seatbelt on equipment, other than the driver's seat, that is meant to carry a person (but only in a motor vehicle in which such equipment must be equipped with seatbelts; the same applies hereinafter in this paragraph) as a passenger in the motor vehicle; provided, however, that this does not apply if the driver is carrying a child not yet of school age (other than one that is of sufficient height when seated for a seatbelt to be fastened appropriately; the same applies hereinafter in this Article) on such equipment, if the driver is carrying a person whose restraint by a seatbelt is not appropriate in light of the medical treatment that the person is receiving for an illness on such equipment, or if there are any other compelling circumstances that Cabinet Order prescribes.

③The driver of a motor vehicle must not carry a child not yet of school age unrestrained by child restraints (meaning restraints fixed to a seat and used to replace the functions of a seatbelt when a child not yet of school age is on board, which comply with Chapter III of the Act on Vehicles for Road Transportation and orders given under that Chapter and which are configured for the size of a child not yet of school age; the same applies hereinafter in this paragraph) as a passenger in the motor vehicle; provided, however, that this does not apply if the driver is carrying a child not yet of school age whose restraint by child restraints is not appropriate in light of the medical treatment that the child is receiving for an illness or if there are any other compelling circumstances that Cabinet Order prescribes.

①A person riding a standard or large motorcycle must not ride that vehicle without wearing a motorcycle helmet, and must not carry a passenger who is not wearing a motorcycle helmet.

②A person riding a general motorized bicycle must not ride that vehicle without wearing a motorcycle helmet.

③The driver of a specified small motorized bicycle must endeavor to wear a motorcycle helmet.

④A person holding a large motorcycle license as referred to in Article 84, paragraph (3) who is under 20 years of age or who has not held that license for at least three years in total (not counting any period during which it was suspended) (other than a person currently holding a standard motorcycle license as referred to in that paragraph who has held that license for at least three years in total (not counting any period during which the person's license was suspended) and other persons that Cabinet Order prescribes) must not carry a passenger while driving a standard or large motorcycle (other than one with a sidecar; the same applies hereinafter in this Article) on a national expressway or limited highway.

⑤A person holding a standard motorcycle license as referred to in Article 84, paragraph (3) (other than a person also holding a large motorcycle license as referred to in that paragraph) who is under 20 years of age or who has not held that license for at least three years in total (not counting any period during which the person's license was suspended) (other than a person who has held a standard motorcycle license at some point within the six months before the day on which the person came to hold the current license and other persons that Cabinet Order prescribes) must not carry a passenger while driving a standard motorcycle on a national expressway or limited highway.

⑥A person holding a large motorcycle license as referred to in Article 84, paragraph (3) who has not held that license for at least one year in total (not counting any period during which the person's license was suspended) (other than a person currently holding a standard motorcycle license as referred to in that paragraph who has held that license for at least one year in total (not counting any period during which the person's license was suspended) and other persons that Cabinet Order prescribes) must not carry a passenger while driving a standard or large motorcycle.

⑦A person holding a standard motorcycle license as referred to in Article 84, paragraph (3) (other than a person also holding a large motorcycle license as referred to in that paragraph) who has not held that license for at least one year in total (not counting any period during which the person's license was suspended) (other than a person who has held a standard motorcycle license at some point within the six months before the day on which the person came to hold the current license and other persons that Cabinet Order prescribes) must not carry a passenger while driving a standard motorcycle.

⑧Cabinet Office Order provides for the standards for motorcycle helmets as referred to in paragraphs (1) and (2).

①The driver of a motor vehicle equipped with an automated operation device must not drive that motor vehicle using that automated operation device in the case where the conditions of use for that automated operation device are not satisfied.

②In the case where the driver of a motor vehicle equipped with an automated operation device drives that motor vehicle using that automated operation device, if all of the following items apply, Article 71, item (v)-5 does not apply to that driver.

①A person holding a semi-mid-sized motor vehicle license as referred to in Article 84, paragraph (3) who has not held that license for at least one year in total (not counting any period during which the person's license was suspended) (other than a person who has held a semi-mid-sized motor vehicle license at some point within the six months before the day on which the person came to hold the current license and other persons that Cabinet Order prescribes, and other than a person who currently holds a standard motor vehicle license as referred to in that paragraph and who held that license for at least two years in total (not counting any period during which the person's license was suspended) before the day on which the person came to hold the current semi-mid-sized motor vehicle license) must not drive a semi-mid-sized motor vehicle without displaying a mark in the format that Cabinet Office Order prescribes on the front and rear of that vehicle pursuant to Cabinet Office Order.

