# 民法 / Civil Code — 第五章 (Part 1, Chapter 5)
- Law: 民法 (Civil Code), 明治二十九年法律第八十九号
- English title "Civil Code": Ministry of Justice translation
- Kind: Act — the distinction between 法律 (Act), 政令 (Cabinet Order), 省令 (Ministerial Order) and 条例 (local ordinance) decides who may issue it and what it may say.
- Provision: 第五章 (Part 1, Chapter 5) — address `pt-1/ch-5`
- Text in force since: 2026-06-24
- URL (the page that opens at this provision): https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-1/ch-5
- Permanent URL (e-Gov law ID, never renamed): https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-1/ch-5
- Every provision below carries its address and both URLs on the line under it.
- Japanese text: e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁). English: as marked on each line below.
Only the Japanese as published by the government has legal effect; the text
below is a copy of it. Every English rendering below is a translation and
says which kind: the Ministry of Justice's translation, or this
site's machine translation, whose model and date the Sources list names.
They are never merged and never substituted for one another.
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## 第五章 法律行為 — Chapter V Juridical Acts
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
pt-1/ch-5 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-1/ch-5 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-1/ch-5
## 第一節 総則 — Section 1 General Provisions
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
pt-1/ch-5/sec-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-1/ch-5/sec-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-1/ch-5/sec-1
### 第九十条（公序良俗） — (Public Policy)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-90 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-90 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-90
**第一項** 公の秩序又は善良の風俗に反する法律行為は、無効とする。
art-90/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-90/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-90/par-1
A juridical act that is against public policy is void.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第九十一条（任意規定と異なる意思表示） — (Manifestations of Intention Inconsistent with Default Rules)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-91 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-91 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-91
**第一項** 法律行為の当事者が法令中の公の秩序に関しない規定と異なる意思を表示したときは、その意思に従う。
art-91/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-91/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-91/par-1
If the person performing a juridical act manifests an intention that is inconsistent with the provisions of laws and regulations that are not related to public policy, that intention prevails.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第九十二条（任意規定と異なる慣習） — (Customs Inconsistent with Default Rules)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-92 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-92 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-92
**第一項** 法令中の公の秩序に関しない規定と異なる慣習がある場合において、法律行為の当事者がその慣習による意思を有しているものと認められるときは、その慣習に従う。
art-92/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-92/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-92/par-1
If a custom is inconsistent with the provisions of laws and regulations that are not related to public policy and it is found that the person performing a juridical act has the intention to abide by that custom, that custom prevails.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
## 第二節 意思表示 — Section 2 Manifestations of Intention
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
pt-1/ch-5/sec-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-1/ch-5/sec-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-1/ch-5/sec-2
### 第九十三条（心裡留保） — (Mental Reservations)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-93 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-93 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-93
**第一項** 意思表示は、表意者がその真意ではないことを知ってしたときであっても、そのためにその効力を妨げられない。ただし、相手方がその意思表示が表意者の真意ではないことを知り、又は知ることができたときは、その意思表示は、無効とする。
art-93/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-93/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-93/par-1
The validity of a manifestation of intention is not impaired even if the person making it does so while knowing that it does not reflect that person's true intention; provided, however, that if the other party knew or could have known that the manifestation was not the true intention of the person who made it, that manifestation of intention is void.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 前項ただし書の規定による意思表示の無効は、善意の第三者に対抗することができない。
art-93/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-93/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-93/par-2
The nullity of a manifestation of intention under the provisions of the proviso to the preceding paragraph may not be duly asserted against a third party in good faith.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第九十四条（虚偽表示） — (False Manifestations of Intention)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-94 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-94 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-94
**第一項** 相手方と通じてした虚偽の意思表示は、無効とする。
art-94/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-94/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-94/par-1
A false manifestation of intention that a person makes in collusion with another person is void.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 前項の規定による意思表示の無効は、善意の第三者に対抗することができない。
art-94/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-94/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-94/par-2
The nullity of a manifestation of intention under the provisions of the preceding paragraph may not be duly asserted against a third party in good faith.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第九十五条（錯誤） — (Mistakes)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-95 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-95 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-95
**第一項** 意思表示は、次に掲げる錯誤に基づくものであって、その錯誤が法律行為の目的及び取引上の社会通念に照らして重要なものであるときは、取り消すことができる。
art-95/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-95/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-95/par-1
A manifestation of intention may be revoked if it is based on either of the following mistakes, and the mistake is material in light of the purpose of the juridical act and common sense trading practices:
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**一** 意思表示に対応する意思を欠く錯誤
art-95/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-95/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-95/par-1/item-1
a mistake wherein the person lacks the intention that corresponds to the manifestation of intention; or
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**二** 表意者が法律行為の基礎とした事情についてのその認識が真実に反する錯誤
art-95/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-95/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-95/par-1/item-2
a mistake wherein the person making the manifestation of intention holds an understanding that does not correspond to the truth with regard to the circumstances which the person has taken as the basis for the juridical act.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 前項第二号の規定による意思表示の取消しは、その事情が法律行為の基礎とされていることが表示されていたときに限り、することができる。
art-95/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-95/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-95/par-2
A manifestation of intention under the provisions of item (ii) of the preceding paragraph may be revoked only if it has been indicated that the circumstances in question are being taken as the basis for the juridical act.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第三項** 錯誤が表意者の重大な過失によるものであった場合には、次に掲げる場合を除き、第一項の規定による意思表示の取消しをすることができない。
art-95/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-95/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-95/par-3
If a mistake is due to gross negligence on the part of the person making the manifestation of intention, that person may not revoke a manifestation of intention as under paragraph (1), except in the following cases:
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**一** 相手方が表意者に錯誤があることを知り、又は重大な過失によって知らなかったとき。
art-95/par-3/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-95/par-3/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-95/par-3/item-1
if the other party knew, or did not know due to gross negligence, of the mistake on the part of the person making the manifestation of intention; or
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**二** 相手方が表意者と同一の錯誤に陥っていたとき。
art-95/par-3/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-95/par-3/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-95/par-3/item-2
