# 労働契約法 / Labor Contracts Act
This is the Markdown twin of https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act. Every law, and how to address a provision: https://japanlaw.org/llms.txt. The same laws as MCP tools (no sign-in): https://japanlaw.org/mcp.
- 平成十九年法律第百二十八号 · Act
- English title "Labor Contracts Act": Ministry of Justice translation
- Text in force since: 2020-04-01
- URL: https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act
- Permanent URL: https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128
- 21 articles in the main text, 6 articles in the 附則 (supplementary provisions).
- English: 40 of 40 paragraphs, each marked below as the Ministry of Justice's, as the Ministry's with a slip corrected by this site, or as machine translation.
Only the Japanese as published by the government has legal effect; the text
below is a copy of it.
Every provision is addressable on its own, down to the item, and carries
its address and both URLs on the line under it: the page that opens at it —
https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-1 — and the permanent form —
https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-1. As Markdown: https://japanlaw.org/md/en/labor-contracts-act/art-1.
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## 第一章 総則 — Chapter I General Provisions
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
ch-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/ch-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/ch-1
### 第一条（目的） — (Purpose)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-1
**第一項** この法律は、労働者及び使用者の自主的な交渉の下で、労働契約が合意により成立し、又は変更されるという合意の原則その他労働契約に関する基本的事項を定めることにより、合理的な労働条件の決定又は変更が円滑に行われるようにすることを通じて、労働者の保護を図りつつ、個別の労働関係の安定に資することを目的とする。
art-1/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-1/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-1/par-1
The purpose of this Act is to contribute to achieving stability in individual labor relationships while protecting workers by ensuring that reasonable working conditions are decided on and reasonable changes to working conditions are made smoothly, by providing for the principle of agreement, under which a labor contract is to be established or changed by agreement through voluntary negotiation between a worker and an employer, and other basic matters concerning labor contracts.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第二条（定義） — (Definitions)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-2
**第一項** この法律において「労働者」とは、使用者に使用されて労働し、賃金を支払われる者をいう。
art-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-2/par-1
The term "Worker" as used in this Act means a person who works by being employed by an employer and to whom wages are paid.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** この法律において「使用者」とは、その使用する労働者に対して賃金を支払う者をいう。
art-2/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-2/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-2/par-2
The term "Employer" as used in this Act means a person who pays wages to the Workers the Employer employs.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第三条（労働契約の原則） — (Principles of a Labor Contract)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-3
**第一項** 労働契約は、労働者及び使用者が対等の立場における合意に基づいて締結し、又は変更すべきものとする。
art-3/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-3/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-3/par-1
A labor contract is to be concluded or changed between a Worker and an Employer by agreement on an equal basis.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 労働契約は、労働者及び使用者が、就業の実態に応じて、均衡を考慮しつつ締結し、又は変更すべきものとする。
art-3/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-3/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-3/par-2
A labor contract is to be concluded or changed between a Worker and an Employer while giving consideration to the balance of treatment according to the actual conditions of work.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第三項** 労働契約は、労働者及び使用者が仕事と生活の調和にも配慮しつつ締結し、又は変更すべきものとする。
art-3/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-3/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-3/par-3
A labor contract is to be concluded or changed between a Worker and an Employer while giving consideration to work-life balance.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第四項** 労働者及び使用者は、労働契約を遵守するとともに、信義に従い誠実に、権利を行使し、及び義務を履行しなければならない。
art-3/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-3/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-3/par-4
A Worker and an Employer must comply with the labor contract, and must exercise their rights and perform their obligations in good faith.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第五項** 労働者及び使用者は、労働契約に基づく権利の行使に当たっては、それを濫用することがあってはならない。
art-3/par-5 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-3/par-5 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-3/par-5
When exercising their rights under a labor contract, a Worker and an Employer must not abuse such right.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第四条（労働契約の内容の理解の促進） — (Promotion of Understanding of the Contents of a Labor Contract)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-4
**第一項** 使用者は、労働者に提示する労働条件及び労働契約の内容について、労働者の理解を深めるようにするものとする。
art-4/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-4/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-4/par-1
An Employer is to ensure that a Worker gains an in-depth understanding of the working conditions and the contents of the labor contract presented to the Worker.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 労働者及び使用者は、労働契約の内容（期間の定めのある労働契約に関する事項を含む。）について、できる限り書面により確認するものとする。
art-4/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-4/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-4/par-2
A Worker and an Employer are to confirm the contents of the labor contract (including matters concerning a fixed-term labor contract), whenever possible in writing.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五条（労働者の安全への配慮） — (Consideration to the Safety of a Worker)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-5 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-5 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-5