②A person holding a semi-mid-sized motor vehicle license or standard motor vehicle license as referred to in Article 84, paragraph (3) who has not held that semi-mid-sized motor vehicle license or standard motor vehicle license for at least one year in total (not counting any period during which the license was suspended) (other than a person who has held a semi-mid-sized motor vehicle license or standard motor vehicle license at some point within the six months before the day on which the person came to hold that license; other than a person that, on or after the day on which the person came to hold the semi-mid-sized motor vehicle license or standard motor vehicle license that the person currently holds, has come to hold a license of a higher grade than that license (meaning a different type of driver's license (other than a provisional driver's license as referred to in Article 84, paragraph (2)) with which a person may also drive the motor vehicles and motorized bicycles that, pursuant to Article 85, paragraph (2), may be driven by a person who is permitted to drive a motor vehicle or motorized bicycle of a category that the Table following Article 85, paragraph (1) sets forth for a given type of driver's license (hereinafter the category of motor vehicle or motorized bicycle that the Table sets forth for a given type of driver's license is referred to as a "vehicle the person is licensed to drive"); hereinafter the same applies in Article 100-2, paragraph (1), items (i) and (iii)); and other than any other person that Cabinet Order prescribes) must not drive a standard motor vehicle without displaying a mark in the format that Cabinet Office Order prescribes on the front and rear of that vehicle pursuant to Cabinet Office Order.

③A person 75 years of age or older who holds a license that permits the person to drive a standard motor vehicle pursuant to Article 85, paragraph (1) or (2) or Article 86, paragraph (1) or (2) (hereinafter referred to as a "license for a standard motor vehicle") must not drive a standard motor vehicle without displaying a mark in the format that Cabinet Office Order prescribes on the front and rear of that vehicle pursuant to Cabinet Office Order.

④A person 70 years of age or older but under 75 who is licensed for a standard motor vehicle must endeavor to display a mark in the format that Cabinet Office Order prescribes on the front and rear pursuant to Cabinet Office Order when driving a standard motor vehicle if the person's age-related decline in physical ability is likely to affect the person's driving.

①A person holding a license that permits the person to drive a semi-mid-sized motor vehicle pursuant to Article 85, paragraph (1) or (2) or Article 86, paragraph (1) or (2) must not drive a semi-mid-sized motor vehicle without displaying a mark in the format that Cabinet Office Order prescribes on the front and rear of that vehicle pursuant to Cabinet Office Order if any condition is attached to the license because the licensee has a hearing impairment to a degree that Cabinet Order prescribes.

②A person holding a license for a standard motor vehicle must not drive a standard motor vehicle without displaying a mark in the format that Cabinet Office Order prescribes on the front and rear of that vehicle pursuant to Cabinet Office Order if any condition is attached to the license because the licensee has a hearing impairment to a degree that Cabinet Order prescribes.

③A person holding a license for a standard motor vehicle to which any condition is attached because the licensee has an orthopedic impairment must endeavor to display a mark in the format that Cabinet Office Order prescribes on the front and rear of the vehicle pursuant to Cabinet Office Order when driving a standard motor vehicle if the orthopedic impairment is likely to affect the person's driving.

①In the event of a traffic accident, the driver or other staff member of the vehicle or streetcar involved in the traffic accident (hereinafter referred to in this Section as a "driver, etc.") must immediately stop driving the vehicle or streetcar and take the necessary measures, such as aiding injured persons and preventing road hazards. In such a case, the driver of that vehicle or streetcar (or another staff member, if the death or injury of the driver compels it; the same applies hereinafter in the following paragraph) must report to the police officer, if a police officer is at the scene, or if no police officer is at the scene, immediately to a police officer at the nearest police station (including police booths and police satellite offices; the same applies hereinafter in the following paragraph), the date, time, and place at which the traffic accident occurred, the number of persons killed or injured in the traffic accident and the extent of the injuries of the injured persons, the objects damaged and the extent of the damage, the loads of the vehicles or streetcars involved in the traffic accident, and the measures taken in connection with the traffic accident (referred to as the "particulars of the traffic accident" in Article 75-23, paragraphs (1) and (3)).