if the other party was under the same mistake as the person making the manifestation of intention.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第四項** 第一項の規定による意思表示の取消しは、善意でかつ過失がない第三者に対抗することができない。
art-95/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-95/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-95/par-4
The revocation of a manifestation of intention under the provisions of paragraph (1) may not be duly asserted against a third party in good faith acting without negligence.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第九十六条（詐欺又は強迫） — (Fraud or Duress)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-96 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-96 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-96
**第一項** 詐欺又は強迫による意思表示は、取り消すことができる。
art-96/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-96/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-96/par-1
A manifestation of intention based on fraud or duress may be revoked.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 相手方に対する意思表示について第三者が詐欺を行った場合においては、相手方がその事実を知り、又は知ることができたときに限り、その意思表示を取り消すことができる。
art-96/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-96/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-96/par-2
If a third party commits a fraud inducing a first party to make a manifestation of intention to a second party, that manifestation of intention may be revoked only if the second party knew or could have known that fact.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第三項** 前二項の規定による詐欺による意思表示の取消しは、善意でかつ過失がない第三者に対抗することができない。
art-96/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-96/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-96/par-3
The revocation of a manifestation of intention induced by fraud under the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs may not be duly asserted against a third party in good faith acting without negligence.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第九十七条（意思表示の効力発生時期等） — (Timing of Entry into Effect of Manifestations of Intention)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-97 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-97 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-97
**第一項** 意思表示は、その通知が相手方に到達した時からその効力を生ずる。
art-97/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-97/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-97/par-1
A manifestation of intention becomes effective at the time notice of the manifestation reaches the other party.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 相手方が正当な理由なく意思表示の通知が到達することを妨げたときは、その通知は、通常到達すべきであった時に到達したものとみなす。
art-97/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-97/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-97/par-2
If the other party prevents notice of a manifestation of intention from reaching them without a legitimate reason, the notice is deemed to have reached that party at the time it would have normally reached them.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第三項** 意思表示は、表意者が通知を発した後に死亡し、意思能力を喪失し、又は行為能力の制限を受けたときであっても、そのためにその効力を妨げられない。
art-97/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-97/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-97/par-3
The effect of a manifestation of intention is not impaired even if the person making it dies, loses mental capacity, or becomes subject to restrictions on their legal capacity to act after having sent the notice.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第九十八条（公示による意思表示） — (Manifestation of Intention by Public Notice)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-98 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-98 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-98
**第一項** 意思表示は、表意者が相手方を知ることができず、又はその所在を知ることができないときは、公示の方法によってすることができる。
art-98/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-98/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-98/par-1
A manifestation of intention may be made by means of public notice if the person making it is unable to ascertain who the other party is or is unable to ascertain the whereabouts thereof.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 前項の公示は、公示送達に関する民事訴訟法（平成八年法律第百九号）の規定に従い、裁判所の掲示場に掲示し、かつ、その掲示があったことを官報に少なくとも一回掲載して行う。ただし、裁判所は、相当と認めるときは、官報への掲載に代えて、市役所、区役所、町村役場又はこれらに準ずる施設の掲示場に掲示すべきことを命ずることができる。
art-98/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-98/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-98/par-2
Public notice referred to in the preceding paragraph is effected by a notice being posted in the posting area of the relevant court and an indication that that posting has been made being published in the Official Gazette at least once, in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure (Act No. 109 of 1996) on service by publication; provided, however, that if the court finds it to be suitable, it may order that a notice be posted in the posting area of the city office, ward office, town hall, or any facility equivalent to these in lieu of the relevant information being published in the Official Gazette.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第三項** 公示による意思表示は、最後に官報に掲載した日又はその掲載に代わる掲示を始めた日から二週間を経過した時に、相手方に到達したものとみなす。ただし、表意者が相手方を知らないこと又はその所在を知らないことについて過失があったときは、到達の効力を生じない。
art-98/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-98/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-98/par-3
A manifestation of intention by public notice is deemed to have reached the other party once two weeks have passed since the day when the relevant information was last published in the Official Gazette or once two weeks have passed since the day on which the relevant information started to be posted in lieu of being so published; provided, however, that the effect of a manifestation of intention having reached the other party does not arise if the person making it was negligent in not ascertaining the other party or the whereabouts.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第四項** 公示に関する手続は、相手方を知ることができない場合には表意者の住所地の、相手方の所在を知ることができない場合には相手方の最後の住所地の簡易裁判所の管轄に属する。
art-98/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-98/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-98/par-4
If the person making a manifestation of intention is unable to ascertain who the other party is, the procedures involved in public notice are under the jurisdiction of the summary court that has jurisdiction over the locality where the person making the manifestation of intention is domiciled; if the person making a manifestation of intention is unable to ascertain the whereabouts of the other party, the procedures involved in public notice are under the jurisdiction of the summary court that has jurisdiction over the locality of the last known domicile of the other party.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第五項** 裁判所は、表意者に、公示に関する費用を予納させなければならない。
art-98/par-5 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-98/par-5 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-98/par-5
The court must have the person making a manifestation of intention prepay the expenses associated with a public notice.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第九十八条の二（意思表示の受領能力） — (Capacity to Receive Manifestations of Intention)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-98-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-98-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-98-2
**第一項** 意思表示の相手方がその意思表示を受けた時に意思能力を有しなかったとき又は未成年者若しくは成年被後見人であったときは、その意思表示をもってその相手方に対抗することができない。ただし、次に掲げる者がその意思表示を知った後は、この限りでない。
art-98-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-98-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-98-2/par-1
Any person may not assert a manifestation of intention against the other party to that if that other party had no mental capacity or was a minor or an adult ward at the time of receiving it; provided, however, that this does not apply after either of the following persons learns of the manifestation of intention:
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**一** 相手方の法定代理人
art-98-2/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-98-2/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-98-2/par-1/item-1
the legal representative of the other party; or
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**二** 意思能力を回復し、又は行為能力者となった相手方
art-98-2/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-98-2/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-98-2/par-1/item-2
the other party, after that other party's mental capacity has been restored or after that other party has become a person with capacity to act.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
## 第三節 代理 — Section 3 Agency
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
pt-1/ch-5/sec-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-1/ch-5/sec-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-1/ch-5/sec-3
