# 破産法 / Bankruptcy Act — 第五十一条 (Article 51) - Law: 破産法 (Bankruptcy Act), 平成十六年法律第七十五号 - English title "Bankruptcy Act": Ministry of Justice translation - Kind: Act — the distinction between 法律 (Act), 政令 (Cabinet Order), 省令 (Ministerial Order) and 条例 (local ordinance) decides who may issue it and what it may say. - Provision: 第五十一条 (Article 51)（善意又は悪意の推定） — address `art-51` - Text in force since: 2026-05-21 - URL (the page that opens at this provision): https://japanlaw.org/ja/bankruptcy-act/art-51 - Permanent URL (e-Gov law ID, never renamed): https://japanlaw.org/l/416AC0000000075/art-51 - Every provision below carries its address and both URLs on the line under it. - Japanese text: e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁). English: as marked on each line below. Only the Japanese as published by the government has legal effect; the text below is a copy of it. Every English rendering below is a translation and says which kind: the Ministry of Justice's translation, or this site's machine translation, whose model and date the Sources list names. They are never merged and never substituted for one another. --- ### 第五十一条（善意又は悪意の推定） — (Presumption of Existence or Absence of Knowledge) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-51 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/bankruptcy-act/art-51 · https://japanlaw.org/l/416AC0000000075/art-51 **第一項** 前二条の規定の適用については、第三十二条第一項の規定による公告の前においてはその事実を知らなかったものと推定し、当該公告の後においてはその事実を知っていたものと推定する。 art-51/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/ja/bankruptcy-act/art-51/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/416AC0000000075/art-51/par-1 For the application of the provisions of the preceding two Articles, the absence of knowledge of the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings is presumed prior to a public notice made under the provisions of Article 32, paragraph (1), and the existence of knowledge of the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings is presumed after the public notice is made. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System --- ## Cites - art-51/par-1: 前二条 → 破産法 第四十九条 (Article 49), art-49 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/bankruptcy-act/art-49 · https://japanlaw.org/l/416AC0000000075/art-49 - art-51/par-1: 前二条 → 破産法 第五十条 (Article 50), art-50 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/bankruptcy-act/art-50 · https://japanlaw.org/l/416AC0000000075/art-50 - art-51/par-1: 第三十二条第一項 → 破産法 第三十二条第一項 (Article 32, paragraph (1)), art-32/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/ja/bankruptcy-act/art-32/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/416AC0000000075/art-32/par-1 ## Cited by 2 provisions cite this one. No official source publishes this direction. - 破産法 第六十条第三項（為替手形の引受け又は支払等） — https://japanlaw.org/ja/bankruptcy-act/art-60/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/416AC0000000075/art-60/par-3 - 破産法 第九十六条第一項（準用） — https://japanlaw.org/ja/bankruptcy-act/art-96/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/416AC0000000075/art-96/par-1 --- ## Sources - e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁) — 破産法 — the text in force from 2026-05-21 (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/416AC0000000075/20260521_505AC0000000053), retrieved 2026-10-19 - Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Bankruptcy Act — Ministry of Justice translation (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4895/tb), retrieved 2026-10-19 - This site's parser, version 204 — 破産法 — structure, counts, cross-references and defined terms, computed 2026-10-19