**第一項** 使用者は、労働契約に伴い、労働者がその生命、身体等の安全を確保しつつ労働することができるよう、必要な配慮をするものとする。
art-5/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-5/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-5/par-1
In association with a labor contract, an Employer is to give the necessary consideration to enable a Worker to work while ensuring their physical safety.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
## 第二章 労働契約の成立及び変更 — Chapter II Establishment of and Changes to a Labor Contract
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
ch-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/ch-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/ch-2
### 第六条（労働契約の成立） — (Establishment of a Labor Contract)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-6 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-6 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-6
**第一項** 労働契約は、労働者が使用者に使用されて労働し、使用者がこれに対して賃金を支払うことについて、労働者及び使用者が合意することによって成立する。
art-6/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-6/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-6/par-1
A labor contract is established by agreement between a Worker and an Employer on the basis that the Worker will work by being employed by the Employer and the Employer will pay wages for such work.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第七条
art-7 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-7 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-7
**第一項** 労働者及び使用者が労働契約を締結する場合において、使用者が合理的な労働条件が定められている就業規則を労働者に周知させていた場合には、労働契約の内容は、その就業規則で定める労働条件によるものとする。ただし、労働契約において、労働者及び使用者が就業規則の内容と異なる労働条件を合意していた部分については、第十二条に該当する場合を除き、この限りでない。
art-7/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-7/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-7/par-1
If a Worker and an Employer conclude a labor contract, and the Employer has informed the Worker of the rules of employment that provide for reasonable working conditions, the contents of the labor contract are to be based on the working conditions provided by such rules of employment; provided, however, that this does not apply to any portion of the labor contract in which the Worker and the Employer have agreed on working conditions that are different from the contents of the rules of employment, except in cases that fall under Article 12.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第八条（労働契約の内容の変更） — (Change to the Contents of a Labor Contract)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-8 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-8 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-8
**第一項** 労働者及び使用者は、その合意により、労働契約の内容である労働条件を変更することができる。
art-8/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-8/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-8/par-1
A Worker and an Employer may, by agreement, change any working conditions that constitute the contents of a labor contract.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第九条（就業規則による労働契約の内容の変更） — (Change to the Contents of a Labor Contract Based on Rules of Employment)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-9 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-9 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-9
**第一項** 使用者は、労働者と合意することなく、就業規則を変更することにより、労働者の不利益に労働契約の内容である労働条件を変更することはできない。ただし、次条の場合は、この限りでない。
art-9/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-9/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-9/par-1
An Employer may not change any of the working conditions that constitute the contents of a labor contract in a manner disadvantageous to a Worker by changing the rules of employment, unless an agreement to do so has been reached with the Worker; provided, however, that this does not apply to the cases set forth in the following Article.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第十条
art-10 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-10 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-10
**第一項** 使用者が就業規則の変更により労働条件を変更する場合において、変更後の就業規則を労働者に周知させ、かつ、就業規則の変更が、労働者の受ける不利益の程度、労働条件の変更の必要性、変更後の就業規則の内容の相当性、労働組合等との交渉の状況その他の就業規則の変更に係る事情に照らして合理的なものであるときは、労働契約の内容である労働条件は、当該変更後の就業規則に定めるところによるものとする。ただし、労働契約において、労働者及び使用者が就業規則の変更によっては変更されない労働条件として合意していた部分については、第十二条に該当する場合を除き、この限りでない。
art-10/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-10/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-10/par-1
When an Employer changes the working conditions by changing the rules of employment, if the Employer informs the Worker of the changed rules of employment, and if the change to the rules of employment is reasonable in light of the extent of the disadvantage to be incurred by the Worker, the need for changing the working conditions, the appropriateness of the contents of the changed rules of employment, the status of negotiations with a labor union or the like, or any other circumstances pertaining to the change to the rules of employment, the working conditions that constitute the contents of a labor contract are to be in accordance with such changed rules of employment; provided, however, that this does not apply to any portion of the labor contract which the Worker and the Employer have agreed on as being the working conditions that are not to be changed by any change to the rules of employment, except in cases that fall under Article 12.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第十一条（就業規則の変更に係る手続） — (Procedure for Changing the Rules of Employment)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-11 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-11 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-11
**第一項** 就業規則の変更の手続に関しては、労働基準法（昭和二十二年法律第四十九号）第八十九条及び第九十条の定めるところによる。
art-11/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-11/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-11/par-1
Procedures for changing the rules of employment are governed by the provisions of Article 89 and Article 90 of the Labor Standards Act (Act No. 49 of 1947).
