# 民法 / Civil Code — 第二章 (Part 1, Chapter 2) - Law: 民法 (Civil Code), 明治二十九年法律第八十九号 - English title "Civil Code": Ministry of Justice translation - Kind: Act — the distinction between 法律 (Act), 政令 (Cabinet Order), 省令 (Ministerial Order) and 条例 (local ordinance) decides who may issue it and what it may say. - Provision: 第二章 (Part 1, Chapter 2) — address `pt-1/ch-2` - Text in force since: 2026-06-24 - URL (the page that opens at this provision): https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-1/ch-2 - Permanent URL (e-Gov law ID, never renamed): https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-1/ch-2 - Every provision below carries its address and both URLs on the line under it. - Japanese text: e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁). English: as marked on each line below. Only the Japanese as published by the government has legal effect; the text below is a copy of it. Every English rendering below is a translation and says which kind: the Ministry of Justice's translation, or this site's machine translation, whose model and date the Sources list names. They are never merged and never substituted for one another. --- ## 第二章　人 — Chapter II Persons heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System pt-1/ch-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-1/ch-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-1/ch-2 ## 第一節　権利能力 — Section 1 Capacity to Hold Rights heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System pt-1/ch-2/sec-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-1/ch-2/sec-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-1/ch-2/sec-1 ### 第三条 art-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-3 **第一項** 私権の享有は、出生に始まる。 art-3/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-3/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-3/par-1 The enjoyment of private rights commences at birth. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 外国人は、法令又は条約の規定により禁止される場合を除き、私権を享有する。 art-3/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-3/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-3/par-2 Unless otherwise prohibited by applicable laws, regulations, or treaties, foreign nationals enjoy private rights. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ## 第二節　意思能力 — Section 2 Mental Capacity heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System pt-1/ch-2/sec-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-1/ch-2/sec-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-1/ch-2/sec-2 ### 第三条の二 art-3-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-3-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-3-2 **第一項** 法律行為の当事者が意思表示をした時に意思能力を有しなかったときは、その法律行為は、無効とする。 art-3-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-3-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-3-2/par-1 If the person performing a juridical act did not have mental capacity when manifesting the relevant intention, the juridical act is void. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ## 第三節　行為能力 — Section 3 Capacity to Act heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System pt-1/ch-2/sec-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-1/ch-2/sec-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-1/ch-2/sec-3 ### 第四条（成年） — (Age of Majority) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-4 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-4 **第一項** 年齢十八歳をもって、成年とする。 art-4/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-4/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-4/par-1 The age of majority is 18 years of age. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第五条（未成年者の法律行為） — (Juridical Acts by Minors) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-5 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-5 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-5 **第一項** 未成年者が法律行為をするには、その法定代理人の同意を得なければならない。ただし、単に権利を得、又は義務を免れる法律行為については、この限りでない。 art-5/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-5/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-5/par-1 A minor must obtain the consent of the minor's legal representative to perform a juridical act; provided, however, that this does not apply to a juridical act for merely acquiring a right or being released from an obligation. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項の規定に反する法律行為は、取り消すことができる。 art-5/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-5/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-5/par-2 A juridical act in contravention of the provisions of the preceding paragraph may be revoked. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 第一項の規定にかかわらず、法定代理人が目的を定めて処分を許した財産は、その目的の範囲内において、未成年者が自由に処分することができる。目的を定めないで処分を許した財産を処分するときも、同様とする。 art-5/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-5/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-5/par-3 Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), a minor may freely dispose of property that the legal representative has permitted the minor to dispose of for a specified purpose, to an extent that falls within the scope of that purpose. The same applies if the minor disposes of property that the legal representative has permitted the minor to dispose of without specifying a purpose. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第六条（未成年者の営業の許可） — (Permission for Minors to Conduct Business) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-6 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-6 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-6 **第一項** 一種又は数種の営業を許された未成年者は、その営業に関しては、成年者と同一の行為能力を有する。 art-6/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-6/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-6/par-1 A minor who is permitted to conduct one or multiple types of business has the same capacity to act as an adult as far as that business is concerned. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項の場合において、未成年者がその営業に堪えることができない事由があるときは、その法定代理人は、第四編（親族）の規定に従い、その許可を取り消し、又はこれを制限することができる。 art-6/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-6/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-6/par-2 In a case referred to in the preceding paragraph, if there are grounds that make the minor unable to sustain that business, the legal representative may revoke or limit the permission therefor in accordance with the provisions of Part IV (Relatives). Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七条（後見開始の審判） — (Decisions for Commencement of Guardianship) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-7 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-7 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-7 **第一項** 精神上の障害により事理を弁識する能力を欠く常況にある者については、家庭裁判所は、本人、配偶者、四親等内の親族、未成年後見人、未成年後見監督人、保佐人、保佐監督人、補助人、補助監督人又は検察官の請求により、後見開始の審判をすることができる。 