# 民事訴訟法 / Code of Civil Procedure — 第三章 (Part 1, Chapter 3) - Law: 民事訴訟法 (Code of Civil Procedure), 平成八年法律第百九号 - English title "Code of Civil Procedure": Ministry of Justice translation - Kind: Act — the distinction between 法律 (Act), 政令 (Cabinet Order), 省令 (Ministerial Order) and 条例 (local ordinance) decides who may issue it and what it may say. - Provision: 第三章 (Part 1, Chapter 3) — address `pt-1/ch-3` - Text: the text as amended with effect from 2028-12-23 (The date on which the Act Partially Amending the Civil Code, etc. (Act No. 45 of 2026) comes into force. The exact day is not fixed yet.) — NOT yet in force (revision 20281223_508AC0000000046) - URL (this text's page, at this provision): https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#pt-1/ch-3 - The same address in the text in force (its wording there may differ): https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/pt-1/ch-3 - Every provision below carries its address and its place on this text's page on the line under it. - Japanese text: e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁). English: as marked on each line below. Only the Japanese as published by the government has legal effect; the text below is a copy of it. Every English rendering below is a translation and says which kind: the Ministry of Justice's translation, or this site's machine translation, whose model and date the Sources list names. They are never merged and never substituted for one another. The Ministry's English is given only where this text's Japanese is a wording the Ministry translated — the same as the text in force, or for a text not yet in force, a wording it translated ahead; every other paragraph's English is machine translation. --- ## 第三章　当事者 — Chapter III The Parties heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System pt-1/ch-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#pt-1/ch-3 ## 第一節　当事者能力及び訴訟能力 — Section 1 Capacity as a Party and Capacity to Sue or Be Sued heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System pt-1/ch-3/sec-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#pt-1/ch-3/sec-1 ### 第二十八条（原則） — (Principles) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-28 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-28 **第一項** 当事者能力、訴訟能力及び訴訟能力を欠く者の法定代理は、この法律に特別の定めがある場合を除き、民法（明治二十九年法律第八十九号）その他の法令に従う。訴訟行為をするのに必要な授権についても、同様とする。 art-28/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-28/par-1 Except as otherwise provided for in this Code, capacity as a party, the capacity to sue or be sued, and the statutory representation of a person lacking the capacity to sue or be sued are governed by the Civil Code (Act No. 89 of 1896) and other laws and regulations. The same applies to the delegation of the powers necessary for performing procedural acts. machine translation, not official ### 第二十九条（法人でない社団等の当事者能力） — (A Non-Corporate Association's or Foundation's Capacity as a Party) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-29 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-29 **第一項** 法人でない社団又は財団で代表者又は管理人の定めがあるものは、その名において訴え、又は訴えられることができる。 art-29/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-29/par-1 An association or foundation that is not a corporation and that has a designated representative or administrator may sue or be sued in the name of that representative or administrator. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第三十条（選定当事者） — (Appointed Parties) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-30 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-30 **第一項** 共同の利益を有する多数の者で前条の規定に該当しないものは、その中から、全員のために原告又は被告となるべき一人又は数人を選定することができる。 art-30/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-30/par-1 Persons with a common interest that do not fall under the provisions of the preceding Article may appoint one or more persons from among themselves to act as the plaintiff or defendant on behalf of all. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 訴訟の係属の後、前項の規定により原告又は被告となるべき者を選定したときは、他の当事者は、当然に訴訟から脱退する。 art-30/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-30/par-2 If a person is appointed to act as the plaintiff or defendant pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph after litigation has become pending before the court, any plaintiff other than a person selected to act as plaintiff or any defendant other than a person selected to act as defendant is automatically withdrawn from the litigation. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 係属中の訴訟の原告又は被告と共同の利益を有する者で当事者でないものは、その原告又は被告を自己のためにも原告又は被告となるべき者として選定することができる。 art-30/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-30/par-3 A person that shares a common interest with the plaintiff or defendant in pending litigation but that is not a party to the litigation may appoint them to also act as the plaintiff or defendant on their behalf. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第四項** 第一項又は前項の規定により原告又は被告となるべき者を選定した者（以下「選定者」という。）は、その選定を取り消し、又は選定された当事者（以下「選定当事者」という。）を変更することができる。 art-30/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-30/par-4 A first person that has appointed a second person to act as plaintiff or defendant pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) or the preceding paragraph (the first person is referred to below as an "appointing party") may void their appointment or change the person they have appointed to act as a party to the case ( the second person is referred to below as a "appointed party"). Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第五項** 選定当事者のうち死亡その他の事由によりその資格を喪失した者があるときは、他の選定当事者において全員のために訴訟行為をすることができる。 art-30/par-5 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-30/par-5 If an appointed party dies, or due to other reasons loses that status, another appointed party may perform procedural acts on behalf of all. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第三十一条（未成年者等の訴訟能力） — Capacity to Sue and Be Sued of Minors, etc. caption: machine translation, not official art-31 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-31 **第一項** 未成年者及び特定補助人を付する処分の審判を受けた者は、法定代理人によらなければ、訴訟行為をすることができない。ただし、未成年者が独立して法律行為をすることができる場合は、この限りでない。 art-31/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-31/par-1 A minor or a person who has received a decision for a disposition appointing a specified assistant may not perform any procedural act except through a legal representative; provided, however, that this does not apply if the minor may perform juridical acts independently. machine translation, not official ### 第三十二条（補助開始の審判を受けた者及び法定代理人の訴訟行為の特則） — Special Provisions on Procedural Acts by Persons Who Have Received a Decision for Commencement of Assistance and Legal Representatives caption: machine translation, not official art-32 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-32 **第一項** 補助開始の審判を受けた者（訴訟行為をすることにつきその補助人の同意を得ることを要するものに限る。次項及び第四十条第四項において同じ。）又は未成年後見人その他の法定代理人が相手方の提起した訴え又は上訴について訴訟行為をするには、補助人若しくは補助監督人又は未成年後見監督人の同意その他の授権を要しない。 art-32/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-32/par-1 A person who has received a decision for commencement of assistance (limited to a person that is required to obtain consent from the assistant to perform procedural acts; the same applies in the following paragraph and Article 40, paragraph (4)), or a guardian of a minor or other such legal representative is not required to obtain consent or a delegation of powers from the assistant or assistantship supervisor, or the supervisor of a minor's guardian in order to perform a procedural act with regard to an action or appeal filed by an adverse party. machine translation, not official **第二項** 補助開始の審判を受けた者又は未成年後見人その他の法定代理人が次に掲げる訴訟行為をするには、特別の授権がなければならない。 