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第十二条（就業規則違反の労働契約） — (Labor Contract in Violation of the Rules of Employment)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-12 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-12 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-12
**第一項** 就業規則で定める基準に達しない労働条件を定める労働契約は、その部分については、無効とする。この場合において、無効となった部分は、就業規則で定める基準による。
art-12/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-12/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-12/par-1
A labor contract that stipulates any working conditions that do not meet the standards established by the rules of employment is invalid with regard to such portions. In this case, the portions which have become invalid are governed by the standards established by the rules of employment.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第十三条（法令及び労働協約と就業規則との関係） — (Relationship of the Rules of Employment with Laws and Regulations and Collective Agreements)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-13 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-13 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-13
**第一項** 就業規則が法令又は労働協約に反する場合には、当該反する部分については、第七条、第十条及び前条の規定は、当該法令又は労働協約の適用を受ける労働者との間の労働契約については、適用しない。
art-13/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-13/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-13/par-1
If the rules of employment violate any law or regulations or collective agreement, the provisions of Article 7, Article 10 and the preceding Article do not apply to a labor contract with a Worker to whom said law or regulations or collective agreement applies, with regard to said portion in violation.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
## 第三章 労働契約の継続及び終了 — Chapter III Continuation and Termination of a Labor Contract
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
ch-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/ch-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/ch-3
### 第十四条（出向） — (Temporary Transfer)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-14 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-14 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-14
**第一項** 使用者が労働者に出向を命ずることができる場合において、当該出向の命令が、その必要性、対象労働者の選定に係る事情その他の事情に照らして、その権利を濫用したものと認められる場合には、当該命令は、無効とする。
art-14/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-14/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-14/par-1
If an Employer may order the temporary transfer of a Worker, and such order of temporary transfer is found to be an abuse of rights in light of the need for such temporary transfer, the circumstances pertaining to the selection of the Worker to be temporarily transferred, or any other circumstances, such order is invalid.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第十五条（懲戒） — (Disciplinary Action)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-15 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-15 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-15
**第一項** 使用者が労働者を懲戒することができる場合において、当該懲戒が、当該懲戒に係る労働者の行為の性質及び態様その他の事情に照らして、客観的に合理的な理由を欠き、社会通念上相当であると認められない場合は、その権利を濫用したものとして、当該懲戒は、無効とする。
art-15/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-15/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-15/par-1
If an Employer may take disciplinary action against a Worker, and such disciplinary action lacks objectively reasonable grounds and is not found to be appropriate in general societal terms in light of the characteristics and mode of the act committed by the Worker pertaining to such disciplinary action and any other circumstances, such disciplinary order is treated as an abuse of rights and is invalid.
Ministry of Justice translation with a slip corrected by this site — not the Ministry's text; the Ministry printed: "If an Employer may take disciplinary action against a Worker, and such disciplinary action lacks objectively reasonable grounds and is not found to be appropriate in general societal terms in light of the characteristics and mode of the act committed by the Worker pertaining to such disciplinary action and any other circumstances, such disciplinary order is be treated as an abuse of rights and is invalid." — https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/3744/tb
### 第十六条（解雇） — (Dismissal)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-16 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-16 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-16
**第一項** 解雇は、客観的に合理的な理由を欠き、社会通念上相当であると認められない場合は、その権利を濫用したものとして、無効とする。
art-16/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-16/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-16/par-1
If a dismissal lacks objectively reasonable grounds and is not considered to be appropriate in general societal terms, it is treated as an abuse of rights and is invalid.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
## 第四章 期間の定めのある労働契約 — Chapter IV Fixed-Term Labor Contract
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
ch-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/ch-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/ch-4
### 第十七条（契約期間中の解雇等） — (Dismissal During the Contract Term)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-17 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-17 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-17
**第一項** 使用者は、期間の定めのある労働契約（以下この章において「有期労働契約」という。）について、やむを得ない事由がある場合でなければ、その契約期間が満了するまでの間において、労働者を解雇することができない。
art-17/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-17/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-17/par-1
