# 商法 / Commercial Code — 第五百九十一条 (Article 591) This is the Markdown twin of https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-591. Every law, and how to address a provision: https://japanlaw.org/llms.txt. The same laws as MCP tools (no sign-in): https://japanlaw.org/mcp. - Law: 商法 (Commercial Code), 明治三十二年法律第四十八号 - English title "Commercial Code": Ministry of Justice translation - Kind: Act — the distinction between 法律 (Act), 政令 (Cabinet Order), 省令 (Ministerial Order) and 条例 (local ordinance) decides who may issue it and what it may say. - Provision: 第五百九十一条 (Article 591)（特約禁止） — address `art-591` - Text in force since: 2026-06-24 - URL (the page that opens at this provision): https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-591 - Permanent URL (e-Gov law ID, never renamed): https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-591 - Every provision below carries its address and both URLs on the line under it. - Japanese text: e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁). English: as marked on each line below. Only the Japanese as published by the government has legal effect; the text below is a copy of it. Every English rendering below is a translation and says which kind: the Ministry of Justice's translation, or this site's machine translation, whose model and date the Sources list names. They are never merged and never substituted for one another. --- ### 第五百九十一条（特約禁止） — (Prohibition of Special Agreements) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-591 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-591 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-591 **第一項** 旅客の生命又は身体の侵害による運送人の損害賠償の責任（運送の遅延を主たる原因とするものを除く。）を免除し、又は軽減する特約は、無効とする。 art-591/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-591/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-591/par-1 Any special agreement that makes the carrier subject to a release from or reduction in the liability to compensate for loss or damage to the life or person of a passenger (excluding the liability to compensate for loss or damage mainly arising from a delay in transportation) is void. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項の規定は、次に掲げる場合には、適用しない。 art-591/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-591/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-591/par-2 The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply in the following cases: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **一** 大規模な火災、震災その他の災害が発生し、又は発生するおそれがある場合において運送を行うとき。 art-591/par-2/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-591/par-2/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-591/par-2/item-1 if a carrier transports a passenger in the event or likely event of a large-scale fire, earthquake, or other such disaster; or Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **二** 運送に伴い通常生ずる振動その他の事情により生命又は身体に重大な危険が及ぶおそれがある者の運送を行うとき。 art-591/par-2/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-591/par-2/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-591/par-2/item-2 if a carrier transports a passenger whose life or person is likely to be placed in material danger due to the vibrations normally occasioned by transportation or other such circumstances. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System --- ## Cites - art-591/par-2: 前項 → 商法 第五百九十一条第一項 (Article 591, paragraph (1)), art-591/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-591/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-591/par-1 ## Cited by 1 provision cites this one. No official source publishes this direction. - 商法 第五百九十一条第二項（特約禁止） — https://japanlaw.org/en/commercial-code/art-591/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/132AC0000000048/art-591/par-2 --- ## Sources - e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁) — 商法 — the text in force from 2026-06-24 (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/132AC0000000048/20260624_508AC0000000046), retrieved 2026-11-05 - Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Commercial Code — Ministry of Justice translation (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4293/tb), retrieved 2026-11-05 - This site's parser, version 224 — 商法 — structure, counts, cross-references and defined terms, computed 2026-11-05