②On finding it to be necessary to do so in order to aid injured persons or prevent road hazards, a police officer at the nearest police station who receives a report pursuant to the second sentence of the preceding paragraph may order the driver giving the report not to leave the scene until a police officer arrives.

③In a case as referred to in the preceding two paragraphs, a police officer at the scene may give necessary instructions to the driver or staff member of the vehicle or streetcar in order to aid injured persons, prevent road hazards, or otherwise ensure the safety and fluidity of traffic.

④Notwithstanding paragraph (1), if it is necessary for a vehicle or streetcar to continue in operation, the driver of an emergency vehicle, a vehicle carrying injured persons, or a bus, trolleybus, or streetcar that is in operation at the time of the accident may have another staff member take the measures prescribed in the first sentence of paragraph (1) or report as prescribed in the second sentence of that paragraph so that the driver may continue driving the vehicle or streetcar.

①In a case as referred to in paragraph (3) of the preceding Article, if it is found to be difficult for the driver or staff member of a vehicle or streetcar to immediately follow the instructions given pursuant to that paragraph due to injury or another reason, a police officer at the scene may physically move an object damaged in the traffic accident or a load being carried by a vehicle or streetcar involved in the traffic accident (hereinafter referred to in this Article as a "damaged object or load") and take other stop-gap measures, but only so far as is necessary to prevent road traffic hazards and otherwise ensure the safety and fluidity of traffic.

②In a case as referred to in the preceding paragraph, having moved a damaged object or load, a police officer must hand it over to the chief of the police station who has jurisdiction over the place where the damaged object or load was originally found. In such a case, the chief of the police station must store the damaged object or load as its custodian.

③The provisions of Article 51, paragraph (7) and paragraphs (9) through (21) of that Article, and Article 51-2 apply mutatis mutandis to a damaged object or load that is the subject of measures under the preceding two paragraphs. In such a case, the phrase "the user of the vehicle" in Article 51, paragraph (7) is deemed to be replaced with "the owner, possessor, or other person with title to the damaged object or load (hereinafter referred to in this Article and the following Article as the 'owner or other such person')"; the phrase "the preceding paragraph" in paragraph (9) of that Article is deemed to be replaced with "paragraph (7) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 72-2, paragraph (3)", and the phrase "cannot ascertain the name and address of the owner of a vehicle" in that paragraph is deemed to be replaced with "cannot ascertain the name and address of the owner of a vehicle, and it is found to be difficult to return the damaged object or load to a person other than its owner"; the phrase "paragraphs (7) through (10)" in paragraph (11) of that Article is deemed to be replaced with "paragraph (7) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 72-2, paragraph (3) and the preceding two paragraphs"; the phrase "remains unreturned one month after the date of a notification as under paragraph (8) or" in paragraph (12) of that Article is deemed to be replaced with "is likely to spoil or deteriorate, or remains unreturned one month after the date of a notification to the owner of the damaged object or load as under paragraph (7) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 72-2, paragraph (3) or", and the term "cost" in that paragraph is deemed to be replaced with "cost or effort"; the phrase "the driver, etc. or the user or owner of the vehicle (hereinafter referred to in this Article and the following Article as the 'user, etc.')" in paragraph (15) of that Article is deemed to be replaced with "the owner or other such person"; the phrase "the driver, etc. or the user, etc." in paragraph (16) of that Article is deemed to be replaced with "the owner or other such person"; the phrase "a notification as under paragraph (8)" in paragraph (20) of that Article is deemed to be replaced with "a notification to the owner of the damaged object or load as under paragraph (7) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 72-2, paragraph (3)"; and the phrase "the user, etc. of a vehicle stored pursuant to paragraph (6) of that Article or other relevant persons, or the owner, possessor, or other person with title to a load stored pursuant to paragraph (6) of that Article as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph (22) of that Article" in Article 51-2, paragraph (1) is deemed to be replaced with "the owner or other such person of a damaged object or load stored pursuant to the second sentence of Article 72-2, paragraph (2)".

In the event of a traffic accident, if a person other than the driver or staff member of the vehicle or streetcar involved in the traffic accident is in the vehicle or streetcar, that person must not interfere with the driver's or staff member's taking the measures prescribed in the first sentence of Article 72, paragraph (1) or with the driver's or staff member's reporting as prescribed in the second sentence of that paragraph.