art-32/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-32/par-2 A person who has received a decision for commencement of assistance, or a guardian of a minor or other such legal representative must have a special delegation of powers in order to perform any of the following procedural acts: machine translation, not official **一** 訴えの取下げ、和解、請求の放棄若しくは認諾又は第四十八条（第五十条第三項及び第五十一条において準用する場合を含む。）の規定による脱退 art-32/par-2/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-32/par-2/item-1 withdrawing an action, entering into a settlement, waiving or acknowledging a claim, or withdrawing from litigation pursuant to the provisions of Article 48 (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 50, paragraph (3) and Article 51); Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **二** 控訴、上告又は第三百十八条第一項の申立ての取下げ art-32/par-2/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-32/par-2/item-2 withdrawing an appeal to the court of second instance, a final appeal, or a petition as referred to in Article 318, paragraph (1); Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **三** 第三百六十条（第三百六十七条第二項、第三百七十八条第二項及び第三百八十一条の七第二項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定による異議の取下げ又はその取下げについての同意 art-32/par-2/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-32/par-2/item-3 withdrawing an objection under the provisions of Article 360 (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 367, paragraph (2), Article 378, paragraph (2) and Article 381-7, paragraph (2)) or consenting to such a withdrawal. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第三十三条（外国人の訴訟能力の特則） — (Special Provisions on Foreign Nationals' Capacity to Sue and Be Sued) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-33 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-33 **第一項** 外国人は、その本国法によれば訴訟能力を有しない場合であっても、日本法によれば訴訟能力を有すべきときは、訴訟能力者とみなす。 art-33/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-33/par-1 Even if a foreign national does not have the capacity to sue or be sued pursuant to the laws of their home country, they are deemed to have the capacity to sue or be sued if they have that capacity pursuant to Japanese law. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第三十四条（訴訟能力等を欠く場合の措置等） — (Measures If a Person Lacks Capacity to Sue or Be Sued) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-34 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-34 **第一項** 訴訟能力、法定代理権又は訴訟行為をするのに必要な授権を欠くときは、裁判所は、期間を定めて、その補正を命じなければならない。この場合において、遅滞のため損害を生ずるおそれがあるときは、裁判所は、一時訴訟行為をさせることができる。 art-34/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-34/par-1 If a person lacks the capacity to sue or be sued, authority to act as a person legal representative, or delegation of powers that is necessary for performing a procedural act, the court must order this to be corrected within a specified time frame. In such a case, if there is a risk of damage arising from a delay, the court may have the person perform procedural acts on a temporary basis. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 訴訟能力、法定代理権又は訴訟行為をするのに必要な授権を欠く者がした訴訟行為は、これらを有するに至った当事者又は法定代理人の追認により、行為の時にさかのぼってその効力を生ずる。 art-34/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-34/par-2 A procedural act performed by a person without the capacity to sue or be sued, the authority to act as a person's legal representative, or the delegation of powers that is necessary for performing that procedural act, becomes valid retroactive to the time of the act through ratification by a party or legal representative that has come to satisfy these requirements. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 前二項の規定は、選定当事者が訴訟行為をする場合について準用する。 art-34/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-34/par-3 The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs apply mutatis mutandis if an appointed party performs procedural acts. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第三十五条（特別代理人） — (Special Representatives) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-35 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-35 **第一項** 裁判長は、未成年者又は特定補助人を付する処分の審判を受けた者について、法定代理人がない場合又は法定代理人が代理権を行うことができない場合において、民事訴訟に関する手続が遅滞することにより損害が生ずるおそれがあるときは、利害関係人の申立てにより、特別代理人を選任することができる。 art-35/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-35/par-1 With respect to a minor or a person who has received a decision for a disposition appointing a specified assistant, if there is no legal representative or if a legal representative is unable to exercise the authority to act as a legal representative, and there is a risk that damage will arise from a delay in procedures relating to civil litigation, the presiding judge may appoint a special representative at the petition of an interested party. machine translation, not official **第二項** 特別代理人の選任の裁判は、疎明に基づいてする。 art-35/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-35/par-2 A ruling on the appointment of a special representative is made on the basis of a prima facie showing. machine translation, not official **第三項** 裁判所は、いつでも特別代理人を改任することができる。 art-35/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-35/par-3 The court may replace a special representative at any time. machine translation, not official **第四項** 特別代理人が訴訟行為をするには、未成年後見人又は特定補助人と同一の授権がなければならない。 art-35/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-35/par-4 In order to perform procedural acts, a special representative must have the same delegation of powers as a guardian of a minor or a specified assistant. machine translation, not official ### 第三十六条（法定代理権の消滅の通知） — (Notice of Lapse of the Authority to Act as a Person's Legal Representative) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-36 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-36 **第一項** 法定代理権の消滅は、本人又は代理人から相手方に通知しなければ、その効力を生じない。 art-36/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-36/par-1 The lapse of authority to act as a person's legal representative does not become valid until the principal or the agent notifies the adverse party of it. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項の規定は、選定当事者の選定の取消し及び変更について準用する。 art-36/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-36/par-2 The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis to the voidance of a person's appointment as an appointed party or a change of appointed parties. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第三十七条（法人の代表者等への準用） — (Mutatis Mutandis Application to the Representative of a Corporation) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-37 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-37 **第一項** この法律中法定代理及び法定代理人に関する規定は、法人の代表者及び法人でない社団又は財団でその名において訴え、又は訴えられることができるものの代表者又は管理人について準用する。 art-37/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-37/par-1 In this Code, the provisions concerning legal representatives and statutory representation apply mutatis mutandis to the representative of a corporation and to the representative or administrator of an association or foundation that is not a corporation but can sue or be sued in its own name. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ## 第二節　共同訴訟 — Section 2 Joint Litigation heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System pt-1/ch-3/sec-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#pt-1/ch-3/sec-2 ### 第三十八条（共同訴訟の要件） — (Requirements for Joint Litigation) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-38 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-38 **第一項** 訴訟の目的である権利又は義務が数人について共通であるとき、又は同一の事実上及び法律上の原因に基づくときは、その数人は、共同訴訟人として訴え、又は訴えられることができる。