# 商法 / Commercial Code — 第一章 (Part 2, Chapter 1)
This is the Markdown twin of https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/pt-2/ch-1. Every law, and how to address a provision: https://japanlaw.org/llms.txt. The same laws as MCP tools (no sign-in): https://japanlaw.org/mcp.
- Law: 商法 (Commercial Code), 明治三十二年法律第四十八号
- English title "Commercial Code": Ministry of Justice translation
- Kind: Act — the distinction between 法律 (Act), 政令 (Cabinet Order), 省令 (Ministerial Order) and 条例 (local ordinance) decides who may issue it and what it may say.
- Provision: 第一章 (Part 2, Chapter 1) — address `pt-2/ch-1`
- Text in force since: 2026-06-24
- URL (the page that opens at this provision): https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/pt-2/ch-1
- Permanent URL (e-Gov law ID, never renamed): https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/pt-2/ch-1
- Every provision below carries its address and both URLs on the line under it.
- Japanese text: e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁). English: as marked on each line below.
Only the Japanese as published by the government has legal effect; the text
below is a copy of it. Every English rendering below is a translation and
says which kind: the Ministry of Justice's translation, or this
site's machine translation, whose model and date the Sources list names.
They are never merged and never substituted for one another.
---
## 第一章 総則 — Chapter I General Provisions
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
pt-2/ch-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/pt-2/ch-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/pt-2/ch-1
### 第五百一条（絶対的商行為） — (Transactions Absolutely Regarded as Commercial Transactions Due to Their Nature)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-501 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-501 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-501
**第一項** 次に掲げる行為は、商行為とする。
art-501/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-501/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-501/par-1
The following actions are commercial transactions:
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**一** 利益を得て譲渡する意思をもってする動産、不動産若しくは有価証券の有償取得又はその取得したものの譲渡を目的とする行為
art-501/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-501/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-501/par-1/item-1
an action through which a person seeks to acquire for value a movable, real property, or a negotiable instrument of value from whose transfer the person wishes to profit, or an action through which a person seeks to transfer an object so acquired;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**二** 他人から取得する動産又は有価証券の供給契約及びその履行のためにする有償取得を目的とする行為
art-501/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-501/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-501/par-1/item-2
an action through which a person seeks to make an acquisition for value in order to form and perform on a contract to supply a movable or negotiable instrument of value acquired from another person;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**三** 取引所においてする取引
art-501/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-501/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-501/par-1/item-3
a transaction conducted on an exchange;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**四** 手形その他の商業証券に関する行為
art-501/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-501/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-501/par-1/item-4
an action involving a bill, note, or other commercial instrument.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百二条（営業的商行為） — (Transactions Regarded as Commercial Transactions If Conducted as Business)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-502 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-502 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-502
**第一項** 次に掲げる行為は、営業としてするときは、商行為とする。ただし、専ら賃金を得る目的で物を製造し、又は労務に従事する者の行為は、この限りでない。
art-502/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-502/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-502/par-1
The following actions are commercial transactions only if they are taken as a part of business; provided, however, that this does not apply if the action is taken by a person that manufactures a product or engages in labor for the sole purpose of earning wages:
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**一** 賃貸する意思をもってする動産若しくは不動産の有償取得若しくは賃借又はその取得し若しくは賃借したものの賃貸を目的とする行為
art-502/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-502/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-502/par-1/item-1
an action through which a first person seeks to acquire for value or rent from a second person a movable or real property from whose rental to a third person the first person wishes to profit, or an action through which one person seeks to rent to another person property so acquired or rented;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**二** 他人のためにする製造又は加工に関する行為
art-502/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-502/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-502/par-1/item-2
an action relating to manufacturing or processing undertaken for another person's benefit;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**三** 電気又はガスの供給に関する行為
art-502/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-502/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-502/par-1/item-3
an action relating to the supplying of electricity or gas;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**四** 運送に関する行為
art-502/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-502/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-502/par-1/item-4
an action relating to transportation;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**五** 作業又は労務の請負
art-502/par-1/item-5 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-502/par-1/item-5 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-502/par-1/item-5