①When allowing persons to drive its vehicles or streetcars in connection with its business activities, a vehicle or streetcar user must endeavor to make the drivers of its vehicles or streetcars, its driving safety supervisors, deputy driving safety supervisors, and other persons in a position to directly manage the operations of its vehicles or streetcars observe the rules that this Act or an Order based on this Act prescribes with respect to vehicle and streetcar driving safety.

②The user of a vehicle must endeavor to make the drivers of that vehicle to observe the rules that this Act or an Order based on this Act prescribes with respect to the speed, parking, and loading of vehicles, and the mental and physical condition of drivers.

③Theusers of fire-services vehicles, ambulances, and other motor vehicles that Cabinet Order prescribes (other than users that have appointed a driving safety supervisor pursuant to Article 74-3, paragraph (1)) must endeavor to provide the drivers of its motor vehicles with the necessary traffic safety education to ensure that their motor vehicles are driven safely.

The user of a vehicle must ensure that there is a place for its vehicles to be properly parked and take other necessary measures for the proper parking of its vehicles.

①A motor vehicle user (excluding a motor carrier under the Road Transportation Act (Act No. 183 of 1951) (excluding a person who operates a light motor vehicle cargo transportation business under the Motor Truck Transportation Business Act (Act No. 83 of 1989); the same applies hereinafter), a person who operates a Type II consigned freight forwarding business under the Consigned Freight Forwarding Business Act, and a person who has received registration under Article 79 of the Road Transportation Act; the same applies hereinafter in this Article) must, for each base of use of not less than the number of motor vehicles that Cabinet Office Order prescribes, appoint a driving safety supervisor, as the person to perform the duties referred to in the following paragraph, from among persons who satisfy the requirements that Cabinet Office Order prescribes with respect to age, experience in the management of motor vehicle driving, and other matters.

②A driving safety supervisor must provide drivers engaged in the business activities of the user with the necessary traffic safety education to ensure that they drive motor vehicles safely, and undertake the necessary duties that Cabinet Office Order prescribes so that motor vehicles are driven safely (other than duties involved in the maintenance of motor vehicle equipment; the same applies in paragraph (1) of Article 75-2-2).

③The traffic safety education referred to in the preceding paragraph must be provided in accordance with the traffic safety education guidelines referred to in Article 108-28, paragraph (1).

④For each place serving as the base of operations for not less than the number of motor vehicles that Cabinet Office Order prescribes, a motor vehicle user must appoint a deputy driving safety supervisor, pursuant to Cabinet Office Order, as a person to support the duties of the driving safety supervisor, from among those who meet the requirements that Cabinet Office Order prescribes with respect to age, experience in motor vehicle driving, and other particulars.

⑤Within 15 days of appointing a driving safety supervisor or deputy driving safety supervisor (hereinafter referred to as a "primary or deputy driving safety supervisor"), a motor vehicle user must file the information that Cabinet Office Order prescribes with the public safety commission with jurisdiction over the motor vehicles' base of operations. The same applies if the user dismisses a primary or deputy driving safety supervisor.

⑥If a primary or deputy driving safety supervisor no longer meets one of the requirements that Cabinet Office Order prescribes which is referred to in paragraph (1) or (4) or if the public safety commission finds that the driving safety supervisor has not ensured that the relevant motor vehicles will be driven safely because the supervisor has failed to observe paragraph (2), the public safety commission may order the motor vehicle user to dismiss the relevant primary or deputy driving safety supervisor.

⑦A motor vehicle user must grant its driving safety supervisor the necessary authority to perform the duties referred to in paragraph (2), and must also provide the equipment necessary to perform the duties referred to in that paragraph.

⑧When a public safety commission finds that safe driving of motor vehicles is not ensured because a motor vehicle user has failed to comply with the preceding paragraph, it may order the motor vehicle user to take the measures necessary to correct the situation.

⑨If a motor vehicle user is notified by a public safety commission that it will hold the training set forth in Article 108-2, paragraph (1), item (i) for primary or deputy driving safety supervisors appointed by the user, the user must have its primary or deputy driving safety supervisor undergo that training.