訴訟の目的である権利又は義務が同種であって事実上及び法律上同種の原因に基づくときも、同様とする。 art-38/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-38/par-1 If rights or obligations that are the subject matter of litigation are common to two or more persons or are based on the same factual or statutory causes, these persons may sue or be sued as co-litigants. The same applies if rights or obligations that are the subject matter of litigation are of the same kind and based on the same kind of factual or statutory causes. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第三十九条（共同訴訟人の地位） — (Status of Co-Litigants) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-39 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-39 **第一項** 共同訴訟人の一人の訴訟行為、共同訴訟人の一人に対する相手方の訴訟行為及び共同訴訟人の一人について生じた事項は、他の共同訴訟人に影響を及ぼさない。 art-39/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-39/par-1 A procedural act performed by one of the co-litigants, a procedural act performed against one of the co-litigants by the adverse party, and any matter arising with regard to one of the co-litigants does not affect any other co-litigant. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第四十条（必要的共同訴訟） — (Mandatory Joint Litigation) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-40 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-40 **第一項** 訴訟の目的が共同訴訟人の全員について合一にのみ確定すべき場合には、その一人の訴訟行為は、全員の利益においてのみその効力を生ずる。 art-40/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-40/par-1 If the subject matter of litigation is to be determined for all co-litigants only as a unified matter, procedural acts performed by one of them become valid only in the interests of all of the co-litigants. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項に規定する場合には、共同訴訟人の一人に対する相手方の訴訟行為は、全員に対してその効力を生ずる。 art-40/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-40/par-2 In a case prescribed in the preceding paragraph, procedural acts performed against one of the co-litigants by the adverse party are valid against all of them. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 第一項に規定する場合において、共同訴訟人の一人について訴訟手続の中断又は中止の原因があるときは、その中断又は中止は、全員についてその効力を生ずる。 art-40/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-40/par-3 In a case prescribed in paragraph (1), if there are grounds for a continuance or suspension of litigation proceedings with regard to one of the co-litigants, the continuance or suspension is valid against all of them. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第四項** 第三十二条第一項の規定は、第一項に規定する場合において、共同訴訟人の一人が提起した上訴について他の共同訴訟人である補助開始の審判を受けた者又は他の共同訴訟人の未成年後見人その他の法定代理人のすべき訴訟行為について準用する。 art-40/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-40/par-4 The provisions of Article 32, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis, in the case prescribed in paragraph (1), to procedural acts that a co-litigant who is a person who has received a decision for commencement of assistance, or a guardian of a minor or other legal representative is required to perform in an appeal filed by one of the co-litigants. machine translation, not official ### 第四十一条（同時審判の申出がある共同訴訟） — (Joint Litigation Involving a Request for a Simultaneous Trial and Decision) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-41 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-41 **第一項** 共同被告の一方に対する訴訟の目的である権利と共同被告の他方に対する訴訟の目的である権利とが法律上併存し得ない関係にある場合において、原告の申出があったときは、弁論及び裁判は、分離しないでしなければならない。 art-41/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-41/par-1 If a right that is the subject matter of litigation for one codefendant and a right that is the subject matter of litigation for another codefendant cannot legally coexist and the plaintiff requests it, the court must hear oral arguments and reach a judicial decision without instituting separate litigation. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項の申出は、控訴審の口頭弁論の終結の時までにしなければならない。 art-41/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-41/par-2 The plaintiff must make the request referred to in the preceding paragraph by the time of conclusion of oral arguments in the second instance. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 第一項の場合において、各共同被告に係る控訴事件が同一の控訴裁判所に各別に係属するときは、弁論及び裁判は、併合してしなければならない。 art-41/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-41/par-3 In a case as referred to in paragraph (1), if cases under appeal that each have a codefendant are pending separately before the same court of second instance, the court must hear oral arguments and reach a judicial decision after consolidating them. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ## 第三節　訴訟参加 — Section 3 Intervention heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System pt-1/ch-3/sec-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#pt-1/ch-3/sec-3 ### 第四十二条（補助参加） — (Supporting Intervention) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-42 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-42 **第一項** 訴訟の結果について利害関係を有する第三者は、当事者の一方を補助するため、その訴訟に参加することができる。 art-42/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-42/par-1 A third party with an interest in the outcome of litigation may intervene in the litigation in order to assist either party. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第四十三条（補助参加の申出） — (Application for Supporting Intervention) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-43 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-43 **第一項** 補助参加の申出は、参加の趣旨及び理由を明らかにして、補助参加により訴訟行為をすべき裁判所にしなければならない。 art-43/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-43/par-1 An application for supporting intervention must clarify the purpose and the grounds for the intervention, and must be filed with the court where procedural acts in that supporting intervention are required to be performed. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 補助参加の申出は、補助参加人としてすることができる訴訟行為とともにすることができる。 art-43/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-43/par-2 An application for supporting intervention may be filed in conjunction with the performance of a procedural act that may be performed by a supporting intervener. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第四十四条（補助参加についての異議等） — (Objection to Supporting Intervention) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-44 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-44 **第一項** 当事者が補助参加について異議を述べたときは、裁判所は、補助参加の許否について、決定で、裁判をする。この場合においては、補助参加人は、参加の理由を疎明しなければならない。 art-44/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-44/par-1 If a party objects to a supporting intervention, the court reaches a judicial decision, in the form of a ruling, on whether or not to permit the supporting intervention. In such a case, the supporting intervener must make a prima facie showing of the reasons for the intervention. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項の異議は、当事者がこれを述べないで弁論をし、又は弁論準備手続において申述をした後は、述べることができない。 art-44/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-44/par-2 After having presented oral arguments or entered a statement in preparatory proceedings without having raised the objection referred to in the preceding paragraph, a party may not then raise such an objection. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 第一項の裁判に対しては、即時抗告をすることができる。 art-44/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-44/par-3 An immediate appeal may be filed against a judicial decision as referred to in paragraph (1). Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第四十五条（補助参加人の訴訟行為等） — (Procedural Acts by a Supporting Intervener) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-45 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-45 **第一項** 補助参加人は、訴訟について、攻撃又は防御の方法の提出、異議の申立て、上訴の提起、再審の訴えの提起その他一切の訴訟行為をすることができる。