### 第九十九条（代理行為の要件及び効果） — (Requirements and Effect of Acts of Agency)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-99 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-99 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-99
**第一項** 代理人がその権限内において本人のためにすることを示してした意思表示は、本人に対して直接にその効力を生ずる。
art-99/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-99/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-99/par-1
A manifestation of intention that an agent makes indicating that they will be making a manifestation of intention on behalf of the principal within the scope of the agent's authority binds the principal directly.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 前項の規定は、第三者が代理人に対してした意思表示について準用する。
art-99/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-99/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-99/par-2
The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis to a manifestation of intention that a third party makes to an agent.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百条（本人のためにすることを示さない意思表示） — (Manifestation of Intention That the Agent Does Not Indicate as Being Made on Behalf of the Principal)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-100 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-100 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-100
**第一項** 代理人が本人のためにすることを示さないでした意思表示は、自己のためにしたものとみなす。ただし、相手方が、代理人が本人のためにすることを知り、又は知ることができたときは、前条第一項の規定を準用する。
art-100/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-100/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-100/par-1
A manifestation of intention that an agent makes without having indicated that they will be acting on behalf of the principal is deemed to be one that the agent has made on their own account; provided, however, that if the other party knew or could have known that the agent was acting on behalf of the principal, the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百一条（代理行為の瑕疵） — (Defects in Acts of Agency)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-101 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-101 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-101
**第一項** 代理人が相手方に対してした意思表示の効力が意思の不存在、錯誤、詐欺、強迫又はある事情を知っていたこと若しくは知らなかったことにつき過失があったことによって影響を受けるべき場合には、その事実の有無は、代理人について決するものとする。
art-101/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-101/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-101/par-1
If the validity of a manifestation of intention that an agent has made to the other party is to be influenced by the absence of intention, by mistake, by fraud, or by duress; by the recipient's knowledge of or negligence in not knowing of a particular circumstance; whether or not any fact was present is decided as it concerns the agent.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 相手方が代理人に対してした意思表示の効力が意思表示を受けた者がある事情を知っていたこと又は知らなかったことにつき過失があったことによって影響を受けるべき場合には、その事実の有無は、代理人について決するものとする。
art-101/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-101/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-101/par-2
If the validity of a manifestation of intention that the other party has made to the agent is to be influenced by the recipient's knowledge of or negligence in not knowing of a particular circumstance, whether or not any fact was present is decided as it concerns the agent.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第三項** 特定の法律行為をすることを委託された代理人がその行為をしたときは、本人は、自ら知っていた事情について代理人が知らなかったことを主張することができない。本人が過失によって知らなかった事情についても、同様とする。
art-101/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-101/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-101/par-3
If an agent who has been entrusted with performing a specific juridical act performs that act, the principal may not assert that the agent did not know of any particular circumstance of which the principal knew. The same applies to any circumstance of which the principal did not know due to the principal's own negligence.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百二条（代理人の行為能力） — (Agent's Capacity to Act)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-102 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-102 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-102
**第一項** 制限行為能力者が代理人としてした行為は、行為能力の制限によっては取り消すことができない。ただし、制限行為能力者が他の制限行為能力者の法定代理人としてした行為については、この限りでない。
art-102/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-102/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-102/par-1
An act that a person with qualified legal capacity performs as an agent of another person may not be revoked on the grounds of qualified legal capacity; provided, however, that this does not apply to an act performed by a person with qualified legal capacity as a legal representative of another person with qualified legal capacity.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百三条（権限の定めのない代理人の権限） — (Authority of an Agent with No Specifically Defined Authority)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-103 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-103 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-103
**第一項** 権限の定めのない代理人は、次に掲げる行為のみをする権限を有する。
art-103/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-103/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-103/par-1
An agent who has no specifically defined authority has the authority to perform the following acts only:
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**一** 保存行為
art-103/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-103/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-103/par-1/item-1
acts of preservation; and
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**二** 代理の目的である物又は権利の性質を変えない範囲内において、その利用又は改良を目的とする行為
art-103/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-103/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-103/par-1/item-2
acts with the purpose of using or improving a thing or right that is the subject matter of the agency, to the extent that this does not change the nature of that thing or right.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百四条（任意代理人による復代理人の選任） — (Appointment of Subagents by Agents)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-104 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-104 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-104
**第一項** 委任による代理人は、本人の許諾を得たとき、又はやむを得ない事由があるときでなければ、復代理人を選任することができない。
art-104/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-104/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-104/par-1
An agent appointed by mandate may not appoint a subagent unless the authorization of the principal is obtained or there is a compelling reason to do so.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百五条（法定代理人による復代理人の選任） — (Appointment of Subagents by Legal Representatives)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-105 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-105 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-105
**第一項** 法定代理人は、自己の責任で復代理人を選任することができる。この場合において、やむを得ない事由があるときは、本人に対してその選任及び監督についての責任のみを負う。
art-105/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-105/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-105/par-1
A legal representative may appoint a subagent on its own responsibility. In such a case, if there is a compelling reason to do so, the legal representative is only liable to the principal for the appointment and supervision of the subagent.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百六条（復代理人の権限等） — (Authority of Subagents)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-106 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-106 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-106
**第一項** 復代理人は、その権限内の行為について、本人を代表する。
art-106/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-106/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-106/par-1
A subagent represents the principal with respect to acts within the scope of that subagent's authority.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 復代理人は、本人及び第三者に対して、その権限の範囲内において、代理人と同一の権利を有し、義務を負う。
art-106/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-106/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-106/par-2
A subagent has the same rights and obligations as an agent in relation to the principal and third parties within the scope of that subagent's authority.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百七条（代理権の濫用） — (Abuse of Authority to Represent)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-107 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-107 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-107
**第一項** 代理人が自己又は第三者の利益を図る目的で代理権の範囲内の行為をした場合において、相手方がその目的を知り、又は知ることができたときは、その行為は、代理権を有しない者がした行為とみなす。
art-107/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-107/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-107/par-1