undertaking a contract for work or labor;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**六** 出版、印刷又は撮影に関する行為
art-502/par-1/item-6 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-502/par-1/item-6 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-502/par-1/item-6
an action relating to publishing, printing, photography, or filming;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**七** 客の来集を目的とする場屋における取引
art-502/par-1/item-7 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-502/par-1/item-7 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-502/par-1/item-7
a transaction at an establishment at which it is intended for customers to gather;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**八** 両替その他の銀行取引
art-502/par-1/item-8 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-502/par-1/item-8 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-502/par-1/item-8
exchanging money or making another banking transaction;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**九** 保険
art-502/par-1/item-9 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-502/par-1/item-9 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-502/par-1/item-9
providing insurance;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**十** 寄託の引受け
art-502/par-1/item-10 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-502/par-1/item-10 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-502/par-1/item-10
undertaking a bailment;
Ministry of Justice translation with a slip corrected by this site — not the Ministry's text; the Ministry printed: "undertaking a deposit;" — https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4293/tb
**十一** 仲立ち又は取次ぎに関する行為
art-502/par-1/item-11 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-502/par-1/item-11 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-502/par-1/item-11
an action relating to brokerage or intermediation;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**十二** 商行為の代理の引受け
art-502/par-1/item-12 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-502/par-1/item-12 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-502/par-1/item-12
undertaking the role of agent for a commercial transaction;
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**十三** 信託の引受け
art-502/par-1/item-13 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-502/par-1/item-13 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-502/par-1/item-13
undertaking a trust.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百三条（附属的商行為） — (Auxiliary Commercial Transactions)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-503 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-503 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-503
**第一項** 商人がその営業のためにする行為は、商行為とする。
art-503/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-503/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-503/par-1
An action taken by a merchant for the benefit of its business is a commercial transaction.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 商人の行為は、その営業のためにするものと推定する。
art-503/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-503/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-503/par-2
The actions of a merchant are presumed to be done for the benefit of its business.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百四条（商行為の代理） — (Acting as Agent in Commercial Transactions)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-504 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-504 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-504
**第一項** 商行為の代理人が本人のためにすることを示さないでこれをした場合であっても、その行為は、本人に対してその効力を生ずる。ただし、相手方が、代理人が本人のためにすることを知らなかったときは、代理人に対して履行の請求をすることを妨げない。
art-504/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-504/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-504/par-1
Even if the agent for a commercial transaction conducts the transaction without representing that it is doing so on behalf of the principal, the actions of the agent bind the principal; provided, however, that if the other party does not know that the agent is conducting the transaction on behalf of the principal, these provisions do not preclude the other party from demanding that the agent perform the obligations arising from the transaction.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百五条（商行為の委任） — (Entrustment of Commercial Transactions)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-505 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-505 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-505
**第一項** 商行為の受任者は、委任の本旨に反しない範囲内において、委任を受けていない行為をすることができる。
art-505/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-505/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-505/par-1
A person entrusted with conducting a commercial transaction may take actions that the person is not entrusted with taking, to the extent that this does not conflict with the main purpose of the entrustment.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百六条（商行為の委任による代理権の消滅事由の特例） — (Special Provisions on Reasons for Lapse of a Person's Authority to Act as Agent Due to Entrustment of Commercial Transactions)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-506 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-506 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-506
**第一項** 商行為の委任による代理権は、本人の死亡によっては、消滅しない。
art-506/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-506/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-506/par-1
A person's authority to act as the agent of a principal based on that person's entrustment with conducting a commercial transaction does not lapse upon the death of the principal.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百七条 〔削除 / repealed〕
art-507 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-507 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-507
