# 商法 / Commercial Code — 第六章 (Part 3, Chapter 6)

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- Law: 商法 (Commercial Code), 明治三十二年法律第四十八号
- English title "Commercial Code": Ministry of Justice translation
- Kind: Act — the distinction between 法律 (Act), 政令 (Cabinet Order), 省令 (Ministerial Order) and 条例 (local ordinance) decides who may issue it and what it may say.
- Provision: 第六章 (Part 3, Chapter 6) — address `pt-3/ch-6`
- Text in force since: 2026-06-24
- URL (the page that opens at this provision): https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/pt-3/ch-6
- Permanent URL (e-Gov law ID, never renamed): https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/pt-3/ch-6
- Every provision below carries its address and both URLs on the line under it.
- Japanese text: e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁). English: as marked on each line below.

Only the Japanese as published by the government has legal effect; the text
below is a copy of it. Every English rendering below is a translation and
says which kind: the Ministry of Justice's translation, or this
site's machine translation, whose model and date the Sources list names.
They are never merged and never substituted for one another.

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## 第六章　共同海損 — Chapter VI General Average
<sup>heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>
<sup>pt-3/ch-6 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/pt-3/ch-6 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/pt-3/ch-6</sup>

### 第八百八条（共同海損の成立） — (Establishment of General Average)
<sup>caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>
<sup>art-808 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-808 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-808</sup>

  **第一項**  船舶及び積荷等に対する共同の危険を避けるために船舶又は積荷等について処分がされたときは、当該処分（以下この章において「共同危険回避処分」という。）によって生じた損害及び費用は、共同海損とする。
  <sup>art-808/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-808/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-808/par-1</sup>
  If any measures are taken to handle a ship or its cargo and other such objects in order to avoid a common danger to the ship and its cargo and other such objects, damage and costs arising from these measures (hereinafter referred to as "measures to avoid a common danger" in this Chapter) constitute a general average.
  <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

  **第二項**  前項の規定は、同項の危険が過失によって生じた場合における利害関係人から当該過失のある者に対する求償権の行使を妨げない。
  <sup>art-808/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-808/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-808/par-2</sup>
  If the danger referred to in the preceding paragraph is caused by negligence, the provisions of that paragraph do not preclude an interested person from exercising the right of reimbursement against the negligent party.
  <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

### 第八百九条（共同海損となる損害又は費用） — (Damage or Costs Constituting General Average)
<sup>caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>
<sup>art-809 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809</sup>

  **第一項**  共同海損となる損害の額は、次の各号に掲げる区分に応じ、当該各号に定める額によって算定する。ただし、第二号及び第四号に定める額については、積荷の滅失又は損傷のために支払うことを要しなくなった一切の費用の額を控除するものとする。
  <sup>art-809/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809/par-1</sup>
  The amount of damage that constitutes a general average is calculated on the basis of the amounts specified in the following items according to the categories set forth in the respective items; provided, however, that the amount of any and all costs that are no longer required to be paid because cargo has been lost or damaged are deducted from the amounts set forth in items (ii) and (iv):
  <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

    **一**  船舶　到達の地及び時における当該船舶の価格
    <sup>art-809/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809/par-1/item-1</sup>
    ship:the price of the ship at the place and time of arrival;
    <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

    **二**  積荷　陸揚げの地及び時における当該積荷の価格
    <sup>art-809/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809/par-1/item-2</sup>
    cargo:the price of the cargo at the place and time of discharge;
    <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

    **三**  積荷以外の船舶内にある物　到達の地及び時における当該物の価格
    <sup>art-809/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809/par-1/item-3</sup>
    objects on the ship other than the cargo:the price of the objects at the time and place of arrival; and
    <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

    **四**  運送賃　陸揚げの地及び時において請求することができる運送賃の額
    <sup>art-809/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809/par-1/item-4</sup>
    freight charges:the amount of freight charges claimable at the place and time of discharge.
    <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