If an agent performs an act that falls within the scope of that agent's authority to represent for the purpose of benefiting the agent's own interests or the interests of a third party, and the other party knew of or could have ascertained that purpose, that act is deemed to be an act performed by a person without authority to represent.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百八条（自己契約及び双方代理等） — (Self-Contracting and Representation of Both Parties)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-108 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-108 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-108
**第一項** 同一の法律行為について、相手方の代理人として、又は当事者双方の代理人としてした行為は、代理権を有しない者がした行為とみなす。ただし、債務の履行及び本人があらかじめ許諾した行為については、この限りでない。
art-108/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-108/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-108/par-1
An act that a person performs as an agent of the counterparty or as agent of both parties for the same juridical act is deemed to be an act performed by a person without authority to represent; provided, however, that this does not apply to the performance of an obligation or to an act authorized by the principal in advance.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 前項本文に規定するもののほか、代理人と本人との利益が相反する行為については、代理権を有しない者がした行為とみなす。ただし、本人があらかじめ許諾した行為については、この限りでない。
art-108/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-108/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-108/par-2
Beyond what is provided for in the main clause of the preceding paragraph, an act for which the interest of the agent conflicts with the interest of the principal is deemed to be an act performed by a person without authority to represent; provided, however, that this does not apply to an act authorized by the principal in advance.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百九条（代理権授与の表示による表見代理等） — (Apparent Authority Due to Indication of Grant of Authority to Represent)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-109 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-109 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-109
**第一項** 第三者に対して他人に代理権を与えた旨を表示した者は、その代理権の範囲内においてその他人が第三者との間でした行為について、その責任を負う。ただし、第三者が、その他人が代理権を与えられていないことを知り、又は過失によって知らなかったときは、この限りでない。
art-109/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-109/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-109/par-1
A person who indicates to a third party that the person granted certain authority to represent to another person is liable for an act performed between that other person and that third party within the scope of the authority to represent; provided, however, that this does not apply if the third party knew or did not know due to negligence that the other person has not been granted the authority to represent.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 第三者に対して他人に代理権を与えた旨を表示した者は、その代理権の範囲内においてその他人が第三者との間で行為をしたとすれば前項の規定によりその責任を負うべき場合において、その他人が第三者との間でその代理権の範囲外の行為をしたときは、第三者がその行為についてその他人の代理権があると信ずべき正当な理由があるときに限り、その行為についての責任を負う。
art-109/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-109/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-109/par-2
If a person who indicates to a third party that the person granted authority to represent to another person is, pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, liable for acts performed by that other person in relation to the third party within the scope of the authority to represent, and the other person performs in relation to the third party an act beyond the scope of the authority to represent, the person who makes the indication is liable for that act only if the third party has reasonable grounds for believing that the other person has authority to represent in that act.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百十条（権限外の行為の表見代理） — (Apparent Authority of Act Exceeding Authority)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-110 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-110 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-110
**第一項** 前条第一項本文の規定は、代理人がその権限外の行為をした場合において、第三者が代理人の権限があると信ずべき正当な理由があるときについて準用する。
art-110/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-110/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-110/par-1
The provisions of the main clause of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis if an agent performs an act exceeding the agent's authority to represent and a third party has reasonable grounds for believing that the agent has the authority as an agent.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百十一条（代理権の消滅事由） — (Ground of Extinction of Authority to Represent)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-111 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-111 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-111
**第一項** 代理権は、次に掲げる事由によって消滅する。
art-111/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-111/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-111/par-1
The authority to represent ceases to exist upon:
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**一** 本人の死亡
art-111/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-111/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-111/par-1/item-1
death of the principal; and
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**二** 代理人の死亡又は代理人が破産手続開始の決定若しくは後見開始の審判を受けたこと。
art-111/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-111/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-111/par-1/item-2
death of the agent, or order commencing bankruptcy proceeding or a decision for commencement of guardianship against the agent.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 委任による代理権は、前項各号に掲げる事由のほか、委任の終了によって消滅する。
art-111/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-111/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-111/par-2
The authority to represent by mandate ceases to exist, other than on the grounds stated in the respective items of the preceding paragraph, upon the termination of the mandate.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百十二条（代理権消滅後の表見代理等） — (Apparent Authority After Extinction of Authority to Represent)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-112 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-112 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-112
**第一項** 他人に代理権を与えた者は、代理権の消滅後にその代理権の範囲内においてその他人が第三者との間でした行為について、代理権の消滅の事実を知らなかった第三者に対してその責任を負う。ただし、第三者が過失によってその事実を知らなかったときは、この限りでない。
art-112/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-112/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-112/par-1
A person that grants authority to represent to another person is liable towards a third party for an act performed between that other person and the third party within the scope of the authority to represent after the extinction of the authority to represent if that third party does not know the fact that the authority to represent has ceased to exist; provided, however, that this does not apply if the third party does not know the fact due to negligence.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 他人に代理権を与えた者は、代理権の消滅後に、その代理権の範囲内においてその他人が第三者との間で行為をしたとすれば前項の規定によりその責任を負うべき場合において、その他人が第三者との間でその代理権の範囲外の行為をしたときは、第三者がその行為についてその他人の代理権があると信ずべき正当な理由があるときに限り、その行為についての責任を負う。
art-112/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-112/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-112/par-2
If a person that grants authority to represent to another person is, pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, liable for an act performed between that other person and a third party within the scope of the authority to represent after the extinction of that authority to represent, and the other person performs in relation to the third party an act beyond the scope of the authority to represent, the person that grants authority to represent is liable for that act only if the third party has reasonable grounds for believing that the other person has authority to represent for the act.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百十三条（無権代理） — (Unauthorized Agency)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-113 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-113 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-113
**第一項** 代理権を有しない者が他人の代理人としてした契約は、本人がその追認をしなければ、本人に対してその効力を生じない。
art-113/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-113/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-113/par-1
A contract concluded by a person who acts as the agent of another person but has no authority to represent does not bind the principal unless the principal ratifies it.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 追認又はその拒絶は、相手方に対してしなければ、その相手方に対抗することができない。ただし、相手方がその事実を知ったときは、この限りでない。
art-113/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-113/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-113/par-2