art-7/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-7/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-7/par-1 The family court may decide to commence a guardianship in respect of a person who constantly lacks the capacity to appreciate the person's own situation due to a mental disorder or disability, at the request of the person in question, that person's spouse, that person's relative within the fourth degree of kinship, the guardian of a minor, the supervisor of a minor's guardian, the curator, the curator's supervisor, the assistant, the assistant's supervisor, or a public prosecutor. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第八条（成年被後見人及び成年後見人） — (Adult Wards; Adult Guardians) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-8 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-8 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-8 **第一項** 後見開始の審判を受けた者は、成年被後見人とし、これに成年後見人を付する。 art-8/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-8/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-8/par-1 A person subject to a decision for commencement of guardianship becomes an adult ward, and an adult guardian is appointed for that person. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第九条（成年被後見人の法律行為） — (Juridical Acts by Adult Wards Under Guardianship) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-9 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-9 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-9 **第一項** 成年被後見人の法律行為は、取り消すことができる。ただし、日用品の購入その他日常生活に関する行為については、この限りでない。 art-9/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-9/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-9/par-1 A juridical act performed by an adult ward may be revoked; provided, however, that this does not apply to the purchase of daily necessities or to any other act involved in day-to-day life. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第十条（後見開始の審判の取消し） — (Setting Aside of Decisions for Commencement of Guardianship) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-10 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-10 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-10 **第一項** 第七条に規定する原因が消滅したときは、家庭裁判所は、本人、配偶者、四親等内の親族、後見人（未成年後見人及び成年後見人をいう。以下同じ。）、後見監督人（未成年後見監督人及び成年後見監督人をいう。以下同じ。）又は検察官の請求により、後見開始の審判を取り消さなければならない。 art-10/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-10/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-10/par-1 If the grounds prescribed in Article 7 cease to exist, the family court must set aside the decision for the commencement of guardianship at the request of the person in question, that person's spouse, that person's relative within the fourth degree of kinship, the guardian (meaning a minor's guardian or an adult guardian; the same applies below), the guardian's supervisor (meaning the supervisor of a minor's guardian or the adult guardian's supervisor; the same applies below), or a public prosecutor. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第十一条（保佐開始の審判） — (Decisions for Commencement of Curatorship) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-11 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-11 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-11 **第一項** 精神上の障害により事理を弁識する能力が著しく不十分である者については、家庭裁判所は、本人、配偶者、四親等内の親族、後見人、後見監督人、補助人、補助監督人又は検察官の請求により、保佐開始の審判をすることができる。ただし、第七条に規定する原因がある者については、この限りでない。 art-11/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-11/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-11/par-1 The family court may decide to commence a curatorship in respect of a person whose capacity to appreciate their own situation is extremely inadequate due to a mental disorder or disability, at the request of the person in question, the person's spouse, the person's relative within the fourth degree of kinship, the guardian, the guardian's supervisor, the assistant, the assistant's supervisor, or a public prosecutor; provided, however, that this does not apply to a person in respect of whom a cause stated in Article 7 exists. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第十二条（被保佐人及び保佐人） — (Persons Under Curatorship; Curators) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-12 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-12 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-12 **第一項** 保佐開始の審判を受けた者は、被保佐人とし、これに保佐人を付する。 art-12/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-12/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-12/par-1 A person subject to a decision for commencement of curatorship becomes a person under curatorship, and a curator is appointed for that person. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第十三条（保佐人の同意を要する行為等） — (Acts Requiring Consent of Curator) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-13 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13 **第一項** 被保佐人が次に掲げる行為をするには、その保佐人の同意を得なければならない。ただし、第九条ただし書に規定する行為については、この限りでない。 art-13/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1 A person under curatorship must obtain the consent of the curator in order to perform any of the following acts; provided, however, that this does not apply to an act provided for in the proviso of Article 9: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **一** 元本を領収し、又は利用すること。 art-13/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-1 receiving or using principal; Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **二** 借財又は保証をすること。 art-13/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-2 borrowing money or guaranteeing an obligation; Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **三** 不動産その他重要な財産に関する権利の得喪を目的とする行為をすること。 art-13/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-3 performing an act with the purpose of acquiring or losing any right regarding immovables or other significant property; Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **四** 訴訟行為をすること。 art-13/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-4 performing a procedural act; Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **五** 贈与、和解又は仲裁合意（仲裁法（平成十五年法律第百三十八号）第二条第一項に規定する仲裁合意をいう。）をすること。 art-13/par-1/item-5 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-5 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-5 giving a gift, reaching a settlement, or entering into an arbitration agreement (meaning an arbitration agreement as provided in Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Arbitration Act (Act No. 138 of 2003)); Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **六** 相続の承認若しくは放棄又は遺産の分割をすること。 art-13/par-1/item-6 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-6 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-6 accepting or renouncing a succession or dividing an estate; Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **七** 贈与の申込みを拒絶し、遺贈を放棄し、負担付贈与の申込みを承諾し、又は負担付遺贈を承認すること。 