  **第二項**  船荷証券その他積荷の価格を評定するに足りる書類（以下この章において「価格評定書類」という。）に積荷の実価より低い価額を記載したときは、その積荷に加えた損害の額は、当該価格評定書類に記載された価額によって定める。積荷の価格に影響を及ぼす事項につき価格評定書類に虚偽の記載をした場合において、当該記載によることとすれば積荷の実価より低い価格が評定されることとなるときも、同様とする。
  <sup>art-809/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809/par-2</sup>
  If a value that is lower than the real value of the cargo is entered in a bill of lading or any other document by which the price of the cargo can be evaluated (hereinafter referred to as a "price evaluation document" in this Chapter), the amount of damage caused to the cargo is determined on the basis of the value entered in the price evaluation document. The same applies if any false entry is made in a price evaluation document with regard to a particular that may affect the price of the cargo, and the value of the cargo to be evaluated on the basis of the false entry would be lower than the real value thereof.
  <sup>Ministry of Justice translation with a slip corrected by this site — not the Ministry's text; the Ministry printed: "If a value that is lower than the real value of the cargo is entered in a bill of lading or any other document by which the price of the cargo can be evaluated (hereinafter referred to as a "price evaluation document" in this Chapter), the amount of damage caused to the cargo is determined on the basis of the value entered in the price valuation document. The same applies if any false entry is made in a price valuation document with regard to a particular that may affect the price of the cargo, and the value of the cargo to be evaluated on the basis of the false entry would be lower than the real value thereof." — https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4293/tb</sup>

  **第三項**  次に掲げる損害又は費用は、利害関係人が分担することを要しない。
  <sup>art-809/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809/par-3</sup>
  Interested persons are not required to share the following damage or costs:
  <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

    **一**  次に掲げる物に加えた損害。ただし、次のハに掲げる物にあっては第五百七十七条第二項第一号に掲げる場合を、次のニに掲げる物にあっては甲板積みをする商慣習がある場合を除く。
    <sup>art-809/par-3/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809/par-3/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809/par-3/item-1</sup>
    damage caused to the following objects; provided, however, that for objects as set forth in (c) below, this excludes a case as set forth in Article 577, paragraph (2), item (i), and for objects as set forth in (d) below, this excludes cases in which it is consistent with commercial custom for those goods to be loaded above deck:
    <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

      **イ**  船舶所有者に無断で船積みがされた積荷
      <sup>art-809/par-3/item-1/sub-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809/par-3/item-1/sub-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809/par-3/item-1/sub-1</sup>
      cargo that has been loaded onto the ship without the permission of the shipowner;
      <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

      **ロ**  船積みに際して故意に虚偽の申告がされた積荷
      <sup>art-809/par-3/item-1/sub-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809/par-3/item-1/sub-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809/par-3/item-1/sub-2</sup>
      cargo for which an intentional false declaration has been made at the time of loading;
      <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

      **ハ**  高価品である積荷であって、荷送人又は傭船者が運送を委託するに当たりその種類及び価額を通知していないもの
      <sup>art-809/par-3/item-1/sub-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809/par-3/item-1/sub-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809/par-3/item-1/sub-3</sup>
      cargo constituting valuables, of whose type and value the shipper or charterer has not notified the carrier upon entrusting the carrier with their transportation;
      <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

      **ニ**  甲板上の積荷
      <sup>art-809/par-3/item-1/sub-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809/par-3/item-1/sub-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809/par-3/item-1/sub-4</sup>
      above-deck cargo;
      <sup>Ministry of Justice translation with a slip corrected by this site — not the Ministry's text; the Ministry printed: "above-deck cargo; and" — https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4293/tb</sup>

      **ホ**  属具目録に記載がない属具
      <sup>art-809/par-3/item-1/sub-5 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809/par-3/item-1/sub-5 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809/par-3/item-1/sub-5</sup>
      equipment not entered in the equipment inventory; and
      <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

    **二**  特別補償料
    <sup>art-809/par-3/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809/par-3/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809/par-3/item-2</sup>
    special compensation.
    <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

### 第八百十条（共同海損の分担額） — (Amount of General Average Contribution)
<sup>caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>
<sup>art-810 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810</sup>