The ratification or refusal to ratify may not be duly asserted against the counterparty unless it is made to that counterparty; provided, however, that this does not apply if the counterparty has come to know the ratification or refusal to ratify.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百十四条（無権代理の相手方の催告権） — (Right to Demand of Counterparty of Unauthorized Agency)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-114 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-114 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-114
**第一項** 前条の場合において、相手方は、本人に対し、相当の期間を定めて、その期間内に追認をするかどうかを確答すべき旨の催告をすることができる。この場合において、本人がその期間内に確答をしないときは、追認を拒絶したものとみなす。
art-114/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-114/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-114/par-1
In the case referred to in the preceding Article, the counterparty may demand, by specifying a reasonable period of time, that the principal give a definite answer on whether or not the principal will ratify within that period of time. In this case, if the principal fails to give a definite answer within that period, the principal is deemed to have refused to ratify.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百十五条（無権代理の相手方の取消権） — (Right to Rescind of Counterparty of Unauthorized Agency)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-115 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-115 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-115
**第一項** 代理権を有しない者がした契約は、本人が追認をしない間は、相手方が取り消すことができる。ただし、契約の時において代理権を有しないことを相手方が知っていたときは、この限りでない。
art-115/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-115/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-115/par-1
A counterparty may rescind a contract that a person without the authority to represent has concluded until the principal ratifies it; provided, however, that this does not apply if the counterparty knew at the time of the conclusion of the contract that the agent had no authority to represent.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百十六条（無権代理行為の追認） — (Ratification of Act of Unauthorized Agency)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-116 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-116 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-116
**第一項** 追認は、別段の意思表示がないときは、契約の時にさかのぼってその効力を生ずる。ただし、第三者の権利を害することはできない。
art-116/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-116/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-116/par-1
Ratification is retroactive to the time of the conclusion of the contract unless a particular intention is manifested; provided, however, that this may not prejudice the rights of a third party.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百十七条（無権代理人の責任） — (Liability of Unauthorized Agency)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-117 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-117 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-117
**第一項** 他人の代理人として契約をした者は、自己の代理権を証明したとき、又は本人の追認を得たときを除き、相手方の選択に従い、相手方に対して履行又は損害賠償の責任を負う。
art-117/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-117/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-117/par-1
A person who concludes a contract as an agent of another person is liable to the counterparty for the performance of the contract or damages, as chosen by the counterparty, unless the person proves their authority to represent or the principal ratifies the contract.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 前項の規定は、次に掲げる場合には、適用しない。
art-117/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-117/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-117/par-2
The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply in the following cases:
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**一** 他人の代理人として契約をした者が代理権を有しないことを相手方が知っていたとき。
art-117/par-2/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-117/par-2/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-117/par-2/item-1
if the counterparty knew that the person who concluded the contract as an agent of the other person had no authority to represent;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**二** 他人の代理人として契約をした者が代理権を有しないことを相手方が過失によって知らなかったとき。ただし、他人の代理人として契約をした者が自己に代理権がないことを知っていたときは、この限りでない。
art-117/par-2/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-117/par-2/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-117/par-2/item-2
if the counterparty was negligent in not knowing that the person who concluded the contract as an agent of the other person had no authority to represent; provided, however, that this does not apply if the person who concluded a contract as an agent of the other person knew themselves to have no authority to represent; or
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**三** 他人の代理人として契約をした者が行為能力の制限を受けていたとき。
art-117/par-2/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-117/par-2/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-117/par-2/item-3
if the legal capacity to act of the person who concluded the contract as an agent of the other person was subject to restrictions.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百十八条（単独行為の無権代理） — (Unauthorized Agency in Unilateral Juridical Act)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-118 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-118 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-118
**第一項** 単独行為については、その行為の時において、相手方が、代理人と称する者が代理権を有しないで行為をすることに同意し、又はその代理権を争わなかったときに限り、第百十三条から前条までの規定を準用する。代理権を有しない者に対しその同意を得て単独行為をしたときも、同様とする。
art-118/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-118/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-118/par-1
With respect to a unilateral juridical act, the provisions of Articles 113 through the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis only if the counterparty, at the time of the act, either agrees for the person holding themselves out as an agent to act without the authority to represent or does not contest the authority to represent of that person. The same applies if that counterparty does a unilateral juridical act to a person without authority to represent with the consent of that person.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
## 第四節 無効及び取消し — Section 4 Nullity and Revocation
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
pt-1/ch-5/sec-4 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-1/ch-5/sec-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-1/ch-5/sec-4
### 第百十九条（無効な行為の追認） — (Ratification of Void Acts)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-119 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-119 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-119
**第一項** 無効な行為は、追認によっても、その効力を生じない。ただし、当事者がその行為の無効であることを知って追認をしたときは、新たな行為をしたものとみなす。
art-119/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-119/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-119/par-1
A void act does not become effective by ratification; provided, however, that if a party ratifies an act knowing that the act is void, it is deemed that the party did a new act.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百二十条（取消権者） — (Holder of Right to Rescind)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-120 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-120 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-120
**第一項** 行為能力の制限によって取り消すことができる行為は、制限行為能力者（他の制限行為能力者の法定代理人としてした行為にあっては、当該他の制限行為能力者を含む。）又はその代理人、承継人若しくは同意をすることができる者に限り、取り消すことができる。
art-120/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-120/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-120/par-1
An act that is revocable on the grounds of the qualified legal capacity to act of the person who did the act may be revoked only by the person with qualified legal capacity (in the case of an act performed by the person as a legal representative of another person with limited capacity, including that other person with limited capacity), or their agent or successor, or a person who has the authority to give consent thereto.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 錯誤、詐欺又は強迫によって取り消すことができる行為は、瑕疵ある意思表示をした者又はその代理人若しくは承継人に限り、取り消すことができる。
art-120/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-120/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-120/par-2
An act that is revocable on the grounds of a mistake, fraud or duress may be revoked only by the person who made the defective manifestation of intention, or their agent or successor.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百二十一条（取消しの効果） — (Effect of Revocation)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-121 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-121 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-121