art-13/par-1/item-7 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-7 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-7 refusing an offer of a gift, renouncing a legacy, accepting an offer of gift with burden, or accepting a legacy with burden; Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **八** 新築、改築、増築又は大修繕をすること。 art-13/par-1/item-8 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-8 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-8 constructing a new building, renovating, expanding, or undertaking major repairs; Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **九** 第六百二条に定める期間を超える賃貸借をすること。 art-13/par-1/item-9 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-9 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-9 granting a lease for a term that exceeds the period stated in Article 602; or Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **十** 前各号に掲げる行為を制限行為能力者（未成年者、成年被後見人、被保佐人及び第十七条第一項の審判を受けた被補助人をいう。以下同じ。）の法定代理人としてすること。 art-13/par-1/item-10 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-10 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-10 performing any of the acts stated in the preceding items as a legal representative of a person with qualified legal capacity (meaning a minor, adult ward, or person under curatorship or a person under assistantship who is subject to a decision referred to in Article 17, paragraph (1); the same applies below). Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 家庭裁判所は、第十一条本文に規定する者又は保佐人若しくは保佐監督人の請求により、被保佐人が前項各号に掲げる行為以外の行為をする場合であってもその保佐人の同意を得なければならない旨の審判をすることができる。ただし、第九条ただし書に規定する行為については、この限りでない。 art-13/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-2 At the request of a person referred to in the main clause of Article 11 or the curator or curator's supervisor, the family court may decide that the person under curatorship must also obtain the consent of the curator before performing an act other than those stated in each of the items of the preceding paragraph; provided, however, that this does not apply to an act provided for in the proviso to Article 9. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 保佐人の同意を得なければならない行為について、保佐人が被保佐人の利益を害するおそれがないにもかかわらず同意をしないときは、家庭裁判所は、被保佐人の請求により、保佐人の同意に代わる許可を与えることができる。 art-13/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-3 If the curator does not consent to an act for which the person under curatorship must obtain the curator's consent even though it is unlikely to prejudice the interests of the person under curatorship, the family court may grant permission that operates in lieu of the curator's consent at the request of the person under curatorship. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第四項** 保佐人の同意を得なければならない行為であって、その同意又はこれに代わる許可を得ないでしたものは、取り消すことができる。 art-13/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-4 An act for which the person under curatorship must obtain the curator's consent may be revoked if the person performs it without obtaining the curator's consent or a permission that operates in lieu of it. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第十四条（保佐開始の審判等の取消し） — (Setting Aside of Decisions for Commencement of Curatorship) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-14 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-14 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-14 **第一項** 第十一条本文に規定する原因が消滅したときは、家庭裁判所は、本人、配偶者、四親等内の親族、未成年後見人、未成年後見監督人、保佐人、保佐監督人又は検察官の請求により、保佐開始の審判を取り消さなければならない。 art-14/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-14/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-14/par-1 If the grounds prescribed in the main clause of Article 11 cease to exist, the family court must set aside the decision for the commencement of curatorship at the request of the person in question, that person's spouse, that person's relative within the fourth degree of kinship, the guardian of a minor, the supervisor of a minor's guardian, the curator, the curator's supervisor, or a public prosecutor. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 家庭裁判所は、前項に規定する者の請求により、前条第二項の審判の全部又は一部を取り消すことができる。 art-14/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-14/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-14/par-2 At the request of a person provided for in the preceding paragraph, the family court may set aside all or part of the decision referred to in paragraph (2) of the preceding Article. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第十五条（補助開始の審判） — (Decisions for Commencement of Assistance) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-15 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-15 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-15 **第一項** 精神上の障害により事理を弁識する能力が不十分である者については、家庭裁判所は、本人、配偶者、四親等内の親族、後見人、後見監督人、保佐人、保佐監督人又は検察官の請求により、補助開始の審判をすることができる。ただし、第七条又は第十一条本文に規定する原因がある者については、この限りでない。 art-15/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-15/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-15/par-1 The family court may decide to commence an assistance in respect of a person whose capacity to appreciate their own situation is inadequate due to a mental disorder or disability, at the request of the person in question, that person's spouse, that person's relative within the fourth degree of kinship, the guardian, the guardian's supervisor, the curator, the curator's supervisor, or a public prosecutor; provided, however, that this does not apply to a person with respect to whom there are grounds as prescribed in Article 7 or the main clause of Article 11. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 本人以外の者の請求により補助開始の審判をするには、本人の同意がなければならない。 art-15/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-15/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-15/par-2 The issuance of a decision for commencement of assistance at the request of a person other than the person in question requires the consent of the person in question. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 補助開始の審判は、第十七条第一項の審判又は第八百七十六条の九第一項の審判とともにしなければならない。 art-15/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-15/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-15/par-3 A decision for commencement of assistance must be made concurrent with a decision referred to in Article 17, paragraph (1) or a decision referred to in Article 876-9, paragraph (1). Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第十六条（被補助人及び補助人） — (Persons under Assistantship; Assistants) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-16 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-16 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-16 **第一項** 補助開始の審判を受けた者は、被補助人とし、これに補助人を付する。 