①Even where a request for an administrative review of the original administrative disposition may be made pursuant to the provisions of laws and regulations, this does not preclude the immediate filing of an action for the revocation of the original administrative disposition; provided, however, that this does not apply if there are provisions in any law that no action for the revocation of an original administrative disposition may be filed until an administrative determination is made in response to a request for an administrative review of the original administrative disposition.

②Even in the case referred to in the proviso to the preceding paragraph, if the case falls under any of the following items, an action for the revocation of the original administrative disposition may be filed without obtaining an administrative determination:

③In the case referred to in the main clause of paragraph (1), if a request for an administrative review of the original administrative disposition has already been made, the court may suspend litigation proceedings until an administrative determination is made in response to the request for the administrative review (in cases where no administrative determination is made after a period of three months has elapsed from the day on which the request for the administrative review was made, until that period expires).

①An action for the revocation of an original administrative disposition and an action for the revocation of an administrative determination (hereinafter referred to as "actions for the revocation of administrative dispositions") may be filed only by a person who has legal interest to seek the revocation of the original administrative disposition or of the administrative determination (including a person who has legal interest to be recovered by revoking the original administrative disposition or administrative determination even after it has lost its effect due to the expiration of a certain period or for other reasons).

②When judging whether or not any person, other than the person to whom an original administrative disposition or administrative determination is addressed, has the legal interest prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the court is not to rely only on the language of the provisions of the laws and regulations which give a basis for the original administrative disposition or administrative determination, but is to consider the purport and objectives of the laws and regulations as well as the content and nature of the interest that should be taken into consideration in making the original administrative disposition. In this case, when considering the purport and objectives of those laws and regulations, the court is to take into consideration the purport and objectives of any related laws and regulations which share the objective in common with those laws and regulations, and when considering the content and nature of that interest, the court is to take into consideration the content and nature of the interest that would be harmed if the original administrative disposition or administrative determination were made in violation of the laws and regulations which give a basis therefor, as well as in what manner and to what extent that interest would be harmed.

①In an action for the revocation of an administrative disposition, the plaintiff may not seek revocation on the grounds of breach of law which is irrelevant to their interest.

②Where both an action for the revocation of the original administrative disposition and an action for the revocation of an administrative determination that has dismissed a request for an administrative review of the original administrative disposition may be filed, it may not be allowed to seek the revocation of the original administrative disposition on the grounds of illegality thereof in an action for the revocation of an administrative determination.

①Where an administrative authority that has made an original administrative disposition or administrative determination (in cases where the power of the administrative authority that made the original administrative disposition or administrative determination has later been succeeded to by another administrative authority, that other administrative authority; the same applies hereinafter) is affiliated with the State or a public entity, any action for the revocation of that administrative disposition must be filed against the person specified in each of the following items according to the categories of actions listed in the respective items:

②Where an administrative authority that has made the original administrative disposition or administrative determination is not affiliated with the State or any public entity, any action for the revocation of that administrative disposition must be filed against the administrative authority.

③Where neither the State nor any public entity or administrative authority can be identified as the party to be sued under the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, any action for the revocation of an administrative disposition must be filed against the State or public entity in which the affairs pertaining to the original administrative disposition or administrative determination are vested.

④When filing an action for the revocation of an administrative disposition against the State or a public entity pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) or the preceding paragraph, the administrative authority specified in each of the following items according to the categories of actions listed in the respective items is to be stated in a complaint, in addition to the matters to be stated under the provisions on civil actions:

⑤Where an action for the revocation of an administrative disposition is filed against the State or a public entity pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) or paragraph (3), the defendant must clearly indicate to the court, without delay, the administrative authority specified in each item of the preceding paragraph according to the categories of actions listed in those items.

⑥An administrative authority that has made an original administrative disposition or administrative determination has the power to conduct any and all acts in court in an action filed against the State or the public entity under the provisions of paragraph (1) with regard to the original administrative disposition or administrative determination.

①An action for the revocation of an administrative disposition is subject to the jurisdiction of the court that has jurisdiction over the location of the general venue of the defendant or the court that has jurisdiction over the location of the administrative authority that has made the original administrative disposition or administrative determination.

②An action for the revocation of administrative dispositions pertaining to condemnation of land or establishment of a mining right or any other original administrative disposition or administrative determination pertaining to real property or a particular place may also be filed with the court that has jurisdiction over the location of the real property or place.