With regard to a labor contract that has a fixed term (hereinafter referred to in this Chapter as a "fixed-term labor contract") , an Employer may not dismiss a Worker until the expiration of the term of such labor contract, unless there are unavoidable circumstances.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 使用者は、有期労働契約について、その有期労働契約により労働者を使用する目的に照らして、必要以上に短い期間を定めることにより、その有期労働契約を反復して更新することのないよう配慮しなければならない。
art-17/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-17/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-17/par-2
With regard to a fixed-term labor contract, an Employer must give consideration to not renewing such labor contract repeatedly as a result of prescribing a term that is shorter than necessary in light of the purpose of employing the Worker based on such labor contract.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第十八条（有期労働契約の期間の定めのない労働契約への転換） — (Conversion of a Fixed-term Labor Contract to a Labor Contract Without a Fixed Term)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-18 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-18 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-18
**第一項** 同一の使用者との間で締結された二以上の有期労働契約（契約期間の始期の到来前のものを除く。以下この条において同じ。）の契約期間を通算した期間（次項において「通算契約期間」という。）が五年を超える労働者が、当該使用者に対し、現に締結している有期労働契約の契約期間が満了する日までの間に、当該満了する日の翌日から労務が提供される期間の定めのない労働契約の締結の申込みをしたときは、使用者は当該申込みを承諾したものとみなす。この場合において、当該申込みに係る期間の定めのない労働契約の内容である労働条件は、現に締結している有期労働契約の内容である労働条件（契約期間を除く。）と同一の労働条件（当該労働条件（契約期間を除く。）について別段の定めがある部分を除く。）とする。
art-18/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-18/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-18/par-1
If a Worker whose total contract term of two or more fixed-term labor contracts (excluding any contract term which has not started yet; the same applies hereinafter in this Article) concluded with the same Employer (referred to as the "total contract term" in the next paragraph) exceeds five years applies for the conclusion of a labor contract without a fixed term before the date of expiration of the currently effective fixed-term labor contract, to begin on the day after the said date of expiration, it is deemed that the said Employer accepts the said application. In this case, the labor conditions that are the contents of said labor contract without a fixed term are to be the same as the labor conditions (excluding the contract term) of the currently effective fixed-term labor contract (excluding parts separately provided for with regard to the said labor conditions (excluding the contract term)).
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 当該使用者との間で締結された一の有期労働契約の契約期間が満了した日と当該使用者との間で締結されたその次の有期労働契約の契約期間の初日との間にこれらの契約期間のいずれにも含まれない期間（これらの契約期間が連続すると認められるものとして厚生労働省令で定める基準に該当する場合の当該いずれにも含まれない期間を除く。以下この項において「空白期間」という。）があり、当該空白期間が六月（当該空白期間の直前に満了した一の有期労働契約の契約期間（当該一の有期労働契約を含む二以上の有期労働契約の契約期間の間に空白期間がないときは、当該二以上の有期労働契約の契約期間を通算した期間。以下この項において同じ。）が一年に満たない場合にあっては、当該一の有期労働契約の契約期間に二分の一を乗じて得た期間を基礎として厚生労働省令で定める期間）以上であるときは、当該空白期間前に満了した有期労働契約の契約期間は、通算契約期間に算入しない。
art-18/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-18/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-18/par-2
In between the expiration date of the preceding fixed-term labor contract and the start date of the following one with the same Employer, if there is a period of time outside of these two contract terms (excluding a period outside of either of the said contract terms which falls under the standards provided by Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, provided that these contract terms be regarded as continuous; hereinafter referred to as a "vacant term" in this paragraph) and the said vacant term is six months or longer (if the contract term of one fixed-term labor contract which expired just before the said vacant term (if there is no vacant term between the contract terms of two or more fixed-term labor contracts including the said first one, the aggregate term of the said two or more contracts; the same applies hereinafter in this paragraph) is less than one year, the length of a term given by Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, based on the length of a term determined as being one half of the said first contract term), the contract term of the fixed-term that expired before the said vacant term is not included in the total contract term.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第十九条（有期労働契約の更新等） — (Renewal of a Fixed-term Labor Contract)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-19 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-19 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-19
**第一項** 有期労働契約であって次の各号のいずれかに該当するものの契約期間が満了する日までの間に労働者が当該有期労働契約の更新の申込みをした場合又は当該契約期間の満了後遅滞なく有期労働契約の締結の申込みをした場合であって、使用者が当該申込みを拒絶することが、客観的に合理的な理由を欠き、社会通念上相当であると認められないときは、使用者は、従前の有期労働契約の内容である労働条件と同一の労働条件で当該申込みを承諾したものとみなす。
art-19/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-19/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-19/par-1
If, by the expiration date of the contract term of a fixed-term labor contract which falls under any of the following items, a Worker applies for a renewal of the said fixed-term labor contract, or if a Worker applies for the conclusion of another fixed-term labor contract without delay after the said contract term expires, and the Employer's refusal to accept the said application lacks objectively reasonable grounds and is not found to be appropriate in general societal terms, it is deemed that the Employer accepts the said application with the same labor conditions as the contents of the prior fixed-term labor contract:
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**一** 当該有期労働契約が過去に反復して更新されたことがあるものであって、その契約期間の満了時に当該有期労働契約を更新しないことにより当該有期労働契約を終了させることが、期間の定めのない労働契約を締結している労働者に解雇の意思表示をすることにより当該期間の定めのない労働契約を終了させることと社会通念上同視できると認められること。
art-19/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-19/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-19/par-1/item-1