art-16/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-16/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-16/par-1 A person subject to a decision for commencement of assistance becomes a person under assistantship, and an assistant is appointed for that person. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第十七条（補助人の同意を要する旨の審判等） — (Decisions Requiring Person to Obtain Consent of Assistant) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-17 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-17 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-17 **第一項** 家庭裁判所は、第十五条第一項本文に規定する者又は補助人若しくは補助監督人の請求により、被補助人が特定の法律行為をするにはその補助人の同意を得なければならない旨の審判をすることができる。ただし、その審判によりその同意を得なければならないものとすることができる行為は、第十三条第一項に規定する行為の一部に限る。 art-17/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-17/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-17/par-1 At the request of the person referred to in the main clause of Article 15, paragraph (1) or the assistant or assistant's supervisor, the family court may decide that the person under assistantship must obtain the consent of the person's assistant in order to perform a specific juridical act; provided, however, that the acts that such a decision may establish as those for which the person must obtain the consent of the assistant are restricted to a part of the acts provided for in Article 13, paragraph (1). Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 本人以外の者の請求により前項の審判をするには、本人の同意がなければならない。 art-17/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-17/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-17/par-2 The issuance of a decision referred to in the preceding paragraph at the request of a person other than the person in question requires the consent of the person in question. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 補助人の同意を得なければならない行為について、補助人が被補助人の利益を害するおそれがないにもかかわらず同意をしないときは、家庭裁判所は、被補助人の請求により、補助人の同意に代わる許可を与えることができる。 art-17/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-17/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-17/par-3 If the assistant does not consent to an act for which the person under assistantship must obtain the assistant's consent even though it is unlikely to prejudice the interests of the person under assistantship, the family court may grant permission that operates in lieu of the assistant's consent, at the request of the person under assistantship. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第四項** 補助人の同意を得なければならない行為であって、その同意又はこれに代わる許可を得ないでしたものは、取り消すことができる。 art-17/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-17/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-17/par-4 An act for which the person under assistantship must obtain the assistant's consent may be revoked if the person performs it without obtaining the assistance's consent or a permission that operates in lieu of it. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第十八条（補助開始の審判等の取消し） — (Setting Aside of Decisions for Commencement of Assistance) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-18 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-18 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-18 **第一項** 第十五条第一項本文に規定する原因が消滅したときは、家庭裁判所は、本人、配偶者、四親等内の親族、未成年後見人、未成年後見監督人、補助人、補助監督人又は検察官の請求により、補助開始の審判を取り消さなければならない。 art-18/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-18/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-18/par-1 If the grounds prescribed in the main clause of Article 15, paragraph (1) cease to exist, the family court must set aside the decision for commencement of assistance at the request of the person in question, that person's spouse, that person's relative within the fourth degree of kinship, the guardian of a minor, the supervisor of a minor's guardian, the assistant, the assistant's supervisor, or a public prosecutor. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 家庭裁判所は、前項に規定する者の請求により、前条第一項の審判の全部又は一部を取り消すことができる。 art-18/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-18/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-18/par-2 At the request of a person as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the family court may set aside all or part of the decision referred to in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 前条第一項の審判及び第八百七十六条の九第一項の審判をすべて取り消す場合には、家庭裁判所は、補助開始の審判を取り消さなければならない。 art-18/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-18/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-18/par-3 If setting aside the decision referred to in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article and the decision referred to in Article 876-9, paragraph (1) in their entirety, the family court must set aside the decision for commencement of assistance. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第十九条（審判相互の関係） — (Relationship between Decisions) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-19 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-19 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-19 **第一項** 後見開始の審判をする場合において、本人が被保佐人又は被補助人であるときは、家庭裁判所は、その本人に係る保佐開始又は補助開始の審判を取り消さなければならない。 art-19/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-19/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-19/par-1 If the family court decides to commence a guardianship and the person in question is a person under curatorship or a person under assistantship, it must set aside the decision for commencement of the curatorship or commencement of assistance respecting that person. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項の規定は、保佐開始の審判をする場合において本人が成年被後見人若しくは被補助人であるとき、又は補助開始の審判をする場合において本人が成年被後見人若しくは被保佐人であるときについて準用する。 art-19/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-19/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-19/par-2 The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis if the court decides to commence a curatorship and the person in question is an adult ward or a person under assistantship or if the court decides to commence an assistance and the person in question is an adult ward or a person under curatorship. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第二十条（制限行為能力者の相手方の催告権） — (Right to Demand of the Other Party to Dealings Involving a Person with Qualified Legal Capacity) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-20 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-20 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-20 **第一項** 制限行為能力者の相手方は、その制限行為能力者が行為能力者（行為能力の制限を受けない者をいう。以下同じ。）となった後、その者に対し、一箇月以上の期間を定めて、その期間内にその取り消すことができる行為を追認するかどうかを確答すべき旨の催告をすることができる。この場合において、その者がその期間内に確答を発しないときは、その行為を追認したものとみなす。 