  **第一項**  共同海損は、次の各号に掲げる者（船員及び旅客を除く。）が当該各号に定める額の割合に応じて分担する。
  <sup>art-810/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1</sup>
  A general average is shared among the persons set forth in the following items (excluding the mariners and passengers) in the proportions specified in those items:
  <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

    **一**  船舶の利害関係人　到達の地及び時における当該船舶の価格
    <sup>art-810/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1/item-1</sup>
    persons with an interest in the ship:the price of the ship at the place and time of arrival;
    <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

    **二**  積荷の利害関係人　次のイに掲げる額から次のロに掲げる額を控除した額
    <sup>art-810/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1/item-2</sup>
    persons with an interest in the cargo: the amount arrived at when the amount set forth in (b) below is deducted from the amount set forth in (a) below:
    <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

      **イ**  陸揚げの地及び時における当該積荷の価格
      <sup>art-810/par-1/item-2/sub-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1/item-2/sub-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1/item-2/sub-1</sup>
      the price of the cargo at the place and time of discharge; and
      <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

      **ロ**  共同危険回避処分の時においてイに規定する積荷の全部が滅失したとした場合に当該積荷の利害関係人が支払うことを要しないこととなる運送賃その他の費用の額
      <sup>art-810/par-1/item-2/sub-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1/item-2/sub-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1/item-2/sub-2</sup>
      freight charges and other such costs that persons with an interest in the cargo would not have been required to pay if all of the cargo provided for in (a) had been lost at the time of the measures to avoid a common danger;
      <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

    **三**  積荷以外の船舶内にある物（船舶に備え付けた武器を除く。）の利害関係人　到達の地及び時における当該物の価格
    <sup>art-810/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1/item-3</sup>
    persons with an interest in objects on the ship other than the cargo (excluding weapons mounted on the ship):the value of the objects at the place and time of arrival; and
    <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

    **四**  運送人　次のイに掲げる額から次のロに掲げる額を控除した額
    <sup>art-810/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1/item-4</sup>
    the carrier: the amount arrived at when the amount set forth in (b) below is deducted from the amount set forth in (a) below:
    <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

      **イ**  第二号ロに規定する運送賃のうち、陸揚げの地及び時において現に存する債権の額
      <sup>art-810/par-1/item-4/sub-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1/item-4/sub-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1/item-4/sub-1</sup>
      the amount constituting the part of the claim actually existing at the place and time of discharge for the freight charges provided for in item (ii)(b); and
      <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

      **ロ**  船員の給料その他の航海に必要な費用（共同海損となる費用を除く。）のうち、共同危険回避処分の時に船舶及び第二号イに規定する積荷の全部が滅失したとした場合に運送人が支払うことを要しないこととなる額
      <sup>art-810/par-1/item-4/sub-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1/item-4/sub-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1/item-4/sub-2</sup>
      the amount constituting the part of the mariners' salaries and other necessary costs of the voyage (excluding costs that constitute a general average) that the carrier would not have been required to pay if the ship and all of the cargo prescribed in item (ii)(a) had been lost at the time of the measures to avoid a common danger.
      <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

  **第二項**  共同危険回避処分の後、到達又は陸揚げ前に船舶又は積荷等について必要費又は有益費を支出したときは、当該船舶又は積荷等については、前項第一号から第三号までに定める額は、その費用（共同海損となる費用を除く。）の額を控除した額とする。
  <sup>art-810/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-2</sup>
  If any necessary costs or beneficial costs have been paid out for a ship or its cargo and other such objects after the implementation of the measures to avoid a common danger and before the arrival of the ship or discharge of the cargo and other such objects, the amounts specified in items (i) through (iii) of the preceding paragraph for the ship or the cargo and other such objects are calculated by deducting the amount of the costs that have been paid (excluding costs that constitute a general average).
  <sup>Ministry of Justice translation with a slip corrected by this site — not the Ministry's text; the Ministry printed: "If any necessary costs or beneficial costs have been paid out for a ship or its cargo and other such objects after the implementation of the measures to avoid a common danger and before the arrival of the ship or discharge of the cargo and other such objects, the amounts specified in items (i) through (iii) of the preceding paragraph for the ship the cargo and other such objects are calculated by deducting the amount of the costs that have been paid (excluding costs that constitute a general average)." — https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4293/tb</sup>