the said fixed-term labor contract has been repeatedly renewed in the past, and it is found that terminating the said fixed-term labor contract by not renewing it when the contract term expires is, in general social terms, equivalent to terminating a labor contract without a fixed term by expressing the intention to fire a Worker who has concluded the said labor contract without a fixed term;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**二** 当該労働者において当該有期労働契約の契約期間の満了時に当該有期労働契約が更新されるものと期待することについて合理的な理由があるものであると認められること。
art-19/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-19/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-19/par-1/item-2
it is found that there are reasonable grounds upon which the said Worker expects the said fixed-term labor contract to be renewed when the said fixed-term labor contract expires.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
## 第五章 雑則 — Chapter V Miscellaneous Provisions
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
ch-5 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/ch-5 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/ch-5
### 第二十条（船員に関する特例） — (Special Provisions on Mariners)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-20 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-20 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-20
**第一項** 第十二条及び前章の規定は、船員法（昭和二十二年法律第百号）の適用を受ける船員（次項において「船員」という。）に関しては、適用しない。
art-20/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-20/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-20/par-1
The provisions of Article 12 and the preceding Article do not apply to mariners, to whom the Mariners Act (Act No. 100 of 1947) applies (referred to as "mariners" in the following paragraph).
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 船員に関しては、第七条中「第十二条」とあるのは「船員法（昭和二十二年法律第百号）第百条」と、第十条中「第十二条」とあるのは「船員法第百条」と、第十一条中「労働基準法（昭和二十二年法律第四十九号）第八十九条及び第九十条」とあるのは「船員法第九十七条及び第九十八条」と、第十三条中「前条」とあるのは「船員法第百条」とする。
art-20/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-20/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-20/par-2
With regard to mariners, the term "Article 12" in Article 7 is deemed to be replaced with "Article 100 of the Mariners Act (Act No. 100 of 1947)", the term "Article 12" in Article 10 is deemed to be replaced with "Article 100 of the Mariners Act", the term "Article 89 and Article 90 of the Labor Standards Act (Act No. 49 of 1947)" in Article 11 is deemed to be replaced with "Article 97 and Article 98 of the Mariners Act," and the term "the preceding Article" in Article 13 is deemed to be replaced with "Article 100 of the Mariners Act."
Ministry of Justice translation with a slip corrected by this site — not the Ministry's text; the Ministry printed: "With regard to mariners, the term "Article 12" in Article 7 is deemed to be replaced with "Article 100 of the Mariners Act (Act No. 100 of 1947)", the term "Article 12" in Article 10 is be deemed to be replaced with "Article 100 of the Mariners Act", the term "Article 89 and Article 90 of the Labor Standards Act (Act No. 49 of 1947)" in Article 11 is deemed to be replaced with "Article 97 and Article 98 of the Mariners Act," and the term "the preceding Article" in Article 13 is deemed to be replaced with "Article 100 of the Mariners Act."" — https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/3744/tb
### 第二十一条（適用除外） — (Exclusion from Application)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-21 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-21 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-21
**第一項** この法律は、国家公務員及び地方公務員については、適用しない。
art-21/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-21/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-21/par-1
This Act does not apply to national public officers or local public officers.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** この法律は、使用者が同居の親族のみを使用する場合の労働契約については、適用しない。
art-21/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/art-21/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/art-21/par-2
This Act does not apply to a labor contract if an Employer only employs a relative(s) who lives with the Employer.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
---
# 附則・別表・様式 (supplementary provisions, appended tables and forms)
## 附 則
suppl-4191-128 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4191-128 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4191-128
### 第一条（施行期日） — (Effective Date)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
suppl-4191-128/art-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4191-128/art-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4191-128/art-1
**第一項** この法律は、公布の日から起算して三月を超えない範囲内において政令で定める日から施行する。
suppl-4191-128/art-1/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4191-128/art-1/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4191-128/art-1/par-1
This Act comes into effect as of a date provided by a cabinet order within a scope not exceeding three months from the date of promulgation.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
## 附 則 平成二四年八月一〇日法律第五六号
suppl-4241-56 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4241-56 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4241-56
**第一項** この法律は、公布の日から施行する。ただし、第二条並びに次項及び附則第三項の規定は、公布の日から起算して一年を超えない範囲内において政令で定める日から施行する。
suppl-4241-56/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4241-56/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4241-56/par-1
This Act comes into effect as of the date of promulgation. However, the provisions of Article 2 and the next paragraph and paragraph (3) of the Supplementary Provisions come into effect as of the date provided by a cabinet order within one year from the date of promulgation.