art-20/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-20/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-20/par-1 After a person with qualified legal capacity who is involved in dealings with another party becomes a person with the legal capacity to act (meaning a person whose legal capacity to act is not subject to restrictions; the same applies below), the other party to those dealings may fix a period of one month or longer and demand that the person give a definite answer within that period of time as to whether the person will ratify an act that the person may revoke. In such a case, if the person fails to send a definite answer within that period of time, the person is deemed to have ratified that act. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 制限行為能力者の相手方が、制限行為能力者が行為能力者とならない間に、その法定代理人、保佐人又は補助人に対し、その権限内の行為について前項に規定する催告をした場合において、これらの者が同項の期間内に確答を発しないときも、同項後段と同様とする。 art-20/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-20/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-20/par-2 The second sentence of the preceding paragraph also applies if, before the person with qualified legal capacity becomes a person with the legal capacity to act, the other party to dealings involving the person with qualified legal capacity lodges the demand prescribed in the preceding paragraph with the legal representative, curator, or assistant of that person with respect to an act within the scope of their authority, and they fail to send a definite answer within the fixed period of time referred to in that paragraph. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 特別の方式を要する行為については、前二項の期間内にその方式を具備した旨の通知を発しないときは、その行為を取り消したものとみなす。 art-20/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-20/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-20/par-3 If a person does not send notice within the period of time stated in the preceding two paragraphs indicating that the person has completed any special formalities that an act requires, the person is deemed to have revoked that act. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第四項** 制限行為能力者の相手方は、被保佐人又は第十七条第一項の審判を受けた被補助人に対しては、第一項の期間内にその保佐人又は補助人の追認を得るべき旨の催告をすることができる。この場合において、その被保佐人又は被補助人がその期間内にその追認を得た旨の通知を発しないときは、その行為を取り消したものとみなす。 art-20/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-20/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-20/par-4 The other party to dealings involving a person with qualified legal capacity may lodge a demand with a person under curatorship or with a person under assistantship who is subject to a decision referred to in Article 17, paragraph (1) to demand that the person get the curator or assistant to ratify an act within the fixed period referred to in paragraph (1). In such a case, if the person under curatorship or person under assistantship does not send notice within that period indicating that the person has gotten the curator or assistant to ratify the act in question, the person is deemed to have revoked that act. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第二十一条（制限行為能力者の詐術） — (Use of Fraudulent Means by Persons with Qualified Legal Capacity) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-21 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-21 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-21 **第一項** 制限行為能力者が行為能力者であることを信じさせるため詐術を用いたときは、その行為を取り消すことができない。 art-21/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-21/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-21/par-1 If a person with qualified legal capacity uses fraudulent means to induce another person to believe that the person is a person with legal capacity to act, the person may not revoke the act in question. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ## 第四節　住所 — Section 4 Domicile heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System pt-1/ch-2/sec-4 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-1/ch-2/sec-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-1/ch-2/sec-4 ### 第二十二条（住所） — (Domicile) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-22 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-22 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-22 **第一項** 各人の生活の本拠をその者の住所とする。 art-22/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-22/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-22/par-1 A person's principal place of daily activity is that person's domicile. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第二十三条（居所） — (Residence) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-23 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-23 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-23 **第一項** 住所が知れない場合には、居所を住所とみなす。 art-23/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-23/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-23/par-1 If a person's domicile is unknown, the person's residence is deemed to be the person's domicile. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 日本に住所を有しない者は、その者が日本人又は外国人のいずれであるかを問わず、日本における居所をその者の住所とみなす。ただし、準拠法を定める法律に従いその者の住所地法によるべき場合は、この限りでない。 art-23/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-23/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-23/par-2 If a person does not have a domicile in Japan, the person's residence is deemed to be the person's domicile, regardless of whether the person is a Japanese national or a foreign national; provided, however, that this does not apply if the law of domicile is to be applied in accordance with the provisions of the laws that establish the governing law. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第二十四条（仮住所） — (Temporary Addresses) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-24 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-24 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-24 **第一項** ある行為について仮住所を選定したときは、その行為に関しては、その仮住所を住所とみなす。 art-24/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-24/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-24/par-1 If a temporary address is selected for an act, that temporary address is deemed to be the domicile as far as that act is concerned. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ## 第五節　不在者の財産の管理及び失踪の宣告 — Section 5 Administration of Absentee Property; Declarations of Presumed Death heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System pt-1/ch-2/sec-5 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-1/ch-2/sec-5 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-1/ch-2/sec-5 ### 第二十五条（不在者の財産の管理） — (Administration of Absentee Property) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-25 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-25 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-25 **第一項** 従来の住所又は居所を去った者（以下「不在者」という。）がその財産の管理人（以下この節において単に「管理人」という。）を置かなかったときは、家庭裁判所は、利害関係人又は検察官の請求により、その財産の管理について必要な処分を命ずることができる。本人の不在中に管理人の権限が消滅したときも、同様とする。 