ただし、補助参加の時における訴訟の程度に従いすることができないものは、この限りでない。 art-45/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-45/par-1 A supporting intervener may present allegations and evidence, file an objection, file an appeal, file a demand for a retrial, or perform any other procedural act in the litigation in question; provided, however, that this does not apply to procedural acts that the supporting intervener may not perform due to the progress of the litigation at the time of the supporting intervention. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 補助参加人の訴訟行為は、被参加人の訴訟行為と抵触するときは、その効力を有しない。 art-45/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-45/par-2 A procedural act performed by a supporting intervener is invalid if it conflicts with a procedural act performed by the party being supported in the intervention. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 補助参加人は、補助参加について異議があった場合においても、補助参加を許さない裁判が確定するまでの間は、訴訟行為をすることができる。 art-45/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-45/par-3 Even if an objection has been raised against a supporting intervention, a supporting intervener may perform procedural acts until a judicial decision disallowing the supporting intervention becomes final and binding. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第四項** 補助参加人の訴訟行為は、補助参加を許さない裁判が確定した場合においても、当事者が援用したときは、その効力を有する。 art-45/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-45/par-4 A procedural act performed by a supporting intervener is valid if invoked by a party, even if a judicial decision disallowing the supporting intervention becomes final and binding. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第五項** 次に掲げる請求に関する規定の適用については、補助参加人（当事者が前条第一項の異議を述べた場合において補助参加を許す裁判が確定したもの及び当事者が同条第二項の規定により異議を述べることができなくなったものに限る。）を当事者とみなす。 art-45/par-5 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-45/par-5 To apply provisions that concern the following requests, a supporting intervener (limited to one whose intervention is permitted by a judicial decision that has become final and binding after the party has raised the objection referred to in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article; or to one against whose intervention the party is no longer entitled to raise an objection pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (2) of that Article) is deemed to be a party: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **一** 非電磁的訴訟記録（第九十一条第一項に規定する非電磁的訴訟記録をいう。）の閲覧若しくは謄写、その正本、謄本若しくは抄本の交付又はその複製（第九十二条第一項において「非電磁的訴訟記録の閲覧等」という。）の請求 art-45/par-5/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-45/par-5/item-1 a request to inspect or copy hard-copy case records (meaning hard-copy case records as provided in Article 91, paragraph (1)), or to be issued an authenticated copy, transcript, or extract of those records, or for those records to be reproduced (referred to as "access to hard-copy case records" in Article 92, paragraph (1)); Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **二** 電磁的訴訟記録（第九十一条の二第一項に規定する電磁的訴訟記録をいう。）の閲覧若しくは複写又はその内容の全部若しくは一部を証明した書面の交付若しくはその内容の全部若しくは一部を証明した電磁的記録の提供（第九十二条第一項において「電磁的訴訟記録の閲覧等」という。）の請求 art-45/par-5/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-45/par-5/item-2 a request to inspect or copy electronic or magnetic case records (meaning electronic or magnetic case records as prescribed in Article 91-2, paragraph (1)), to be issued a paper document certifying the whole or part of their content, or to be provided with electronic or magnetic records certifying the whole or part of their content (referred to as "access to electronic or magnetic case records" in Article 92, paragraph (1)); and Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **三** 第九十一条の三に規定する訴訟に関する事項を証明した書面の交付又は当該事項を証明した電磁的記録の提供の請求 art-45/par-5/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-45/par-5/item-3 a request to issue a paper document certifying information concerning the litigation as prescribed in Article 91-3, or to provide electronic or magnetic records certifying that information. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第四十六条（補助参加人に対する裁判の効力） — (Effect of a Judicial Decision Against a Supporting Intervener) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-46 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-46 **第一項** 補助参加に係る訴訟の裁判は、次に掲げる場合を除き、補助参加人に対してもその効力を有する。 art-46/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-46/par-1 A judicial decision in litigation that involves a supporting intervention is also effective against the supporting intervener, except in the following cases: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **一** 前条第一項ただし書の規定により補助参加人が訴訟行為をすることができなかったとき。 art-46/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-46/par-1/item-1 if the supporting intervener is unable to perform a procedural act, pursuant to the provisions of the proviso to paragraph (1) of the preceding Article; Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **二** 前条第二項の規定により補助参加人の訴訟行為が効力を有しなかったとき。 art-46/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-46/par-1/item-2 if a procedural act by the supporting intervener is invalid, pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article; Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **三** 被参加人が補助参加人の訴訟行為を妨げたとき。 art-46/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-46/par-1/item-3 if the party being supported in the intervention interferes with a procedural act by the supporting intervener; Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **四** 被参加人が補助参加人のすることができない訴訟行為を故意又は過失によってしなかったとき。 art-46/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-46/par-1/item-4 if the party being supported in the intervention intentionally or negligently fails to perform a procedural act that a supporting intervener is not permitted to perform. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第四十七条（独立当事者参加） — (Intervention as an Independent Party) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-47 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-47 **第一項** 訴訟の結果によって権利が害されることを主張する第三者又は訴訟の目的の全部若しくは一部が自己の権利であることを主張する第三者は、その訴訟の当事者の双方又は一方を相手方として、当事者としてその訴訟に参加することができる。 art-47/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-47/par-1 A third party asserting that a right will be prejudiced by the outcome of litigation or a third party asserting entitlement to the whole or part of the subject matter of litigation may intervene in the litigation as a party, designating either or both of the parties to the litigation as an adverse party. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項の規定による参加の申出は、書面でしなければならない。 art-47/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-47/par-2 A third party must file a motion to intervene as under the provisions of the preceding paragraph in writing. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 前項の書面は、当事者双方に送達しなければならない。 art-47/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-47/par-3 The written motion referred to in the preceding paragraph must be served upon both parties. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第四項** 第四十条第一項から第三項までの規定は第一項の訴訟の当事者及び同項の規定によりその訴訟に参加した者について、第四十三条の規定は同項の規定による参加の申出について準用する。 art-47/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-47/par-4 The provisions of Article 40, paragraphs (1) through (3) apply mutatis mutandis to the parties to litigation stated in paragraph (1) and a person that has intervened in the litigation pursuant to the provisions of that paragraph; and the provisions of Article 43 apply mutatis mutandis to an application for intervention under the provisions of that paragraph. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第四十八条（訴訟脱退） — (Original Party's Withdrawal from Litigation) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-48 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-48 **第一項** 前条第一項の規定により自己の権利を主張するため訴訟に参加した者がある場合には、参加前の原告又は被告は、相手方の承諾を得て訴訟から脱退することができる。この場合において、判決は、脱退した当事者に対してもその効力を有する。 art-48/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-48/par-1 If a person has intervened in litigation pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article in order to assert that person's own right, the plaintiff or defendant from prior to the intervention may withdraw from the litigation, with the consent of the adverse party. In such a case, the judgment on the litigation is also valid against the withdrawing party. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第四十九条（権利承継人の訴訟参加の場合における時効の完成猶予等） — (Postponement of the Expiration of the Prescription Period If the Transferee of a Right Intervenes in Litigation) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-49 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-49 **第一項** 訴訟の係属中その訴訟の目的である権利の全部又は一部を譲り受けたことを主張する者が第四十七条第一項の規定により訴訟参加をしたときは、時効の完成猶予に関しては、当該訴訟の係属の初めに、裁判上の請求があったものとみなす。 art-49/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-49/par-1 If, while litigation is pending, a person asserting that the whole or part of the rights that are the subject of that litigation have been transferred to them intervenes in the litigation pursuant to the provisions of Article 47, paragraph (1) a judicial claim is deemed to have been filed at the time when the litigation first became pending, as it concerns postponing the expiration of the prescription period. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項に規定する場合には、その参加は、訴訟の係属の初めに遡って法律上の期間の遵守の効力を生ずる。 art-49/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-49/par-2 In a case provided for in the preceding paragraph, the intervention gives rise to the effect of compliance with statutory time frames, retroactive to the time when the litigation first became pending. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第五十条（義務承継人の訴訟引受け） — (Assumption of Litigation by the Successor of an Obligation) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-50 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-50 **第一項** 訴訟の係属中第三者がその訴訟の目的である義務の全部又は一部を承継したときは、裁判所は、当事者の申立てにより、決定で、その第三者に訴訟を引き受けさせることができる。 art-50/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-50/par-1 If, while litigation is pending, a third party succeeds to the whole or part of an obligation that is the subject matter of litigation, the court, at the petition of an original party, may issue a ruling to have that third party assume the litigation. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 裁判所は、前項の決定をする場合には、当事者及び第三者を審尋しなければならない。 art-50/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-50/par-2 Before issuing a ruling as referred to in the preceding paragraph, the court must hear the original party and the third party. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 第四十一条第一項及び第三項並びに前二条の規定は、第一項の規定により訴訟を引き受けさせる決定があった場合について準用する。 art-50/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-50/par-3 The provisions of Article 41, paragraphs (1) and (3) and the preceding two Articles apply mutatis mutandis if a ruling is issued to have a third party assume litigation pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1). Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第五十一条（義務承継人の訴訟参加及び権利承継人の訴訟引受け） — (Intervention by the Successor of an Obligation and Assumption of Litigation by the Transferee of a Right) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-51 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-51 **第一項** 第四十七条から第四十九条までの規定は訴訟の係属中その訴訟の目的である義務の全部又は一部を承継したことを主張する第三者の訴訟参加について、前条の規定は訴訟の係属中第三者がその訴訟の目的である権利の全部又は一部を譲り受けた場合について準用する。 art-51/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-51/par-1 The provisions of Articles 47 through 49 apply mutatis mutandis to intervention by a third party that asserts that, while the litigation has been pending, that third party has succeeded to the whole or part of the obligation that is the subject matter of litigation; and the provisions of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis if, while litigation is pending, a third party is transferred the whole or part of a right that is the subject matter of litigation. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第五十二条（共同訴訟参加） — (Intervention as a Co-Litigant) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-52 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-52 **第一項** 訴訟の目的が当事者の一方及び第三者について合一にのみ確定すべき場合には、その第三者は、共同訴訟人としてその訴訟に参加することができる。 art-52/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-52/par-1 If the subject matter of litigation is to be determined for one of the original parties and a third party only as a unified matter, the third party may intervene in the litigation as a co-litigant. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 第四十三条並びに第四十七条第二項及び第三項の規定は、前項の規定による参加の申出について準用する。 art-52/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-52/par-2 The provisions of Article 43 and Article 47, paragraphs (2) and (3) apply mutatis mutandis to an application for intervention under the provisions of the preceding paragraph. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第五十三条（訴訟告知） — (Notice of Litigation) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-53 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-53 **第一項** 当事者は、訴訟の係属中、参加することができる第三者にその訴訟の告知をすることができる。 art-53/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-53/par-1 While litigation is pending, a party may notify a third party that is permitted to intervene in the litigation of that litigation. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 訴訟告知を受けた者は、更に訴訟告知をすることができる。 art-53/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-53/par-2 A person that has been notified of litigation may notify another person of that litigation. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 訴訟告知は、その理由及び訴訟の程度を記載した書面を裁判所に提出してしなければならない。 art-53/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-53/par-3 A person must notify another person of litigation by submitting a paper document to the court stating the grounds for notifying that person and the progress of the litigation. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第四項** 訴訟告知を受けた者が参加しなかった場合においても、第四十六条の規定の適用については、参加することができた時に参加したものとみなす。 art-53/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-53/par-4 Even if a person receiving notice of litigation does not intervene in the litigation, to apply the provisions of Article 46, that person is deemed to have intervened in the litigation at the time that that person could have intervened. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ## 第四節　訴訟代理人及び補佐人 — Section 4 Litigation Representatives and Assistants in Court heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System pt-1/ch-3/sec-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#pt-1/ch-3/sec-4 ### 第五十四条（訴訟代理人の資格） — (Qualification as a Litigation Representative) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-54 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-54 **第一項** 法令により裁判上の行為をすることができる代理人のほか、弁護士でなければ訴訟代理人となることができない。ただし、簡易裁判所においては、その許可を得て、弁護士でない者を訴訟代理人とすることができる。 