**第一項** 取り消された行為は、初めから無効であったものとみなす。
art-121/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-121/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-121/par-1
An act that has been revoked is deemed void ab initio.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百二十一条の二（原状回復の義務） — (Obligation of Restoration)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-121-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-121-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-121-2
**第一項** 無効な行為に基づく債務の履行として給付を受けた者は、相手方を原状に復させる義務を負う。
art-121-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-121-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-121-2/par-1
A person that has received payment or delivery as the performance of an obligation based on a void act has an obligation to restore the other party to the original state.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 前項の規定にかかわらず、無効な無償行為に基づく債務の履行として給付を受けた者は、給付を受けた当時その行為が無効であること（給付を受けた後に前条の規定により初めから無効であったものとみなされた行為にあっては、給付を受けた当時その行為が取り消すことができるものであること）を知らなかったときは、その行為によって現に利益を受けている限度において、返還の義務を負う。
art-121-2/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-121-2/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-121-2/par-2
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, if a person that receives payment or delivery as the performance of an obligation based on a void gratuitous act did not know that the act was void at the time of receiving the payment or delivery (or if the person did not know that the act may be revoked at the time of receiving the payment or delivery in the case of an act which is deemed void ab initio pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article after the receipt of the payment or delivery), has an obligation to return to the extent currently enriched by the act.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第三項** 第一項の規定にかかわらず、行為の時に意思能力を有しなかった者は、その行為によって現に利益を受けている限度において、返還の義務を負う。行為の時に制限行為能力者であった者についても、同様とする。
art-121-2/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-121-2/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-121-2/par-3
Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), a person who has no mental capacity at the time of performing an act has an obligation to return to the extent currently enriched by the act. The same applies to a person who is a person with qualified legal capacity at the time of performing an act.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百二十二条（取り消すことができる行為の追認） — (Ratification of Revocable Acts)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-122 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-122 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-122
**第一項** 取り消すことができる行為は、第百二十条に規定する者が追認したときは、以後、取り消すことができない。
art-122/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-122/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-122/par-1
A revocable act may not be revoked after the person prescribed in Article 120 ratifies it.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百二十三条（取消し及び追認の方法） — (Method of Revocation and Ratification)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-123 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-123 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-123
**第一項** 取り消すことができる行為の相手方が確定している場合には、その取消し又は追認は、相手方に対する意思表示によってする。
art-123/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-123/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-123/par-1
If the counterparty to an act that may be revoked is identified, the revocation or ratification of that act is made by the manifestation of intention to the counterparty.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百二十四条（追認の要件） — (Requirements for Ratification)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-124 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-124 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-124
**第一項** 取り消すことができる行為の追認は、取消しの原因となっていた状況が消滅し、かつ、取消権を有することを知った後にしなければ、その効力を生じない。
art-124/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-124/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-124/par-1
The ratification of a revocable act does not become effective unless it is made after the circumstances that made the act revocable cease to exist and the person ratifying the act becomes aware of the right to revoke it.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 次に掲げる場合には、前項の追認は、取消しの原因となっていた状況が消滅した後にすることを要しない。
art-124/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-124/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-124/par-2
In the following cases, the ratification referred to in the preceding paragraph is not required to be made after the circumstances that made the act voidable cease to exist:
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**一** 法定代理人又は制限行為能力者の保佐人若しくは補助人が追認をするとき。
art-124/par-2/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-124/par-2/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-124/par-2/item-1
if a legal representative or a curator or assistant of a person with qualified legal capacity ratifies the act; or
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**二** 制限行為能力者（成年被後見人を除く。）が法定代理人、保佐人又は補助人の同意を得て追認をするとき。
art-124/par-2/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-124/par-2/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-124/par-2/item-2
if a person with qualified legal capacity (excluding an adult ward) ratifies the act with the consent of a legal representative, curator or assistant.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百二十五条（法定追認） — (Statutory Ratification)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-125 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-125 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-125
**第一項** 追認をすることができる時以後に、取り消すことができる行為について次に掲げる事実があったときは、追認をしたものとみなす。ただし、異議をとどめたときは、この限りでない。
art-125/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-125/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-125/par-1
If, at or after the time when it becomes possible to ratify an act, any of the following facts occur with respect to a revocable act, it is deemed that the act has been ratified; provided, however, that this does not apply if an objection is reserved:
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**一** 全部又は一部の履行
art-125/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-125/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-125/par-1/item-1
full or partial performance;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**二** 履行の請求
art-125/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-125/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-125/par-1/item-2
request for the performance;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**三** 更改
art-125/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-125/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-125/par-1/item-3
novation;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**四** 担保の供与
art-125/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-125/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-125/par-1/item-4
provision of a security;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**五** 取り消すことができる行為によって取得した権利の全部又は一部の譲渡
art-125/par-1/item-5 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-125/par-1/item-5 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-125/par-1/item-5
assignment of a part of or the whole of a right acquired by the revocable act; or
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**六** 強制執行
art-125/par-1/item-6 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-125/par-1/item-6 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-125/par-1/item-6
judicial enforcement.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百二十六条（取消権の期間の制限） — (Limitation on Period of Right to Revoke)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-126 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-126 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-126
**第一項** 取消権は、追認をすることができる時から五年間行使しないときは、時効によって消滅する。行為の時から二十年を経過したときも、同様とする。
art-126/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-126/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-126/par-1
The right to revoke an act is extinguished by the operation of the prescription if it is not exercised within five years from the time when it becomes possible to ratify the act. The same applies if 20 years have passed from the time of the act.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
## 第五節 条件及び期限 — Section 5 Conditions and Time Limits
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
pt-1/ch-5/sec-5 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-1/ch-5/sec-5 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-1/ch-5/sec-5
