# 民法 / Civil Code — 第十一節 (Part 3, Chapter 2, Section 11) - Law: 民法 (Civil Code), 明治二十九年法律第八十九号 - English title "Civil Code": Ministry of Justice translation - Kind: Act — the distinction between 法律 (Act), 政令 (Cabinet Order), 省令 (Ministerial Order) and 条例 (local ordinance) decides who may issue it and what it may say. - Provision: 第十一節 (Part 3, Chapter 2, Section 11) — address `pt-3/ch-2/sec-11` - Text in force since: 2026-06-24 - URL (the page that opens at this provision): https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-3/ch-2/sec-11 - Permanent URL (e-Gov law ID, never renamed): https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-3/ch-2/sec-11 - Every provision below carries its address and both URLs on the line under it. - Japanese text: e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁). English: as marked on each line below. Only the Japanese as published by the government has legal effect; the text below is a copy of it. Every English rendering below is a translation and says which kind: the Ministry of Justice's translation, or this site's machine translation, whose model and date the Sources list names. They are never merged and never substituted for one another. --- ## 第十一節　寄託 — Section 11 Bailment heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System pt-3/ch-2/sec-11 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-3/ch-2/sec-11 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-3/ch-2/sec-11 ### 第六百五十七条（寄託） — (Bailment) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-657 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-657 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-657 **第一項** 寄託は、当事者の一方がある物を保管することを相手方に委託し、相手方がこれを承諾することによって、その効力を生ずる。 art-657/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-657/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-657/par-1 A bailment becomes effective if one of the parties asks the other party to keep a certain thing in custody, and the other party gives consent to keeping it in custody. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第六百五十七条の二（寄託物受取り前の寄託者による寄託の解除等） — (Cancellation of Bailment by Bailor Before Receipt of Bailed Things) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-657-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-657-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-657-2 **第一項** 寄託者は、受寄者が寄託物を受け取るまで、契約の解除をすることができる。この場合において、受寄者は、その契約の解除によって損害を受けたときは、寄託者に対し、その賠償を請求することができる。 art-657-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-657-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-657-2/par-1 A bailor may cancel the contract up until the bailee receives the bailed thing. In such a case, if the bailee sustains any damage due to the cancellation of the contract, the bailee may claim that compensation from the bailor. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 無報酬の受寄者は、寄託物を受け取るまで、契約の解除をすることができる。ただし、書面による寄託については、この限りでない。 art-657-2/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-657-2/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-657-2/par-2 A gratuitous bailee may cancel the contract up until the bailee receives the bailed thing; provided, however, that this does not apply to a bailment made in writing. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 受寄者（無報酬で寄託を受けた場合にあっては、書面による寄託の受寄者に限る。）は、寄託物を受け取るべき時期を経過したにもかかわらず、寄託者が寄託物を引き渡さない場合において、相当の期間を定めてその引渡しの催告をし、その期間内に引渡しがないときは、契約の解除をすることができる。 art-657-2/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-657-2/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-657-2/par-3 If the bailor does not deliver the bailed thing even after the passage of the scheduled time of receipt of the bailed thing, and the bailee (in the case of a gratuitous bailment, limited to the bailee of a bailment made in writing) demands the delivery by specifying a reasonable period of time but the bailor fails to deliver the thing, the bailee may cancel the contract. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第六百五十八条（寄託物の使用及び第三者による保管） — (Use of Bailed Things and Custody by Third Parties) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-658 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-658 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-658 **第一項** 受寄者は、寄託者の承諾を得なければ、寄託物を使用することができない。 art-658/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-658/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-658/par-1 A bailee may not use the bailed thing without obtaining the consent of the bailor. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 受寄者は、寄託者の承諾を得たとき、又はやむを得ない事由があるときでなければ、寄託物を第三者に保管させることができない。 art-658/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-658/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-658/par-2 The bailee may not have a third party keep the bailed thing in custody unless the bailee obtains the consent of the bailor or there is a compelling reason to do so. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 再受寄者は、寄託者に対して、その権限の範囲内において、受寄者と同一の権利を有し、義務を負う。 art-658/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-658/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-658/par-3 A sub-bailee has the same rights and obligations as those of the bailee in relation to the bailor within the scope of its authority. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第六百五十九条（無報酬の受寄者の注意義務） — (Duty of Care of Gratuitous Bailee) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-659 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-659 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-659 **第一項** 無報酬の受寄者は、自己の財産に対するのと同一の注意をもって、寄託物を保管する義務を負う。 art-659/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-659/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-659/par-1 A gratuitous bailee bears a duty to keep the bailed thing while exercising the same level of care that the bailee would exercise for their own property. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第六百六十条（受寄者の通知義務等） — (Obligation of Bailee to Give Notice) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-660 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-660 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-660 **第一項** 寄託物について権利を主張する第三者が受寄者に対して訴えを提起し、又は差押え、仮差押え若しくは仮処分をしたときは、受寄者は、遅滞なくその事実を寄託者に通知しなければならない。ただし、寄託者が既にこれを知っているときは、この限りでない。 art-660/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-660/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-660/par-1 If a third party claiming rights with respect to the bailed thing has filed a lawsuit against the bailee, or has effected a seizure, provisional seizure, or provisional disposition, the bailee must notify the bailor of that fact without delay; provided, however, that this does not apply if the bailor already knows it. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 第三者が寄託物について権利を主張する場合であっても、受寄者は、寄託者の指図がない限り、寄託者に対しその寄託物を返還しなければならない。ただし、受寄者が前項の通知をした場合又は同項ただし書の規定によりその通知を要しない場合において、その寄託物をその第三者に引き渡すべき旨を命ずる確定判決（確定判決と同一の効力を有するものを含む。）があったときであって、その第三者にその寄託物を引き渡したときは、この限りでない。 art-660/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-660/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-660/par-2 Even if a third party claims a right for the bailed thing, the bailee must return the bailed thing to the bailor unless the bailor gives instructions to the contrary; provided, however, that this does not apply if the bailee notifies the bailor in advance referred to in the preceding paragraph or is not required to notify pursuant to the provisions of the proviso to that paragraph, and the bailee delivers the bailed thing to a third party based on a final and binding judgment (including anything that has the same effect as a final and binding judgment) ordering the delivery of the bailed thing to that third party. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 受寄者は、前項の規定により寄託者に対して寄託物を返還しなければならない場合には、寄託者にその寄託物を引き渡したことによって第三者に損害が生じたときであっても、その賠償の責任を負わない。 art-660/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-660/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-660/par-3 If the bailee is required to return the bailed thing to the bailor pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the bailee is not liable to compensate for any damage sustained by a third party due to the delivery of the bailed thing to the bailor. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第六百六十一条（寄託者による損害賠償） — (Payment of Damages by Bailor) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-661 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-661 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-661 **第一項** 寄託者は、寄託物の性質又は瑕疵によって生じた損害を受寄者に賠償しなければならない。ただし、寄託者が過失なくその性質若しくは瑕疵を知らなかったとき、又は受寄者がこれを知っていたときは、この限りでない。 art-661/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-661/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-661/par-1 The bailor must compensate the bailee for damage that occur due to a nature of or defect in the bailed thing; provided, however, that this does not apply if the bailor did not, without negligence, know of that nature or defect, or the bailee knew of the same. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第六百六十二条（寄託者による返還請求等） — (Bailor's Demand for Return) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-662 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-662 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-662 **第一項** 当事者が寄託物の返還の時期を定めたときであっても、寄託者は、いつでもその返還を請求することができる。 art-662/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-662/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-662/par-1 Even if the parties specify the time for the return of the bailed thing, the bailor may demand the return of the same at any time. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項に規定する場合において、受寄者は、寄託者がその時期の前に返還を請求したことによって損害を受けたときは、寄託者に対し、その賠償を請求することができる。 art-662/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-662/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-662/par-2 In the case prescribed in the preceding paragraph, if the bailee sustains any damage because the bailor demands the return of the bailed thing before the time of return, the bailee may claim that compensation from the bailor. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第六百六十三条（寄託物の返還の時期） — (Timing of Return of the Bailed Things) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-663 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-663 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-663 **第一項** 当事者が寄託物の返還の時期を定めなかったときは、受寄者は、いつでもその返還をすることができる。 art-663/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-663/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-663/par-1 If the parties have not specified the timing of the return of the bailed thing, the bailee may return the same at any time. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 返還の時期の定めがあるときは、受寄者は、やむを得ない事由がなければ、その期限前に返還をすることができない。 