Ministry of Justice translation with a slip corrected by this site — not the Ministry's text; the Ministry printed: "This Act comes into effect as of the date of promulgation. However, the provisions of Article 2 and the next paragraph and paragraph (3) of Supplementary Provisions come into effect as of the date provided by a cabinet order within one year from the date of promulgation." — https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/3744/tb
**第二項** 第二条の規定による改正後の労働契約法（以下「新労働契約法」という。）第十八条の規定は、前項ただし書に規定する規定の施行の日以後の日を契約期間の初日とする期間の定めのある労働契約について適用し、同項ただし書に規定する規定の施行の日前の日が初日である期間の定めのある労働契約の契約期間は、同条第一項に規定する通算契約期間には、算入しない。
suppl-4241-56/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4241-56/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4241-56/par-2
The provisions of Article 18 of the Labor Contracts Act after the revision by the provisions of Article 2 (hereinafter referred to as the "New Labor Contracts Act") are applied to a fixed-term labor contract where a day on or after the effective date provided by the proviso of the preceding paragraph is determined as the first day of the contract term, and the contract term of a fixed-term labor contract where a day before the effective date provided by the proviso of the same paragraph is determined as the first day is not included in the total contract term provided by paragraph (1) in the same Article.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第三項** 政府は、附則第一項ただし書に規定する規定の施行後八年を経過した場合において、新労働契約法第十八条の規定について、その施行の状況を勘案しつつ検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
suppl-4241-56/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4241-56/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4241-56/par-3
The Government is to review the provisions of Article 18 of the New Labor Contracts Act taking the situations after the enforcement of the provisions into account and is to take necessary measures, based on the outcomes of the review, if it is found to be necessary, at the time when eight years have lapsed since the enforcement of the provisions provided by the proviso of paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions.
Ministry of Justice translation with a slip corrected by this site — not the Ministry's text; the Ministry printed: "The Government is to review the provisions of Article 18 of the New Labor Contracts Act taking the situations after the enforcement of the provisions into account and is to take necessary measures, based on the outcomes of the review, if it is found to be necessary, at the time when eight years have lapsed since the enforcement of the provisions provided by the proviso of paragraph (1) of Supplementary Provisions." — https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/3744/tb
## 附 則 平成三〇年七月六日法律第七一号
suppl-4301-71 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4301-71 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4301-71
### 第一条（施行期日） — (Effective Date)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
suppl-4301-71/art-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4301-71/art-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4301-71/art-1
**第一項** この法律は、平成三十一年四月一日から施行する。ただし、次の各号に掲げる規定は、当該各号に定める日から施行する。
suppl-4301-71/art-1/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4301-71/art-1/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4301-71/art-1/par-1
This Act comes into effect as of April 1, 2019; provided, however, that the provisions specified in the following items come into effect on the dates set forth in those items:
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**一** 第三条の規定並びに附則第七条第二項、第八条第二項、第十四条及び第十五条の規定、附則第十八条中社会保険労務士法（昭和四十三年法律第八十九号）別表第一第十八号の改正規定、附則第十九条中高年齢者等の雇用の安定等に関する法律（昭和四十六年法律第六十八号）第二十八条及び第三十八条第三項の改正規定、附則第二十条中建設労働者の雇用の改善等に関する法律（昭和五十一年法律第三十三号）第三十条第二項の改正規定、附則第二十七条の規定、附則第二十八条中厚生労働省設置法（平成十一年法律第九十七号）第四条第一項第五十二号の改正規定及び同法第九条第一項第四号の改正規定（「（平成十年法律第四十六号）」の下に「、労働施策の総合的な推進並びに労働者の雇用の安定及び職業生活の充実等に関する法律」を加える部分に限る。）並びに附則第三十条の規定 公布の日
suppl-4301-71/art-1/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4301-71/art-1/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4301-71/art-1/par-1/item-1