③An action for the revocation of an administrative disposition may also be filed with the court that has jurisdiction over the location of the lower administrative organ that has handled the case regarding the original administrative disposition or administrative determination.

④An action for the revocation of an administrative disposition against the State or an incorporated administrative agency prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agencies (Act No. 103 of 1999) or any of the juridical persons listed in the appended table may also be filed with the district court that has jurisdiction over the location of the high court that has jurisdiction over the location of the plaintiff's general venue (hereinafter referred to as a "specified court with jurisdiction" in the following paragraph).

⑤Where an action for the revocation of an administrative disposition set forth in the preceding paragraph is filed with a specified court with jurisdiction pursuant to the provisions of that paragraph while an action for the judicial review of an administrative disposition is pending at another court with regard to another original administrative disposition or administrative determination that was made based on the de facto or de jure same cause as that of the former, the specified court with jurisdiction may, upon petition or by its own authority, transfer the whole or part of the action to that other court or any of the courts specified in paragraph (1) through paragraph (3), when it finds it appropriate while taking into consideration the address or location of each party, the address of each witness to be examined, the points at issue or evidence common to both cases, and other circumstances concerned.

Where an action for the revocation of an administrative disposition and an action pertaining to a claim that falls under any of the following items (hereinafter referred to as a "related claim") are pending before different courts, the court before which the action pertaining to a related claim is pending may, upon petition or by its own authority, transfer the action to the other court before which the action for the revocation of the administrative disposition is pending, when it finds it appropriate; provided, however, that this does not apply where either the action for the revocation of the administrative disposition or the action pertaining to a related claim is pending before a high court:

①No action for the revocation of an administrative disposition may be filed when a period of six months has elapsed from the day on which the person who seeks revocation became aware of the fact that the original administrative disposition or administrative determination was made; provided, however, that this does not apply if there are reasonable grounds for failing to meet that time limit.

②No action for the revocation of an administrative disposition may be filed when a period of one year has elapsed from the date of the original administrative disposition or administrative determination; provided, however, that this does not apply if there are reasonable grounds for failing to meet that time limit.

③If a request for administrative review is made with regard to an original administrative disposition or administrative determination in cases where a request for administrative review may be made or where an administrative authority has mistakenly informed that a request for administrative review may be made, the person who has made the request, notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, may not file an action for the revocation of an administrative disposition when a period of six months has elapsed from the day on which the person became aware of the fact that an administrative determination was made in response to their request for an administrative review or when a period of one year has elapsed from the date of the administrative determination; provided, however, that this does not apply if there are reasonable grounds for failing to meet that time limit.

①When a plaintiff has, unintentionally or without gross negligence, sued a wrong person in an action for the revocation of an administrative disposition, the court may, upon the petition of the plaintiff, by an order, permit the plaintiff to change the defendant.

②An order set forth in the preceding paragraph is to be made by preparing an electronic written order (meaning an electronic or magnetic record (meaning a record made by an electronic method, a magnetic method or any other method that cannot be perceived by the human senses, which is used in information processing by computers) prepared pursuant to the provisions of Article 252, paragraph (1) of the Code of Civil Procedure (Act No. 109 of 1996) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 122 of that Code; the same applies hereinafter in this paragraph), and that electronic written order (limited to one recorded in a file stored on a computer (including input and output devices) used by the court pursuant to the provisions of Article 253, paragraph (2) of that Code as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 122 of that Code) must be served upon a new defendant.

③When an order set forth in paragraph (1) is made, it is deemed, with regard to compliance with the statute of limitations for filing an action, that an action against a new defendant was filed at the time of the filing of the initial action.

④When an order set forth in paragraph (1) is made, it is to be deemed that the action against the initial defendant has been withdrawn.

⑤No appeal may be entered against an order set forth in paragraph (1).

⑥An immediate appeal may be filed against an order to dismiss without prejudice a petition set forth in paragraph (1).

⑦When a court has made an order set forth in paragraph (1) in an appellate instance, the court must transfer the action to the court with jurisdiction.

①An action for the revocation of an administrative disposition may be joined with an action pertaining to a related claim.

②In the case of the joinder of actions under the provisions of the preceding paragraph, if the court of first instance of the action for the revocation of an administrative disposition is a high court, it must obtain consent from the defendant in the action pertaining to a related claim. If the defendant has presented oral arguments on the merits or made statements in preparatory proceedings without making any objection, that defendant is deemed to have consented to the joinder of actions.