art-25/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-25/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-25/par-1 If a person who has taken leave of the domicile or residence up until then (referred to as an "absentee" below) has not appointed an administrator for the person's property (in this Section referred to simply as an "administrator" below), the family court, at the request of an interested person or a public prosecutor, may order the necessary dispositions with regard to the administration of that property. The same applies if the administrator's authority is extinguished during the absence of the absentee. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項の規定による命令後、本人が管理人を置いたときは、家庭裁判所は、その管理人、利害関係人又は検察官の請求により、その命令を取り消さなければならない。 art-25/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-25/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-25/par-2 If an absentee appoints an administrator after an order under the provisions of the preceding paragraph has been issued, the family court must set aside that order at the request of the person's administrator, an interested person, or a public prosecutor. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第二十六条（管理人の改任） — (Replacing Administrators) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-26 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-26 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-26 **第一項** 不在者が管理人を置いた場合において、その不在者の生死が明らかでないときは、家庭裁判所は、利害関係人又は検察官の請求により、管理人を改任することができる。 art-26/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-26/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-26/par-1 If an absentee has appointed an administrator but it is unclear whether the absentee is dead or alive, the family court may replace that administrator with another at the request of an interested person or a public prosecutor. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第二十七条（管理人の職務） — (Duties of Administrators) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-27 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-27 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-27 **第一項** 前二条の規定により家庭裁判所が選任した管理人は、その管理すべき財産の目録を作成しなければならない。この場合において、その費用は、不在者の財産の中から支弁する。 art-27/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-27/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-27/par-1 An administrator appointed by the family court pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two Articles must prepare a list of the property that the administrator is to administer. In such a case, the expenses incurred are paid from the property of the absentee. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 不在者の生死が明らかでない場合において、利害関係人又は検察官の請求があるときは、家庭裁判所は、不在者が置いた管理人にも、前項の目録の作成を命ずることができる。 art-27/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-27/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-27/par-2 If it is unclear whether an absentee is dead or alive and an interested person or a public prosecutor so requests, the family court may also order the administrator appointed by the absentee to prepare the list referred to in the preceding paragraph. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 前二項に定めるもののほか、家庭裁判所は、管理人に対し、不在者の財産の保存に必要と認める処分を命ずることができる。 art-27/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-27/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-27/par-3 Beyond what is provided for in the preceding two paragraphs, the family court may order the administrator to make the dispositions that the court finds to be necessary to preserve the property of the absentee. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第二十八条（管理人の権限） — (Administrators' Authority) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-28 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-28 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-28 **第一項** 管理人は、第百三条に規定する権限を超える行為を必要とするときは、家庭裁判所の許可を得て、その行為をすることができる。不在者の生死が明らかでない場合において、その管理人が不在者が定めた権限を超える行為を必要とするときも、同様とする。 art-28/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-28/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-28/par-1 If an administrator needs to perform an act exceeding the authority provided for in Article 103, the administrator may perform that act after obtaining the permission of the family court. The same applies if it is unclear whether the absentee is dead or alive and the administrator needs to perform an act exceeding the authority established by the absentee. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第二十九条（管理人の担保提供及び報酬） — (Provision of Security by and Remuneration of Administrators) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-29 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-29 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-29 **第一項** 家庭裁判所は、管理人に財産の管理及び返還について相当の担保を立てさせることができる。 art-29/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-29/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-29/par-1 The family court may require an administrator to provide reasonable security with respect to the administration and return of the property. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 家庭裁判所は、管理人と不在者との関係その他の事情により、不在者の財産の中から、相当な報酬を管理人に与えることができる。 art-29/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-29/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-29/par-2 The family court may grant reasonable remuneration to the administrator from the property of the absentee based on the relationship between the administrator and absentee and other circumstances. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第三十条（失踪の宣告） — (Declarations of Presumed Death) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-30 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-30 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-30 **第一項** 不在者の生死が七年間明らかでないときは、家庭裁判所は、利害関係人の請求により、失踪の宣告をすることができる。 art-30/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-30/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-30/par-1 If it has been unclear for seven years whether an absentee is dead or alive, the family court may enter a declaration of presumed death at the request of an interested person. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 戦地に臨んだ者、沈没した船舶の中に在った者その他死亡の原因となるべき危難に遭遇した者の生死が、それぞれ、戦争が止んだ後、船舶が沈没した後又はその他の危難が去った後一年間明らかでないときも、前項と同様とする。 art-30/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-30/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-30/par-2 The provisions of the preceding paragraph also apply if it has been unclear whether a person who has entered a war zone, was aboard a vessel that has sunk, or was otherwise exposed to a danger likely to result in a person's death is dead or alive, for one year after the war has ended, the vessel sank, or other danger has passed. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第三十一条（失踪の宣告の効力） — (Effect of Declarations of Presumed Death) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-31 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-31 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-31 **第一項** 前条第一項の規定により失踪の宣告を受けた者は同項の期間が満了した時に、同条第二項の規定により失踪の宣告を受けた者はその危難が去った時に、死亡したものとみなす。 