the provisions of Article 3 and the provisions of Article 7, paragraph (2), Article 8, paragraph (2), and Articles 14 and 15 of the Supplementary Provisions, the provisions of Article 18 of the Supplementary Provisions amending item (xviii) of Appended Table 1 of the Act on Public Consultants on Social and Labour Insurance (Act No. 89 of 1968), the provisions of Article 19 of the Supplementary Provisions amending Article 28 and Article 38, paragraph (3) of the Act on Employment Security of Elderly Persons (Act No. 68 of 1971), the provisions of Article 20 of the Supplementary Provisions amending Article 30, paragraph (2) of the Act on the Improvement of Employment of Construction Workers (Act No. 33 of 1976), the provisions of Article 27 of the Supplementary Provisions, the provisions of Article 28 of the Supplementary Provisions amending Article 4, paragraph (1), item (lii) of the Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Act No. 97 of 1999) and the provisions amending Article 9, paragraph (1), item (iv) of that Act (limited to the part adding ", the Act on Comprehensively Advancing Labor Measures, and Stabilizing the Employment of Workers, and Enriching Workers' Vocational Lives" after "(Act No. 46 of 1998)"), and the provisions of Article 30 of the Supplementary Provisions: the date of promulgation
machine translation, not official
**二** 第五条の規定（労働者派遣法第四十四条から第四十六条までの改正規定を除く。）並びに第七条及び第八条の規定並びに附則第六条、第七条第一項、第八条第一項、第九条、第十一条、第十三条及び第十七条の規定、附則第十八条（前号に掲げる規定を除く。）の規定、附則第十九条（前号に掲げる規定を除く。）の規定、附則第二十条（前号に掲げる規定を除く。）の規定、附則第二十一条、第二十三条及び第二十六条の規定並びに附則第二十八条（前号に掲げる規定を除く。）の規定 令和二年四月一日
suppl-4301-71/art-1/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4301-71/art-1/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4301-71/art-1/par-1/item-2
the provisions of Article 5 (excluding the provisions amending Articles 44 through 46 of the Worker Dispatching Act), the provisions of Article 7 and Article 8, the provisions of Article 6, Article 7, paragraph (1), Article 8, paragraph (1), Article 9, Article 11, Article 13 and Article 17 of the Supplementary Provisions, the provisions of Article 18 of the Supplementary Provisions (excluding the provisions set forth in the preceding item), the provisions of Article 19 of the Supplementary Provisions (excluding the provisions set forth in the preceding item), the provisions of Article 20 of the Supplementary Provisions (excluding the provisions set forth in the preceding item), the provisions of Article 21, Article 23 and Article 26 of the Supplementary Provisions, and the provisions of Article 28 of the Supplementary Provisions (excluding the provisions set forth in the preceding item): April 1, 2020
machine translation, not official
### 第十一条（短時間・有期雇用労働法の適用に関する経過措置） — (Transitional Measures for Applying the Part-Time and Fixed-Term Employment Act)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
suppl-4301-71/art-11 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4301-71/art-11 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4301-71/art-11
**第一項** 中小事業主については、令和三年三月三十一日までの間、第七条の規定による改正後の短時間労働者及び有期雇用労働者の雇用管理の改善等に関する法律（以下この条において「短時間・有期雇用労働法」という。）第二条第一項、第三条、第三章第一節（第十五条及び第十八条第三項を除く。）及び第四章（第二十六条及び第二十七条を除く。）の規定は、適用しない。この場合において、第七条の規定による改正前の短時間労働者の雇用管理の改善等に関する法律第二条、第三条、第三章第一節（第十五条及び第十八条第三項を除く。）及び第四章（第二十六条及び第二十七条を除く。）の規定並びに第八条の規定による改正前の労働契約法第二十条の規定は、なおその効力を有する。
suppl-4301-71/art-11/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4301-71/art-11/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4301-71/art-11/par-1
With regard to small and medium-sized business operators, until March 31, 2021, the provisions of Article 2, paragraph (1), Article 3, Chapter III, Section 1 (excluding Article 15 and Article 18, paragraph (3)) and Chapter IV (excluding Article 26 and Article 27) of the Act on Improvement of Personnel Management and Conversion of Employment Status for Part-Time Workers and Fixed-Term Workers as amended by the provisions of Article 7 (hereinafter referred to as the "Part-Time and Fixed-Term Employment Act" in this Article) do not apply. In this case, the provisions of Article 2, Article 3, Chapter III, Section 1 (excluding Article 15 and Article 18, paragraph (3)) and Chapter IV (excluding Article 26 and Article 27) of the Act on Improvement, etc. of Employment Management for Part-Time Workers prior to the amendment by the provisions of Article 7 and the provisions of Article 20 of the Labor Contracts Act prior to the amendment by the provisions of Article 8 remain in force.