  **第三項**  第一項に規定する者が共同危険回避処分によりその財産につき損害を受けたときは、その者については、同項各号に定める額は、その損害の額（当該財産について前項に規定する必要費又は有益費を支出した場合にあっては、その費用（共同海損となる費用に限る。）の額を超える部分の額に限る。）を加算した額とする。
  <sup>art-810/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-3</sup>
  If a person provided for in paragraph (1) incurs loss or damage to their property due to the measures to avoid a common danger, the amount set forth in the items of that paragraph for that person is calculated by adding the amount of the loss or damage incurred (limited, if the person pays any necessary costs or beneficial costs prescribed in the preceding paragraph for that property, to the amount paid in excess of the amount of those costs (limited to costs that constitute a general average)).
  <sup>Ministry of Justice translation with a slip corrected by this site — not the Ministry's text; the Ministry printed: "If a person provided for in paragraph (1) incurs loss or damage to their property due to the measures to avoid a common danger, the amount set forth in the items of that paragraph for that person is calculated by adding the amount of the loss or damage incurred (limited, if the person pays any necessary costs or beneficial costs prescribed in the preceding paragraph for that property, to the amount paid in excess of the amount of those costs (excluding costs that constitute a general average))." — https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4293/tb</sup>

  **第四項**  価格評定書類に積荷の実価を超える価額を記載したときは、その積荷の利害関係人は、当該価格評定書類に記載された価額に応じて共同海損を分担する。積荷の価格に影響を及ぼす事項につき価格評定書類に虚偽の記載をした場合において、当該記載によることとすれば積荷の実価を超える価格が評定されることとなるときも、同様とする。
  <sup>art-810/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-4</sup>
  If a value that exceeds the real value of cargo is entered in a price evaluation document, a person with an interest in the cargo shares a general average in proportion to the value entered in the price evaluation document. The same applies if any false entry is made in a price evaluation document with regard to a matter that may affect the price of the cargo, and the value of the cargo to be evaluated on the basis of the false entry would be higher than its real value.
  <sup>Ministry of Justice translation with a slip corrected by this site — not the Ministry's text; the Ministry printed: "If a value that exceeds the real value of cargo is entered in a price evaluation document, a person with an interest in the cargo shares a general average in proportion to the value entered in the price evaluation document. The same applies if any false entry is made in a price valuation document with regard to a matter that may affect the price of the cargo, and the value of the cargo to be evaluated on the basis of the false entry would be higher than its real value." — https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4293/tb</sup>

### 第八百十一条（共同海損を分担すべき者の責任） — (Liability of Persons Required to Share General Average)
<sup>caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>
<sup>art-811 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-811 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-811</sup>

  **第一項**  前条の規定により共同海損を分担すべき者は、船舶の到達（同条第一項第二号又は第四号に掲げる者にあっては、積荷の陸揚げ）の時に現存する価額の限度においてのみ、その責任を負う。
  <sup>art-811/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-811/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-811/par-1</sup>
  Persons that are required to share a general average pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article are liable to do so only up to the value that actually exists at the time of the arrival of the ship (or the time of discharge of the cargo, in the case of the person set forth in paragraph (1), item (ii) or item (iv) of that Article).
  <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

### 第八百十二条（共同海損の分担に基づく債権の消滅時効） — (Extinctive Prescription of Claims Based on Sharing of General Average)
<sup>caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>
<sup>art-812 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-812 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-812</sup>

  **第一項**  共同海損の分担に基づく債権は、その計算が終了した時から一年間行使しないときは、時効によって消滅する。
  <sup>art-812/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-812/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-812/par-1</sup>
  A claim based on the sharing of a general average is extinguished by prescription if it is not exercised in the one year after its calculation is completed.
  <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