art-663/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-663/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-663/par-2 If the timing of the return is specified, the bailee may not return it before the due date unless there is a compelling reason to do so. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第六百六十四条（寄託物の返還の場所） — (Place for Return of Bailed Things) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-664 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-664 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-664 **第一項** 寄託物の返還は、その保管をすべき場所でしなければならない。ただし、受寄者が正当な事由によってその物を保管する場所を変更したときは、その現在の場所で返還をすることができる。 art-664/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-664/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-664/par-1 Bailed thing must be returned at the place where they are to be retained; provided, however, that if the bailee has changed the place of retention for a legitimate reason, the bailed thing may be returned at that current place of retention. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第六百六十四条の二（損害賠償及び費用の償還の請求権についての期間の制限） — (Limitation on Period of Claims for Damages and Reimbursement of Expenses) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-664-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-664-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-664-2 **第一項** 寄託物の一部滅失又は損傷によって生じた損害の賠償及び受寄者が支出した費用の償還は、寄託者が返還を受けた時から一年以内に請求しなければならない。 art-664-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-664-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-664-2/par-1 Claims for damages sustained by the bailor due to the loss or damage to part of the bailed thing and for reimbursement of expenses incurred by the bailee must be submitted within one year from the time when the bailor receives the return of the bailed thing. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項の損害賠償の請求権については、寄託者が返還を受けた時から一年を経過するまでの間は、時効は、完成しない。 art-664-2/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-664-2/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-664-2/par-2 With regard to the claim for damages referred to in the preceding paragraph, the prescription period does not expire until one year has passed from the time when the bailor receives the return of the bailed thing. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第六百六十五条（委任の規定の準用） — (Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions on Mandate) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-665 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-665 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-665 **第一項** 第六百四十六条から第六百四十八条まで、第六百四十九条並びに第六百五十条第一項及び第二項の規定は、寄託について準用する。 art-665/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-665/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-665/par-1 The provisions of Articles 646 through 648, Article 649, and Article 650, paragraphs (1) and (2) apply mutatis mutandis to bailments. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第六百六十五条の二（混合寄託） — (Bailments of Mixed Things) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-665-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-665-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-665-2 **第一項** 複数の者が寄託した物の種類及び品質が同一である場合には、受寄者は、各寄託者の承諾を得たときに限り、これらを混合して保管することができる。 art-665-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-665-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-665-2/par-1 If the things bailed by two or more persons are the same in kind and quality, the bailee may keep these things in custody by mixing them only if the bailee obtains the consent of the respective bailors. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項の規定に基づき受寄者が複数の寄託者からの寄託物を混合して保管したときは、寄託者は、その寄託した物と同じ数量の物の返還を請求することができる。 art-665-2/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-665-2/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-665-2/par-2 If the bailee keeps the bailed thing by two or more bailors in custody by mixing them based on the provisions of the preceding paragraph, each bailor may demand the return of the thing in the same quantity as the thing bailed by respective bailor. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 前項に規定する場合において、寄託物の一部が滅失したときは、寄託者は、混合して保管されている総寄託物に対するその寄託した物の割合に応じた数量の物の返還を請求することができる。この場合においては、損害賠償の請求を妨げない。 art-665-2/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-665-2/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-665-2/par-3 In the case prescribed in the preceding paragraph, if any part of the bailed thing is lost, each bailor may demand the return of the thing at the percentage of the thing bailed by respective bailor to all bailed thing mixed and kept in custody by the bailee. In such a case, no bailor is precluded from claiming for damages. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第六百六十六条（消費寄託） — (Deposit of Fungibles) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-666 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-666 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-666 **第一項** 受寄者が契約により寄託物を消費することができる場合には、受寄者は、寄託された物と種類、品質及び数量の同じ物をもって返還しなければならない。 art-666/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-666/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-666/par-1 If a bailee may consume the bailed thing by contract, the bailee must return the thing that is the same kind, quality and quantity as the bailed thing. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 第五百九十条及び第五百九十二条の規定は、前項に規定する場合について準用する。 art-666/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-666/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-666/par-2 The provisions of Articles 590 and 592 apply mutatis mutandis to the case prescribed in the preceding paragraph. Ministry of Justice translation with a slip corrected by this site — not the Ministry's text; the Ministry printed: "The provisions of Articles 591 and 592 apply mutatis mutandis to the case prescribed in the preceding paragraph." — https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4848/tb **第三項** 第五百九十一条第二項及び第三項の規定は、預金又は貯金に係る契約により金銭を寄託した場合について準用する。 art-666/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-666/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-666/par-3 The provisions of Article 591, paragraphs (2) and (3) apply mutatis mutandis to the case of a bailment of money by a contract concerning deposits savings. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System --- ## Cites - art-660/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第六百六十条第一項 (Article 660, paragraph (1)), art-660/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-660/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-660/par-1 - art-660/par-3: 前項 → 民法 第六百六十条第二項 (Article 660, paragraph (2)), art-660/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-660/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-660/par-2 - art-662/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第六百六十二条第一項 (Article 662, paragraph (1)), art-662/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-662/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-662/par-1 - art-664-2/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第六百六十四条の二第一項 (Article 664-2, paragraph (1)), art-664-2/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-664-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-664-2/par-1 - art-665/par-1: 第六百四十六条から第六百四十八条まで → 民法 第六百四十六条 (Article 646), art-646 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-646 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-646 - art-665/par-1: 第六百四十六条から第六百四十八条まで → 民法 第六百四十七条 (Article 647), art-647 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-647 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-647 - art-665/par-1: 第六百四十六条から第六百四十八条まで → 民法 第六百四十八条 (Article 648), art-648 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-648 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-648 - art-665/par-1: 第六百四十九条 → 民法 第六百四十九条 (Article 649), art-649 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-649 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-649 - art-665/par-1: 第六百五十条第一項 → 民法 第六百五十条第一項 (Article 650, paragraph (1)), art-650/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-650/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-650/par-1 - art-665/par-1: 第二項 → 民法 第六百五十条第二項 (Article 650, paragraph (2)), art-650/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-650/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-650/par-2 - art-665-2/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第六百六十五条の二第一項 (Article 665-2, paragraph (1)), art-665-2/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-665-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-665-2/par-1 - art-665-2/par-3: 前項 → 民法 第六百六十五条の二第二項 (Article 665-2, paragraph (2)), art-665-2/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-665-2/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-665-2/par-2 - art-666/par-2: 第五百九十条 → 民法 第五百九十条 (Article 590), art-590 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-590 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-590 - art-666/par-2: 第五百九十二条 → 民法 第五百九十二条 (Article 592), art-592 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-592 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-592 - art-666/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第六百六十六条第一項 (Article 666, paragraph (1)), art-666/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-666/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-666/par-1 - art-666/par-3: 第五百九十一条第二項 → 民法 第五百九十一条第二項 (Article 591, paragraph (2)), art-591/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-591/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-591/par-2 - art-666/par-3: 第三項 → 民法 第五百九十一条第三項 (Article 591, paragraph (3)), art-591/par-3 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-591/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-591/par-3 --- ## Sources - claude-opus-5-5 — Corrections to the Ministry of Justice's English of paragraphs, written 2026-10-12 - e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁) — 民法 — the text in force from 2026-06-24 (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/129AC0000000089/20260624_508AC0000000045), retrieved 2026-10-11 - Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Civil Code — Ministry of Justice translation (part 1 of 2) (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4848/tb), retrieved 2026-10-11 - Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Civil Code (民法), Article 666, paragraph (2) — the Ministry of Justice's English as printed (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4848/tb), retrieved 2026-10-11 - This site's parser, version 190 — 民法 — structure, counts, cross-references and defined terms, computed 2026-10-11