art-31/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-31/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-31/par-1 A person subject to a declaration of presumed death pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article is deemed to have died when the period of time referred to in that paragraph ended, and a person subject to a declaration of presumed death pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (2) of that Article is deemed to have died when that danger had passed. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第三十二条（失踪の宣告の取消し） — (Revocation of Declarations of Presumed Death) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-32 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-32 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-32 **第一項** 失踪者が生存すること又は前条に規定する時と異なる時に死亡したことの証明があったときは、家庭裁判所は、本人又は利害関係人の請求により、失踪の宣告を取り消さなければならない。この場合において、その取消しは、失踪の宣告後その取消し前に善意でした行為の効力に影響を及ぼさない。 art-32/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-32/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-32/par-1 Having received proof that a person presumed dead is alive or they died at a time that is different from the time provided for in the preceding Article, the family court must revoke the declaration of presumed death, at the request of the person themselves or an interested party. In this case, the revocation does not affect the validity of any act performed in good faith after the declaration of presumed death but before its revocation. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 失踪の宣告によって財産を得た者は、その取消しによって権利を失う。ただし、現に利益を受けている限度においてのみ、その財産を返還する義務を負う。 art-32/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-32/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-32/par-2 A person who has acquired property due to a declaration of presumed death loses the rights in question due to its revocation; provided, however, that the person has the obligation to return that property only to the extent that the person has actually been enriched. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ## 第六節　同時死亡の推定 — Section 6 Presumption of Simultaneous Death heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System pt-1/ch-2/sec-6 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/pt-1/ch-2/sec-6 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-1/ch-2/sec-6 ### 第三十二条の二 art-32-2 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-32-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-32-2 **第一項** 数人の者が死亡した場合において、そのうちの一人が他の者の死亡後になお生存していたことが明らかでないときは、これらの者は、同時に死亡したものと推定する。 art-32-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-32-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-32-2/par-1 If more than one person dies and it is unclear whether one of them was still alive after the death of another, it is presumed that they all died at the same time. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System --- ## Cites - art-5/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第五条第一項 (Article 5, paragraph (1)), art-5/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-5/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-5/par-1 - art-5/par-3: 第一項 → 民法 第五条第一項 (Article 5, paragraph (1)), art-5/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-5/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-5/par-1 - art-6/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第六条第一項 (Article 6, paragraph (1)), art-6/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-6/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-6/par-1 - art-10/par-1: 第七条 → 民法 第七条 (Article 7), art-7 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-7 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-7 - art-11/par-1: 第七条 → 民法 第七条 (Article 7), art-7 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-7 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-7 - art-13/par-1: 第九条 → 民法 第九条 (Article 9), art-9 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-9 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-9 - art-13/par-1/item-5: 仲裁法（平成十五年法律第百三十八号）第二条第一項 → e-Gov law 415AC0000000138, 第二条第一項 (Article 2, paragraph (1)), art-2/par-1 — not held in this collection - art-13/par-1/item-9: 第六百二条 → 民法 第六百二条 (Article 602), art-602 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-602 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-602 - art-13/par-1/item-10: 前各号 → 民法 第十三条第一項第一号 (Article 13, paragraph (1), item (i)), art-13/par-1/item-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-1 - art-13/par-1/item-10: 前各号 → 民法 第十三条第一項第二号 (Article 13, paragraph (1), item (ii)), art-13/par-1/item-2 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-2 - art-13/par-1/item-10: 前各号 → 民法 第十三条第一項第三号 (Article 13, paragraph (1), item (iii)), art-13/par-1/item-3 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-3 - art-13/par-1/item-10: 前各号 → 民法 第十三条第一項第四号 (Article 13, paragraph (1), item (iv)), art-13/par-1/item-4 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-4 - art-13/par-1/item-10: 前各号 → 民法 第十三条第一項第五号 (Article 13, paragraph (1), item (v)), art-13/par-1/item-5 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-5 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-5 - art-13/par-1/item-10: 前各号 → 民法 第十三条第一項第六号 (Article 13, paragraph (1), item (vi)), art-13/par-1/item-6 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-6 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-6 - art-13/par-1/item-10: 前各号 → 民法 第十三条第一項第七号 (Article 13, paragraph (1), item (vii)), art-13/par-1/item-7 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-7 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-7 - art-13/par-1/item-10: 前各号 → 民法 第十三条第一項第八号 (Article 13, paragraph (1), item (viii)), art-13/par-1/item-8 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-8 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-8 - art-13/par-1/item-10: 前各号 → 民法 第十三条第一項第九号 (Article 13, paragraph (1), item (ix)), art-13/par-1/item-9 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1/item-9 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1/item-9 - art-13/par-1/item-10: 第十七条第一項 → 民法 第十七条第一項 (Article 17, paragraph (1)), art-17/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-17/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-17/par-1 - art-13/par-2: 第十一条 → 民法 第十一条 (Article 11), art-11 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-11 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-11 - art-13/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第十三条第一項 (Article 13, paragraph (1)), art-13/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1 - art-13/par-2: 第九条 → 民法 第九条 (Article 9), art-9 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-9 