**第一項** 削除
art-507/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-507/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-507/par-1
Deleted
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百八条（隔地者間における契約の申込み） — (Offers to Contract between Merchants at a Distance)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-508 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-508 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-508
**第一項** 商人である隔地者の間において承諾の期間を定めないで契約の申込みを受けた者が相当の期間内に承諾の通知を発しなかったときは、その申込みは、その効力を失う。
art-508/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-508/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-508/par-1
If merchants are at a distance from each other and the party receiving an offer to contract not specifying a period for acceptance does not issue notice of its acceptance within a reasonable period of time, the offer ceases to be valid.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 民法第五百二十四条の規定は、前項の場合について準用する。
art-508/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-508/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-508/par-2
The provisions of Article 524 of the Civil Code apply mutatis mutandis to a case as referred to in the preceding paragraph.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百九条（契約の申込みを受けた者の諾否通知義務） — (Duty of Party Receiving Offer to Contract to Give Notice of Acceptance or Refusal)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-509 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-509 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-509
**第一項** 商人が平常取引をする者からその営業の部類に属する契約の申込みを受けたときは、遅滞なく、契約の申込みに対する諾否の通知を発しなければならない。
art-509/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-509/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-509/par-1
If a merchant receives an offer to contract that is in its line of business from a person with which it has regular dealings, the merchant must issue notice of its acceptance or refusal of the offer to contract without delay.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 商人が前項の通知を発することを怠ったときは、その商人は、同項の契約の申込みを承諾したものとみなす。
art-509/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-509/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-509/par-2
If a merchant neglects to issue a notice as referred to in the preceding paragraph, it is deemed to have accepted the offer to contract referred to in that paragraph.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百十条（契約の申込みを受けた者の物品保管義務） — (Duty of the Party Receiving Offer to Contract to Take Custody of Goods)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-510 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-510 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-510
**第一項** 商人がその営業の部類に属する契約の申込みを受けた場合において、その申込みとともに受け取った物品があるときは、その申込みを拒絶したときであっても、申込者の費用をもってその物品を保管しなければならない。ただし、その物品の価額がその費用を償うのに足りないとき、又は商人がその保管によって損害を受けるときは、この限りでない。
art-510/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-510/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-510/par-1
If, along with the offer that a merchant receives for a contract that is in its line of business, the merchant also receives goods, it must store those goods at the expense of the offeror, even if it refuses the offer; provided, however, that this does not apply if the value of the goods is insufficient to compensate for the costs of the storage, or if the merchant will incur damage from the storage.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百十一条（多数当事者間の債務の連帯） — (Joint and Several Liability for Obligations Among Multiple Parties)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-511 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-511 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-511
**第一項** 数人の者がその一人又は全員のために商行為となる行為によって債務を負担したときは、その債務は、各自が連帯して負担する。
art-511/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-511/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-511/par-1
When two or more persons assume an obligation by way of an action that constitutes a commercial transaction for any one or all of them, they assume that obligation jointly and severally.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 保証人がある場合において、債務が主たる債務者の商行為によって生じたものであるとき、又は保証が商行為であるときは、主たる債務者及び保証人が各別の行為によって債務を負担したときであっても、その債務は、各自が連帯して負担する。
art-511/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-511/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-511/par-2
If there is a guarantor and an obligation arises from a commercial transaction by the principal obligor or the guarantee constitutes a commercial transaction, the principal obligor and the guarantor assume the obligation jointly and severally, even if they have assumed the obligation by way of separate actions.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百十二条（報酬請求権） — (Claim to Remuneration)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-512 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-512 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-512
**第一項** 商人がその営業の範囲内において他人のために行為をしたときは、相当な報酬を請求することができる。
art-512/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-512/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-512/par-1
When a merchant takes an action for another person that is within the scope of the merchant's business, it may claim reasonable remuneration.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百十三条（利息請求権） — (Claim to Interest)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-513 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-513 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-513
**第一項** 商人間において金銭の消費貸借をしたときは、貸主は、法定利息を請求することができる。
art-513/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-513/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-513/par-1
If money is lent between merchants, the lender may claim statutory interest.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 商人がその営業の範囲内において他人のために金銭の立替えをしたときは、その立替えの日以後の法定利息を請求することができる。