art-54/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-54/par-1 Except for an agent who may act in court pursuant to law or regulation, no person other than an attorney may serve as a litigation representative; provided, however, that in summary court, with the court's permission, a person who is not an attorney at law may be named litigation representative. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項の許可は、いつでも取り消すことができる。 art-54/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-54/par-2 The permission stated in the preceding paragraph may be revoked at any time. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第五十五条（訴訟代理権の範囲） — (Scope of Authority to Act as a Person's Litigation Representative) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-55 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-55 **第一項** 訴訟代理人は、委任を受けた事件について、反訴、参加、強制執行、仮差押え及び仮処分に関する訴訟行為をし、かつ、弁済を受領することができる。 art-55/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-55/par-1 A litigation representative may perform procedural acts involved in a counterclaim, intervention, judicial enforcement, provisional seizure, or provisional disposition for a case entrusted to them, and may receive payment for this. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 訴訟代理人は、次に掲げる事項については、特別の委任を受けなければならない。 art-55/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-55/par-2 A litigation representative must be specially entrusted in order to: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **一** 反訴の提起 art-55/par-2/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-55/par-2/item-1 file a counterclaim; Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **二** 訴えの取下げ、和解、請求の放棄若しくは認諾又は第四十八条（第五十条第三項及び第五十一条において準用する場合を含む。）の規定による脱退 art-55/par-2/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-55/par-2/item-2 withdraw an action, enter into a settlement, waive or acknowledge a claim, or effect a withdrawal from litigation under the provisions of Article 48 (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 50, paragraph (3) and Article 51); Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **三** 控訴、上告若しくは第三百十八条第一項の申立て又はこれらの取下げ art-55/par-2/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-55/par-2/item-3 file or withdraw an appeal to the court of second instance, a final appeal, or a petition as referred to in Article 318, paragraph (1); Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **四** 第三百六十条（第三百六十七条第二項、第三百七十八条第二項及び第三百八十一条の七第二項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定による異議の取下げ又はその取下げについての同意 art-55/par-2/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-55/par-2/item-4 withdraw an objection under the provisions of Article 360 (including as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 367, paragraph (2), Article 378, paragraph (2) and Article 381-7, paragraph (2)) or consent to its withdrawal; Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **五** 代理人の選任 art-55/par-2/item-5 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-55/par-2/item-5 appoint a representative. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 訴訟代理権は、制限することができない。ただし、弁護士でない訴訟代理人については、この限りでない。 art-55/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-55/par-3 The authority to act as a person's litigation representative in litigation may not be restricted; provided, however, that this does not apply to a litigation representative who is not an attorney. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第四項** 前三項の規定は、法令により裁判上の行為をすることができる代理人の権限を妨げない。 art-55/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-55/par-4 The provisions of the preceding three paragraphs do not restrict the authority of a representative who may act in court pursuant to law or regulation. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第五十六条（個別代理） — (Individual Representation) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-56 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-56 **第一項** 訴訟代理人が数人あるときは、各自当事者を代理する。 art-56/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-56/par-1 If there are multiple litigation representatives, each one represents the party individually. Ministry of Justice translation with a slip corrected by this site — not the Ministry's text; the Ministry printed: "If there are multiple litigation representatives, each one represents a single party." — https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4797/tb **第二項** 当事者が前項の規定と異なる定めをしても、その効力を生じない。 art-56/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-56/par-2 Any provisions the party makes that are contrary to the provisions of the preceding paragraph are invalid. Ministry of Justice translation with a slip corrected by this site — not the Ministry's text; the Ministry printed: "Any provisions agreed upon between the parties that are contrary to the provisions of the preceding paragraph are invalid." — https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4797/tb ### 第五十七条（当事者による更正） — (Correction by the Party) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-57 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-57 **第一項** 訴訟代理人の事実に関する陳述は、当事者が直ちに取り消し、又は更正したときは、その効力を生じない。 art-57/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-57/par-1 Statements of fact that are entered by a litigation representative are invalid if immediately retracted or corrected by the party. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第五十八条（訴訟代理権の不消滅） — (Non-Extinguishment of Authority to Act as a Person's Litigation Representative) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-58 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-58 **第一項** 訴訟代理権は、次に掲げる事由によっては、消滅しない。 art-58/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-58/par-1 The following grounds do not cause a person's authority to act as a litigation representative to be extinguished: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **一** 当事者の死亡又は訴訟能力の喪失 art-58/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-58/par-1/item-1 a party's death or loss of capacity to sue or be sued; Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **二** 当事者である法人の合併による消滅 art-58/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-58/par-1/item-2 the disappearance due to merger of a corporation that is a party; Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **三** 当事者である受託者の信託に関する任務の終了 art-58/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-58/par-1/item-3 termination of duties involved in a trust assigned to a trustee that is a party; Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **四** 法定代理人の死亡、訴訟能力の喪失又は代理権の消滅若しくは変更 art-58/par-1/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-58/par-1/item-4 a legal representative's death or loss of capacity to sue or be sued, or extinguishment or modification of the legal representative's authority to act as a person's legal representative. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 一定の資格を有する者で自己の名で他人のために訴訟の当事者となるものの訴訟代理人の代理権は、当事者の死亡その他の事由による資格の喪失によっては、消滅しない。 art-58/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-58/par-2 A litigation representative's authority to act as the litigation representative for a person of a certain status who stands as a party to litigation in that person's own name on behalf of another person does not extinguish due to the party's loss of that status due to death or other such grounds. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 前項の規定は、選定当事者が死亡その他の事由により資格を喪失した場合について準用する。 art-58/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-58/par-3 The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis if an appointed party has lost that status due to death or other such grounds. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第五十九条（法定代理の規定の準用） — (Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions on Legal Representation) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-59 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-59 **第一項** 第三十四条第一項及び第二項並びに第三十六条第一項の規定は、訴訟代理について準用する。 art-59/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-59/par-1 The provisions of Article 34, paragraphs (1) and (2) and Article 36, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis to representation in litigation. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第六十条（補佐人） — (Assistants in Court) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-60 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-60 **第一項** 当事者又は訴訟代理人は、裁判所の許可を得て、補佐人とともに出頭することができる。 art-60/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-60/par-1 A party or litigation representative, with the permission of the court, may appear with an assistant in court. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項の許可は、いつでも取り消すことができる。 art-60/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-60/par-2 The permission stated in the preceding paragraph may be revoked at any time. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 補佐人の陳述は、当事者又は訴訟代理人が直ちに取り消し、又は更正しないときは、当事者又は訴訟代理人が自らしたものとみなす。 art-60/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-60/par-3 Statements entered by an assistant in court, unless immediately retracted or corrected by the party or the litigation representative, are deemed to have been made by the party or litigation representative, personally. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System --- ## Cites - art-30/par-1: 前条 → 民事訴訟法 第二十九条 (Article 29), art-29 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-29 - art-30/par-2: 前項 → 民事訴訟法 第三十条第一項 (Article 30, paragraph (1)), art-30/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-30/par-1 - art-30/par-4: 第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第三十条第一項 (Article 30, paragraph (1)), art-30/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-30/par-1 - art-30/par-4: 前項 → 民事訴訟法 第三十条第三項 (Article 30, paragraph (3)), art-30/par-3 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-30/par-3 - art-32/par-1: 次項 → 民事訴訟法 第三十二条第二項 (Article 32, paragraph (2)), art-32/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-32/par-2 - art-32/par-1: 第四十条第四項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十条第四項 (Article 40, paragraph (4)), art-40/par-4 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-40/par-4 - art-32/par-2/item-1: 第四十八条 → 民事訴訟法 第四十八条 (Article 48), art-48 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-48 - art-32/par-2/item-1: 第五十条第三項 → 民事訴訟法 第五十条第三項 (Article 50, paragraph (3)), art-50/par-3 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-50/par-3 - art-32/par-2/item-1: 第五十一条 → 民事訴訟法 第五十一条 (Article 51), art-51 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-51 - art-32/par-2/item-2: 第三百十八条第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第三百十八条第一項 (Article 318, paragraph (1)), art-318/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-3/ch-2#art-318/par-1 - art-32/par-2/item-3: 第三百六十条 → 民事訴訟法 第三百六十条 (Article 360), art-360 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-5#art-360 - art-32/par-2/item-3: 第三百六十七条第二項 → 民事訴訟法 第三百六十七条第二項 (Article 367, paragraph (2)), art-367/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-5#art-367/par-2 - art-32/par-2/item-3: 第三百七十八条第二項 → 民事訴訟法 第三百七十八条第二項 (Article 378, paragraph (2)), art-378/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-6#art-378/par-2 - art-32/par-2/item-3: 第三百八十一条の七第二項 → 民事訴訟法 第三百八十一条の七第二項 (Article 381-7, paragraph (2)), art-381-7/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-7#art-381-7/par-2 - art-34/par-3: 前二項 → 民事訴訟法 第三十四条第一項 (Article 34, paragraph (1)), art-34/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-34/par-1 - art-34/par-3: 前二項 → 民事訴訟法 第三十四条第二項 (Article 34, paragraph (2)), art-34/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-34/par-2 - art-36/par-2: 前項 → 民事訴訟法 第三十六条第一項 (Article 36, paragraph (1)), art-36/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-36/par-1 - art-40/par-2: 前項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十条第一項 (Article 40, paragraph (1)), art-40/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-40/par-1 - art-40/par-3: 第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十条第一項 (Article 40, paragraph (1)), art-40/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-40/par-1 - art-40/par-4: 第三十二条第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第三十二条第一項 (Article 32, paragraph (1)), art-32/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-32/par-1 - art-40/par-4: 第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十条第一項 (Article 40, paragraph (1)), art-40/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-40/par-1 - art-41/par-2: 前項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十一条第一項 (Article 41, paragraph (1)), art-41/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-41/par-1 - art-41/par-3: 第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十一条第一項 (Article 41, paragraph (1)), art-41/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-41/par-1 - art-44/par-2: 前項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十四条第一項 (Article 44, paragraph (1)), art-44/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-44/par-1 - art-44/par-3: 第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十四条第一項 (Article 44, paragraph (1)), art-44/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-44/par-1 - art-45/par-5: 前条第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十四条第一項 (Article 44, paragraph (1)), art-44/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-44/par-1 - art-45/par-5: 同条第二項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十四条第二項 (Article 44, paragraph (2)), art-44/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-44/par-2 - art-45/par-5/item-1: 第九十一条第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第九十一条第一項 (Article 91, paragraph (1)), art-91/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-5/from-art-87#art-91/par-1 - art-45/par-5/item-1: 第九十二条第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第九十二条第一項 (Article 92, paragraph (1)), art-92/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-5/from-art-87#art-92/par-1 - art-45/par-5/item-2: 第九十一条の二第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第九十一条の二第一項 (Article 91-2, paragraph (1)), art-91-2/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-5/from-art-87#art-91-2/par-1 - art-45/par-5/item-2: 第九十二条第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第九十二条第一項 (Article 92, paragraph (1)), art-92/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-5/from-art-87#art-92/par-1 - art-45/par-5/item-3: 第九十一条の三 → 民事訴訟法 第九十一条の三 (Article 91-3), art-91-3 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-5/from-art-87#art-91-3 - art-46/par-1/item-1: 前条第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十五条第一項 (Article 45, paragraph (1)), art-45/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-45/par-1 - art-46/par-1/item-2: 前条第二項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十五条第二項 (Article 45, paragraph (2)), art-45/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-45/par-2 - art-47/par-2: 前項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十七条第一項 (Article 47, paragraph (1)), art-47/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-47/par-1 - art-47/par-3: 