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-9 - art-14/par-1: 第十一条 → 民法 第十一条 (Article 11), art-11 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-11 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-11 - art-14/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第十四条第一項 (Article 14, paragraph (1)), art-14/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-14/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-14/par-1 - art-14/par-2: 前条第二項 → 民法 第十三条第二項 (Article 13, paragraph (2)), art-13/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-2 - art-15/par-1: 第七条 → 民法 第七条 (Article 7), art-7 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-7 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-7 - art-15/par-1: 第十一条 → 民法 第十一条 (Article 11), art-11 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-11 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-11 - art-15/par-3: 第十七条第一項 → 民法 第十七条第一項 (Article 17, paragraph (1)), art-17/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-17/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-17/par-1 - art-15/par-3: 第八百七十六条の九第一項 → 民法 第八百七十六条の九第一項 (Article 876-9, paragraph (1)), art-876-9/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-876-9/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-876-9/par-1 - art-17/par-1: 第十五条第一項 → 民法 第十五条第一項 (Article 15, paragraph (1)), art-15/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-15/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-15/par-1 - art-17/par-1: 第十三条第一項 → 民法 第十三条第一項 (Article 13, paragraph (1)), art-13/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-13/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-13/par-1 - art-17/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第十七条第一項 (Article 17, paragraph (1)), art-17/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-17/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-17/par-1 - art-18/par-1: 第十五条第一項 → 民法 第十五条第一項 (Article 15, paragraph (1)), art-15/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-15/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-15/par-1 - art-18/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第十八条第一項 (Article 18, paragraph (1)), art-18/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-18/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-18/par-1 - art-18/par-2: 前条第一項 → 民法 第十七条第一項 (Article 17, paragraph (1)), art-17/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-17/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-17/par-1 - art-18/par-3: 前条第一項 → 民法 第十七条第一項 (Article 17, paragraph (1)), art-17/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-17/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-17/par-1 - art-18/par-3: 第八百七十六条の九第一項 → 民法 第八百七十六条の九第一項 (Article 876-9, paragraph (1)), art-876-9/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-876-9/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-876-9/par-1 - art-19/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第十九条第一項 (Article 19, paragraph (1)), art-19/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-19/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-19/par-1 - art-20/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第二十条第一項 (Article 20, paragraph (1)), art-20/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-20/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-20/par-1 - art-20/par-3: 前二項 → 民法 第二十条第一項 (Article 20, paragraph (1)), art-20/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-20/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-20/par-1 - art-20/par-3: 前二項 → 民法 第二十条第二項 (Article 20, paragraph (2)), art-20/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-20/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-20/par-2 - art-20/par-4: 第十七条第一項 → 民法 第十七条第一項 (Article 17, paragraph (1)), art-17/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-17/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-17/par-1 - art-20/par-4: 第一項 → 民法 第二十条第一項 (Article 20, paragraph (1)), art-20/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-20/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-20/par-1 - art-25/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第二十五条第一項 (Article 25, paragraph (1)), art-25/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-25/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-25/par-1 - art-27/par-1: 前二条 → 民法 第二十五条 (Article 25), art-25 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-25 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-25 - art-27/par-1: 前二条 → 民法 第二十六条 (Article 26), art-26 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-26 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-26 - art-27/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第二十七条第一項 (Article 27, paragraph (1)), art-27/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-27/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-27/par-1 - art-27/par-3: 前二項 → 民法 第二十七条第一項 (Article 27, paragraph (1)), art-27/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-27/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-27/par-1 - art-27/par-3: 前二項 → 民法 第二十七条第二項 (Article 27, paragraph (2)), art-27/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-27/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-27/par-2 - art-28/par-1: 第百三条 → 民法 第百三条 (Article 103), art-103 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-103 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-103 - art-30/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第三十条第一項 (Article 30, paragraph (1)), art-30/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-30/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-30/par-1 - art-31/par-1: 前条第一項 → 民法 第三十条第一項 (Article 30, paragraph (1)), art-30/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-30/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-30/par-1 - art-31/par-1: 同条第二項 → 民法 第三十条第二項 (Article 30, paragraph (2)), art-30/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-30/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-30/par-2 - art-32/par-1: 前条 → 民法 第三十一条 (Article 31), art-31 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/civil-code/art-31 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-31 --- ## Sources - e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁) — 民法 — the text in force from 2026-06-24 (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/129AC0000000089/20260624_508AC0000000045), retrieved 2026-10-11 - Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Civil Code — Ministry of Justice translation (part 1 of 2) (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4848/tb), retrieved 2026-10-11 - This site's parser, version 190 — 民法 — structure, counts, cross-references and defined terms, computed 2026-10-11