### 第八百十三条から第八百十四条まで  〔削除 / repealed〕
<sup>art-813-to-814 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-813-to-814 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-813-to-814</sup>

  **第一項**  削除
  <sup>art-813-to-814/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-813-to-814/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-813-to-814/par-1</sup>
  <sup>no English for this paragraph</sup>

---

## Cites
- art-808/par-2: 前項 → 商法 第八百八条第一項 (Article 808, paragraph (1)), art-808/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-808/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-808/par-1
- art-809/par-1: 第二号 → 商法 第八百九条第一項第二号 (Article 809, paragraph (1), item (ii)), art-809/par-1/item-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809/par-1/item-2
- art-809/par-1: 第四号 → 商法 第八百九条第一項第四号 (Article 809, paragraph (1), item (iv)), art-809/par-1/item-4 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-809/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-809/par-1/item-4
- art-809/par-3/item-1: 第五百七十七条第二項第一号 → 商法 第五百七十七条第二項第一号 (Article 577, paragraph (2), item (i)), art-577/par-2/item-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-577/par-2/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-577/par-2/item-1
- art-810/par-1/item-4/sub-1: 第二号 → 商法 第八百十条第一項第二号 (Article 810, paragraph (1), item (ii)), art-810/par-1/item-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1/item-2
- art-810/par-1/item-4/sub-2: 第二号 → 商法 第八百十条第一項第二号 (Article 810, paragraph (1), item (ii)), art-810/par-1/item-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1/item-2
- art-810/par-2: 前項第一号から第三号まで → 商法 第八百十条第一項第一号 (Article 810, paragraph (1), item (i)), art-810/par-1/item-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1/item-1
- art-810/par-2: 前項第一号から第三号まで → 商法 第八百十条第一項第二号 (Article 810, paragraph (1), item (ii)), art-810/par-1/item-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1/item-2
- art-810/par-2: 前項第一号から第三号まで → 商法 第八百十条第一項第三号 (Article 810, paragraph (1), item (iii)), art-810/par-1/item-3 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1/item-3
- art-810/par-3: 第一項 → 商法 第八百十条第一項 (Article 810, paragraph (1)), art-810/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1
- art-810/par-3: 前項 → 商法 第八百十条第二項 (Article 810, paragraph (2)), art-810/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-2
- art-811/par-1: 前条 → 商法 第八百十条 (Article 810), art-810 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810
- art-811/par-1: 同条第一項第二号 → 商法 第八百十条第一項第二号 (Article 810, paragraph (1), item (ii)), art-810/par-1/item-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1/item-2
- art-811/par-1: 第四号 → 商法 第八百十条第一項第四号 (Article 810, paragraph (1), item (iv)), art-810/par-1/item-4 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-810/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-810/par-1/item-4

---

## Sources

- claude-opus-5-5 — Corrections to the Ministry of Justice's English of paragraphs, written 2026-11-05
- e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁) — 商法 — the text in force from 2026-06-24 (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/132AC0000000048/20260624_508AC0000000046), retrieved 2026-11-05
- Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Commercial Code (商法), Article 809, paragraph (2) — the Ministry of Justice's English as printed (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4293/tb), retrieved 2026-11-05
- Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Commercial Code (商法), Article 809, paragraph (3), item (i), (d) — the Ministry of Justice's English as printed (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4293/tb), retrieved 2026-11-05
- Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Commercial Code (商法), Article 810, paragraph (2) — the Ministry of Justice's English as printed (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4293/tb), retrieved 2026-11-05
- Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Commercial Code (商法), Article 810, paragraph (3) — the Ministry of Justice's English as printed (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4293/tb), retrieved 2026-11-05
- Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Commercial Code (商法), Article 810, paragraph (4) — the Ministry of Justice's English as printed (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4293/tb), retrieved 2026-11-05
- Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Commercial Code — Ministry of Justice translation (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4293/tb), retrieved 2026-11-05
- This site's parser, version 224 — 商法 — structure, counts, cross-references and defined terms, computed 2026-11-05