①It is prohibited for a motor vehicle user (including the user of heavy towable vehicles; the same applies hereinafter in this Article, paragraph (1) of the following Article, and Article 75-2-2, paragraph (2)) (or the primary or deputy driving safety supervisor or any other person in a position to directly manage the operations of its motor vehicles; referred to as a " user, supervisor, or manager" in the following paragraph) to order or allow a driver of its motor vehicles to engage in the conduct set forth in one of the following items in connection with the business of the user:

②If auser, supervisor, or manager of motor vehicles violates the preceding paragraph thereby causing the driver of a motor vehicle to engage in conduct set forth in one of the items of that paragraph, and the public safety commission with jurisdiction over the base of operations of the motor vehicle connected with the violation finds that the operator's use of its motor vehicles in connection with its business activities is likely to cause an extreme traffic hazard on a road or an extreme obstruction to traffic, it may issue an order to the user , in accordance with the standards that Cabinet Order prescribes, not to drive or allow any person to drive the motor vehicles connected with the violation for a period of up to six months that it fixes.

③Before issuing an order pursuant to the preceding paragraph, a public safety commission must hear the opinion of the supervising administrative agency for the relevant services if the user of a motor vehicle that would be subject to the order is a passenger motor carrier under the Road Transportation Act or a person engaged in Type II cargo transportation services under the Cargo Forwarder Service Act.

④Irrespective of the category of proceedings for hearing statements of opinion under Article 13, paragraph (1) of the Administrative Procedure Act (Act No. 88 of 1993), a public safety commission seeking to issue an order pursuant to paragraph (2) must hold a hearing.

⑤To hold a hearing as referred to in the preceding paragraph, a public safety commission must notify the relevant persons as under Article 15, paragraph (1) of the Administrative Procedure Act and issue public notice of the date and place of the hearing, by one week prior to the hearing date.

⑥If a person is notified as referred to in the preceding paragraph in the way that Article 15, paragraph (3) of the Administrative Procedure Act prescribes, the reasonable period of time to be set aside before the hearing date pursuant to paragraph (1) of that Article must not be less than two weeks.

⑦The proceedings on the hearing date referred to in paragraph (4) must be open to the public.

⑧On finding it to be necessary to do so, the person presiding over the hearing referred to in paragraph (4) may request the appearance of witnesses who have expert knowledge about road traffic or persons connected with the matter at issue so as to hear their opinions or circumstances.

⑨A public safety commission that has issued an order pursuant to paragraph (2) must issue a document to the user of the motor vehicle subject to the order giving the information that Cabinet Office Order prescribes, including the number of the identification plate of any motor vehicle that the user may neither drive nor allow others to drive, and must affix a mark in the format that Cabinet Office Order prescribes in a conspicuous place on the front of any such motor vehicle.

⑩A person purchasing a motor vehicle to which a mark has been affixed pursuant to the preceding paragraph from auser or from a third party who holds title to its use may apply to a public safety commission, pursuant to Cabinet Office Order, for removal of that mark. In such a case, the public safety commission must remove the mark.

⑪It is prohibited for any person to damage or deface a mark affixed pursuant to paragraph (9); and it is prohibited for any person to remove such a mark until after the end of the period during which the motor vehicle is prohibited from being driven.

②If a public safety commission issues a payment order to the user of a vehicle to which a mark has been affixed pursuant to Article 51-4, paragraph (1) and if the operator had been issued any other payment order (other than one revoked pursuant to paragraph (16) of that Article) because of that vehicle within six months before the date on which the mark was affixed and the commission finds that the operator's operation of such a vehicle is likely to cause an extreme hazard or an obstruction to traffic, the public safety commission with jurisdiction over the vehicle's base of operations may order the operator, in accordance with the standards that Cabinet Order prescribes, not to drive or allow any other person to drive the vehicle for a period of up to three months that it fixes.

③Paragraphs (3) through (11) of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis to orders issued pursuant to the preceding two paragraphs.

①On finding it to be necessary to do so for a base of motor vehicle operations at which a driving safety supervisor has been appointed in order to facilitate the needed traffic safety education to ensure that motor vehicles are driven safely and to otherwise facilitate the needed business activities for motor vehicles to be driven safely, a public safety commission may ask either the user of motor vehicles that has appointed the driving safety supervisor or the driving safety supervisor to report as necessary or submit the necessary materials.

②On finding it to be necessary to do so in order to facilitate the proper operation of motor vehicles in terms of speed, parking, or loading, or the mental and physical condition of the driver, a public safety commission may ask a user of a motor vehicle to report as necessary or submit the necessary materials.