### 第百二十七条（条件が成就した場合の効果） — (Effect of Fulfillment of Conditions)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-127 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-127 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-127
**第一項** 停止条件付法律行為は、停止条件が成就した時からその効力を生ずる。
art-127/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-127/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-127/par-1
A juridical act subject to a condition precedent becomes effective upon fulfillment of the condition precedent.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 解除条件付法律行為は、解除条件が成就した時からその効力を失う。
art-127/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-127/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-127/par-2
A juridical act that is subject to a condition subsequent ceases to be effective upon fulfillment of the condition subsequent.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第三項** 当事者が条件が成就した場合の効果をその成就した時以前にさかのぼらせる意思を表示したときは、その意思に従う。
art-127/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-127/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-127/par-3
If the party manifests an intention to make the effects retroactive to the time of or any time before the time of the fulfillment, that intention prevails.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百二十八条（条件の成否未定の間における相手方の利益の侵害の禁止） — (Prohibition of Infringement of Interest of Counterparty Pending Fulfillment of Conditions)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-128 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-128 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-128
**第一項** 条件付法律行為の各当事者は、条件の成否が未定である間は、条件が成就した場合にその法律行為から生ずべき相手方の利益を害することができない。
art-128/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-128/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-128/par-1
While it is uncertain whether or not a condition will be fulfilled, a party to a juridical act that is subject to a condition may not prejudice the other party's interests that would arise from the juridical act upon fulfillment of the condition.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百二十九条（条件の成否未定の間における権利の処分等） — (Disposition of Rights Pending Fulfillment of Conditions)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-129 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-129 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-129
**第一項** 条件の成否が未定である間における当事者の権利義務は、一般の規定に従い、処分し、相続し、若しくは保存し、又はそのために担保を供することができる。
art-129/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-129/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-129/par-1
While it is uncertain whether or not a condition will be fulfilled, the rights and obligations of the party concerned may be disposed of, inherited or preserved, or a security may be provided therefor, in accordance with the general provisions.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百三十条（条件の成就の妨害等） — (Prevention of Fulfillment of Conditions)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-130 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-130 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-130
**第一項** 条件が成就することによって不利益を受ける当事者が故意にその条件の成就を妨げたときは、相手方は、その条件が成就したものとみなすことができる。
art-130/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-130/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-130/par-1
If a party that would suffer a detriment as a result of the fulfillment of a condition intentionally prevents the fulfillment of that condition, the counterparty may deem that the condition has been fulfilled.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 条件が成就することによって利益を受ける当事者が不正にその条件を成就させたときは、相手方は、その条件が成就しなかったものとみなすことができる。
art-130/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-130/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-130/par-2
If a party who would enjoy a benefit as a result of the fulfillment of a condition wrongfully has that condition fulfilled, the counterparty may deem that the condition has not been fulfilled.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百三十一条（既成条件） — (Fulfilled Conditions)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-131 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-131 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-131
**第一項** 条件が法律行為の時に既に成就していた場合において、その条件が停止条件であるときはその法律行為は無条件とし、その条件が解除条件であるときはその法律行為は無効とする。
art-131/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-131/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-131/par-1
If a condition has already been fulfilled at the time of a juridical act and that condition is a condition precedent, the juridical act constitutes an unconditional act; if that condition is a condition subsequent, the juridical act is void.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 条件が成就しないことが法律行為の時に既に確定していた場合において、その条件が停止条件であるときはその法律行為は無効とし、その条件が解除条件であるときはその法律行為は無条件とする。
art-131/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-131/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-131/par-2
If it has already been established at the time of a juridical act that a condition will not be fulfilled and that condition is a condition precedent, the juridical act is void; if that condition is a condition subsequent, the juridical act constitutes an unconditional act.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第三項** 前二項に規定する場合において、当事者が条件が成就したこと又は成就しなかったことを知らない間は、第百二十八条及び第百二十九条の規定を準用する。
art-131/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-131/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-131/par-3
In the cases referred to in the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, the provisions of Article 128 and Article 129 apply mutatis mutandis until the relevant party becomes aware that the condition has been or has not been fulfilled.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百三十二条（不法条件） — (Unlawful Conditions)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-132 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-132 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-132
**第一項** 不法な条件を付した法律行為は、無効とする。不法な行為をしないことを条件とするものも、同様とする。
art-132/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-132/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-132/par-1
A juridical act subject to an unlawful condition is void. The same applies to a juridical act subject to the condition that an unlawful act not be performed.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百三十三条（不能条件） — (Impossible Conditions)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-133 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-133 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-133
**第一項** 不能の停止条件を付した法律行為は、無効とする。
art-133/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-133/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-133/par-1
A juridical act subject to an impossible condition precedent is void.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 不能の解除条件を付した法律行為は、無条件とする。
art-133/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-133/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-133/par-2
A juridical act subject to an impossible condition subsequent is an unconditional juridical act.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百三十四条（随意条件） — (Potestative Conditions)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-134 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-134 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-134
**第一項** 停止条件付法律行為は、その条件が単に債務者の意思のみに係るときは、無効とする。
art-134/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-134/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-134/par-1
A juridical act subject to a condition precedent is void if the condition is dependent only upon the intention of the obligor.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百三十五条（期限の到来の効果） — (Effect of Arrival of Assigned Time)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-135 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-135 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-135
**第一項** 法律行為に始期を付したときは、その法律行為の履行は、期限が到来するまで、これを請求することができない。
art-135/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-135/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-135/par-1
If a time of commencement is assigned to a juridical act, the performance of that juridical act may not be demanded before the arrival of that assigned time.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 法律行為に終期を付したときは、その法律行為の効力は、期限が到来した時に消滅する。
art-135/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-135/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-135/par-2
If time of expiration is assigned to a juridical act, that juridical act expires upon the arrival of that assigned time.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百三十六条（期限の利益及びその放棄） — (Benefit of Time and Waiver of the Benefit)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-136 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-136 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-136