machine translation, not official
### 第十二条（検討） — (Review)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
suppl-4301-71/art-12 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4301-71/art-12 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4301-71/art-12
**第一項**
suppl-4301-71/art-12/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4301-71/art-12/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4301-71/art-12/par-1
**第三項** 政府は、前二項に定める事項のほか、この法律の施行後五年を目途として、この法律による改正後のそれぞれの法律（以下この項において「改正後の各法律」という。）の規定について、労働者と使用者の協議の促進等を通じて、仕事と生活の調和、労働条件の改善、雇用形態又は就業形態の異なる労働者の間の均衡のとれた待遇の確保その他の労働者の職業生活の充実を図る観点から、改正後の各法律の施行の状況等を勘案しつつ検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて所要の措置を講ずるものとする。
suppl-4301-71/art-12/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4301-71/art-12/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4301-71/art-12/par-3
Beyond as provided in the preceding two paragraphs, approximately five years after this Act enters into effect, the government is to review the provisions of each of the relevant Acts following their amendment by this Act (referred to as "each amended Act" hereinafter in this paragraph) in consideration of things such as the enforcement status of each amended Act, from the standpoint of achieving work/life balance, improving working conditions, ensuring equalized treatment among workers with different forms of employment and employment formats, and otherwise enriching workers' working lives through actions such as prompting dialogues between workers and employers; and, on finding that there is a need to do so, it is to take the required measures based on the results of its review.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第三十条（政令への委任） — Delegation to Cabinet Order
caption: machine translation, not official
suppl-4301-71/art-30 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4301-71/art-30 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4301-71/art-30
**第一項** この附則に規定するもののほか、この法律の施行に伴い必要な経過措置（罰則に関する経過措置を含む。）は、政令で定める。
suppl-4301-71/art-30/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-4301-71/art-30/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-4301-71/art-30/par-1
In addition to what is provided for in these Supplementary Provisions, the transitional measures necessary in connection with the enforcement of this Act (including transitional measures concerning penal provisions) are specified by Cabinet Order.
machine translation, not official
## 附 則 令和二年三月三一日法律第一四号
suppl-5021-14 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-5021-14 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-5021-14
### 第一条（施行期日） — Effective Date
caption: machine translation, not official
suppl-5021-14/art-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-5021-14/art-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-5021-14/art-1
**第一項** この法律は、令和二年四月一日から施行する。ただし、次の各号に掲げる規定は、当該各号に定める日から施行する。
suppl-5021-14/art-1/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-5021-14/art-1/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-5021-14/art-1/par-1
This Act comes into effect on April 1, 2020; provided, however, that the provisions set forth in the following items come into effect on the dates specified in those items:
machine translation, not official
**一** 第一条中雇用保険法第十九条第一項の改正規定、同法第三十六条の見出しを削る改正規定並びに同法第四十八条及び第五十四条の改正規定並びに同法附則第四条、第五条、第十条及び第十一条の二第一項の改正規定並びに附則第十条、第二十六条及び第二十八条から第三十二条までの規定 公布の日
suppl-5021-14/art-1/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/labor-contracts-act/suppl-5021-14/art-1/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/419AC0000000128/suppl-5021-14/art-1/par-1/item-1
the provisions of Article 1 amending Article 19, paragraph (1) of the Employment Insurance Act, the provisions deleting the caption of Article 36 of that Act, the provisions amending Article 48 and Article 54 of that Act, and the provisions amending Article 4, Article 5, Article 10 and Article 11-2, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions of that Act, and the provisions of Article 10, Article 26 and Articles 28 through 32 of the Supplementary Provisions: the date of promulgation
machine translation, not official
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## Sources
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- claude-opus-5-5 — Corrections to the Ministry of Justice's English of supplementary provisions, written 2026-10-07
- e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁) — 労働契約法 — the text in force from 2020-04-01 (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/419AC0000000128/20200401_430AC0000000071), retrieved 2026-09-10
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- Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Labor Contracts Act (労働契約法), Article 20, paragraph (2) — the Ministry of Justice's English as printed (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/3744/tb), retrieved 2026-09-10
- Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Labor Contracts Act (労働契約法), Supplementary Provisions, paragraph (1) — the Ministry of Justice's English as printed (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/3744/tb), retrieved 2026-09-10
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- claude-sonnet-5-5 — Machine translation, batch labor-contracts-act-20261009T162006-001, translated 2026-10-10
- This site's parser, version 211 — 労働契約法 — structure, counts, cross-references and defined terms, computed 2026-09-10