art-513/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-513/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-513/par-2
If a merchant pays money on behalf of another person within the scope of the merchant's business, the merchant may claim statutory interest for the period beginning on the date of the payment.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百十四条 〔削除 / repealed〕
art-514 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-514 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-514
**第一項** 削除
art-514/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-514/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-514/par-1
Deleted
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百十五条（契約による質物の処分の禁止の適用除外） — (Exemptions from the Prohibition on the Use or Disposal of Things Pledged by Contract)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-515 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-515 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-515
**第一項** 民法第三百四十九条の規定は、商行為によって生じた債権を担保するために設定した質権については、適用しない。
art-515/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-515/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-515/par-1
The provisions of Article 349 of the Civil Code do not apply to a pledge created to secure an obligation arising from a commercial transaction.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百十六条（債務の履行の場所） — (Place for Performance of Obligations)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-516 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-516 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-516
**第一項** 商行為によって生じた債務の履行をすべき場所がその行為の性質又は当事者の意思表示によって定まらないときは、特定物の引渡しはその行為の時にその物が存在した場所において、その他の債務の履行は債権者の現在の営業所（営業所がない場合にあっては、その住所）において、それぞれしなければならない。
art-516/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-516/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-516/par-1
If the place where an obligation arising from a commercial transaction is to be performed cannot be specified owing to the nature of the transaction or the manifestation of the intentions of the parties, the delivery of a specific thing must be effected at the place where the thing is at the time of the transaction, and any other obligation must be performed at the current place of business of the obligee (or at the obligee's domicile, if the obligee has no place of business).
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百十七条から第五百二十条まで 〔削除 / repealed〕
art-517-to-520 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-517-to-520 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-517-to-520
**第一項** 削除
art-517-to-520/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-517-to-520/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-517-to-520/par-1
no English for this paragraph
### 第五百二十一条（商人間の留置権） — (Right of Retention Between Merchants)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-521 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-521 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-521
**第一項** 商人間においてその双方のために商行為となる行為によって生じた債権が弁済期にあるときは、債権者は、その債権の弁済を受けるまで、その債務者との間における商行為によって自己の占有に属した債務者の所有する物又は有価証券を留置することができる。ただし、当事者の別段の意思表示があるときは、この限りでない。
art-521/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-521/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-521/par-1
If performance is due on a claim arising between merchants from an action that constitutes a commercial transaction for both parties, the obligee may retain an object or negotiable instrument of value belonging to the obligor that the obligee has gained possession of in the commercial transaction with the obligor, until the claim is satisfied; provided, however, that this does not apply if the parties have manifested a different intention.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五百二十二条から第五百二十三条まで 〔削除 / repealed〕
art-522-to-523 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-522-to-523 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-522-to-523
**第一項** 削除
art-522-to-523/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-522-to-523/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-522-to-523/par-1
no English for this paragraph
---
## Cites
- art-508/par-2: 民法第五百二十四条 → 民法 第五百二十四条 (Article 524), art-524 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-524 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-524
- art-508/par-2: 前項 → 商法 第五百八条第一項 (Article 508, paragraph (1)), art-508/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-508/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-508/par-1
- art-509/par-2: 前項 → 商法 第五百九条第一項 (Article 509, paragraph (1)), art-509/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-509/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-509/par-1
- art-515/par-1: 民法第三百四十九条 → 民法 第三百四十九条 (Article 349), art-349 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-349 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-349
---
## Sources
- claude-opus-5-5 — Corrections to the Ministry of Justice's English of paragraphs, written 2026-11-05
- e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁) — 商法 — the text in force from 2026-06-24 (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/132AC0000000048/20260624_508AC0000000046), retrieved 2026-11-05
- Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Commercial Code (商法), Article 502, paragraph (1), item (x) — the Ministry of Justice's English as printed (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4293/tb), retrieved 2026-11-05
- Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Commercial Code — Ministry of Justice translation (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4293/tb), retrieved 2026-11-05
- This site's parser, version 224 — 商法 — structure, counts, cross-references and defined terms, computed 2026-11-05