**第一項** 期限は、債務者の利益のために定めたものと推定する。
art-136/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-136/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-136/par-1
The time stipulation is presumed to be provided for the benefit of the obligor.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 期限の利益は、放棄することができる。ただし、これによって相手方の利益を害することはできない。
art-136/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-136/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-136/par-2
The benefit of time stipulation may be waived; provided, however, that the waiver may not prejudice the interest of the counterparty.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第百三十七条（期限の利益の喪失） — (Acceleration)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-137 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-137 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-137
**第一項** 次に掲げる場合には、債務者は、期限の利益を主張することができない。
art-137/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-137/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-137/par-1
The obligor may not assert the benefit of time stipulation if:
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**一** 債務者が破産手続開始の決定を受けたとき。
art-137/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-137/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-137/par-1/item-1
the obligor has become subject to the order commencing bankruptcy proceedings;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**二** 債務者が担保を滅失させ、損傷させ、又は減少させたとき。
art-137/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-137/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-137/par-1/item-2
the obligor has lost, damaged, or diminished the security; or
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**三** 債務者が担保を供する義務を負う場合において、これを供しないとき。
art-137/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-137/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-137/par-1/item-3
the obligor fails to provide security when it has the obligation to do so.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
---
## Cites
- art-93/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第九十三条第一項 (Article 93, paragraph (1)), art-93/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-93/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-93/par-1
- art-94/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第九十四条第一項 (Article 94, paragraph (1)), art-94/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-94/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-94/par-1
- art-95/par-2: 前項第二号 → 民法 第九十五条第一項第二号 (Article 95, paragraph (1), item (ii)), art-95/par-1/item-2 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-95/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-95/par-1/item-2
- art-95/par-3: 第一項 → 民法 第九十五条第一項 (Article 95, paragraph (1)), art-95/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-95/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-95/par-1
- art-95/par-4: 第一項 → 民法 第九十五条第一項 (Article 95, paragraph (1)), art-95/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-95/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-95/par-1
- art-96/par-3: 前二項 → 民法 第九十六条第一項 (Article 96, paragraph (1)), art-96/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-96/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-96/par-1
- art-96/par-3: 前二項 → 民法 第九十六条第二項 (Article 96, paragraph (2)), art-96/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-96/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-96/par-2
- art-98/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第九十八条第一項 (Article 98, paragraph (1)), art-98/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-98/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-98/par-1
- art-99/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第九十九条第一項 (Article 99, paragraph (1)), art-99/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-99/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-99/par-1
- art-100/par-1: 前条第一項 → 民法 第九十九条第一項 (Article 99, paragraph (1)), art-99/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-99/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-99/par-1
- art-108/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第百八条第一項 (Article 108, paragraph (1)), art-108/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-108/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-108/par-1
- art-109/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第百九条第一項 (Article 109, paragraph (1)), art-109/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-109/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-109/par-1
- art-110/par-1: 前条第一項 → 民法 第百九条第一項 (Article 109, paragraph (1)), art-109/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-109/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-109/par-1
- art-111/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第百十一条第一項 (Article 111, paragraph (1)), art-111/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-111/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-111/par-1
- art-112/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第百十二条第一項 (Article 112, paragraph (1)), art-112/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-112/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-112/par-1
- art-114/par-1: 前条 → 民法 第百十三条 (Article 113), art-113 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-113 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-113
- art-117/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第百十七条第一項 (Article 117, paragraph (1)), art-117/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-117/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-117/par-1
- art-118/par-1: 第百十三条から前条まで → 民法 第百十三条 (Article 113), art-113 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-113 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-113
- art-118/par-1: 第百十三条から前条まで → 民法 第百十四条 (Article 114), art-114 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-114 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-114
- art-118/par-1: 第百十三条から前条まで → 民法 第百十五条 (Article 115), art-115 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-115 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-115
- art-118/par-1: 第百十三条から前条まで → 民法 第百十六条 (Article 116), art-116 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-116 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-116
- art-118/par-1: 第百十三条から前条まで → 民法 第百十七条 (Article 117), art-117 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-117 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-117
- art-121-2/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第百二十一条の二第一項 (Article 121-2, paragraph (1)), art-121-2/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-121-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-121-2/par-1
- art-121-2/par-2: 前条 → 民法 第百二十一条 (Article 121), art-121 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-121 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-121
- art-121-2/par-3: 第一項 → 民法 第百二十一条の二第一項 (Article 121-2, paragraph (1)), art-121-2/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-121-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-121-2/par-1
- art-122/par-1: 第百二十条 → 民法 第百二十条 (Article 120), art-120 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-120 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-120
- art-124/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第百二十四条第一項 (Article 124, paragraph (1)), art-124/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-124/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-124/par-1
- art-131/par-3: 前二項 → 民法 第百三十一条第一項 (Article 131, paragraph (1)), art-131/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-131/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-131/par-1
- art-131/par-3: 前二項 → 民法 第百三十一条第二項 (Article 131, paragraph (2)), art-131/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-131/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-131/par-2
- art-131/par-3: 第百二十八条 → 民法 第百二十八条 (Article 128), art-128 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-128 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-128
- art-131/par-3: 第百二十九条 → 民法 第百二十九条 (Article 129), art-129 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-129 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-129
---
## Sources
- e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁) — 民法 — the text in force from 2026-06-24 (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/129AC0000000089/20260624_508AC0000000045), retrieved 2026-10-11
- Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Civil Code — Ministry of Justice translation (part 1 of 2) (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4848/tb), retrieved 2026-10-11
- This site's parser, version 190 — 民法 — structure, counts, cross-references and defined terms, computed 2026-10-11