前項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十七条第二項 (Article 47, paragraph (2)), art-47/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-47/par-2 - art-47/par-4: 第四十条第一項から第三項まで → 民事訴訟法 第四十条第一項 (Article 40, paragraph (1)), art-40/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-40/par-1 - art-47/par-4: 第四十条第一項から第三項まで → 民事訴訟法 第四十条第二項 (Article 40, paragraph (2)), art-40/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-40/par-2 - art-47/par-4: 第四十条第一項から第三項まで → 民事訴訟法 第四十条第三項 (Article 40, paragraph (3)), art-40/par-3 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-40/par-3 - art-47/par-4: 第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十七条第一項 (Article 47, paragraph (1)), art-47/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-47/par-1 - art-47/par-4: 第四十三条 → 民事訴訟法 第四十三条 (Article 43), art-43 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-43 - art-48/par-1: 前条第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十七条第一項 (Article 47, paragraph (1)), art-47/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-47/par-1 - art-49/par-1: 第四十七条第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十七条第一項 (Article 47, paragraph (1)), art-47/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-47/par-1 - art-49/par-2: 前項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十九条第一項 (Article 49, paragraph (1)), art-49/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-49/par-1 - art-50/par-2: 前項 → 民事訴訟法 第五十条第一項 (Article 50, paragraph (1)), art-50/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-50/par-1 - art-50/par-3: 第四十一条第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十一条第一項 (Article 41, paragraph (1)), art-41/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-41/par-1 - art-50/par-3: 第三項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十一条第三項 (Article 41, paragraph (3)), art-41/par-3 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-41/par-3 - art-50/par-3: 前二条 → 民事訴訟法 第四十八条 (Article 48), art-48 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-48 - art-50/par-3: 前二条 → 民事訴訟法 第四十九条 (Article 49), art-49 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-49 - art-50/par-3: 第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第五十条第一項 (Article 50, paragraph (1)), art-50/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-50/par-1 - art-51/par-1: 第四十七条から第四十九条まで → 民事訴訟法 第四十七条 (Article 47), art-47 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-47 - art-51/par-1: 第四十七条から第四十九条まで → 民事訴訟法 第四十八条 (Article 48), art-48 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-48 - art-51/par-1: 第四十七条から第四十九条まで → 民事訴訟法 第四十九条 (Article 49), art-49 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-49 - art-51/par-1: 前条 → 民事訴訟法 第五十条 (Article 50), art-50 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-50 - art-52/par-2: 第四十三条 → 民事訴訟法 第四十三条 (Article 43), art-43 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-43 - art-52/par-2: 第四十七条第二項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十七条第二項 (Article 47, paragraph (2)), art-47/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-47/par-2 - art-52/par-2: 第三項 → 民事訴訟法 第四十七条第三項 (Article 47, paragraph (3)), art-47/par-3 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-47/par-3 - art-52/par-2: 前項 → 民事訴訟法 第五十二条第一項 (Article 52, paragraph (1)), art-52/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-52/par-1 - art-53/par-4: 第四十六条 → 民事訴訟法 第四十六条 (Article 46), art-46 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-46 - art-54/par-2: 前項 → 民事訴訟法 第五十四条第一項 (Article 54, paragraph (1)), art-54/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-54/par-1 - art-55/par-2/item-2: 第四十八条 → 民事訴訟法 第四十八条 (Article 48), art-48 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-48 - art-55/par-2/item-2: 第五十条第三項 → 民事訴訟法 第五十条第三項 (Article 50, paragraph (3)), art-50/par-3 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-50/par-3 - art-55/par-2/item-2: 第五十一条 → 民事訴訟法 第五十一条 (Article 51), art-51 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-51 - art-55/par-2/item-3: 第三百十八条第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第三百十八条第一項 (Article 318, paragraph (1)), art-318/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-3/ch-2#art-318/par-1 - art-55/par-2/item-4: 第三百六十条 → 民事訴訟法 第三百六十条 (Article 360), art-360 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-5#art-360 - art-55/par-2/item-4: 第三百六十七条第二項 → 民事訴訟法 第三百六十七条第二項 (Article 367, paragraph (2)), art-367/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-5#art-367/par-2 - art-55/par-2/item-4: 第三百七十八条第二項 → 民事訴訟法 第三百七十八条第二項 (Article 378, paragraph (2)), art-378/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-6#art-378/par-2 - art-55/par-2/item-4: 第三百八十一条の七第二項 → 民事訴訟法 第三百八十一条の七第二項 (Article 381-7, paragraph (2)), art-381-7/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-7#art-381-7/par-2 - art-55/par-4: 前三項 → 民事訴訟法 第五十五条第一項 (Article 55, paragraph (1)), art-55/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-55/par-1 - art-55/par-4: 前三項 → 民事訴訟法 第五十五条第二項 (Article 55, paragraph (2)), art-55/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-55/par-2 - art-55/par-4: 前三項 → 民事訴訟法 第五十五条第三項 (Article 55, paragraph (3)), art-55/par-3 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-55/par-3 - art-56/par-2: 前項 → 民事訴訟法 第五十六条第一項 (Article 56, paragraph (1)), art-56/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-56/par-1 - art-58/par-3: 前項 → 民事訴訟法 第五十八条第二項 (Article 58, paragraph (2)), art-58/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-58/par-2 - art-59/par-1: 第三十四条第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第三十四条第一項 (Article 34, paragraph (1)), art-34/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-34/par-1 - art-59/par-1: 第二項 → 民事訴訟法 第三十四条第二項 (Article 34, paragraph (2)), art-34/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-34/par-2 - art-59/par-1: 第三十六条第一項 → 民事訴訟法 第三十六条第一項 (Article 36, paragraph (1)), art-36/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-28#art-36/par-1 - art-60/par-2: 前項 → 民事訴訟法 第六十条第一項 (Article 60, paragraph (1)), art-60/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/code-of-civil-procedure/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000046/text/pt-1/ch-3/from-art-45#art-60/par-1 --- ## Sources - claude-opus-5-5 — Corrections to the Ministry of Justice's English of paragraphs, written 2026-10-18 - e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁) — 民事訴訟法 — the text as 令和八年法律第四十六号 leaves it, from a date not yet fixed (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/408AC0000000109/20281223_508AC0000000046), retrieved 2026-10-17 - Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Code of Civil Procedure — Ministry of Justice translation (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4797/tb), retrieved 2026-10-17 - Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Code of Civil Procedure (民事訴訟法), Article 56, paragraph (1) — the Ministry of Justice's English as printed (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4797/tb), retrieved 2026-10-17 - Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Code of Civil Procedure (民事訴訟法), Article 56, paragraph (2) — the Ministry of Justice's English as printed (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4797/tb), retrieved 2026-10-17 - claude-sonnet-5-5 — Machine translation of amended wording, batch code-of-civil-procedure-amendments-20261017T235501-001, translated 2026-10-18 - claude-sonnet-5-5, corrected on review by claude-opus-5-5 — Machine translation of amended wording corrected on review, batch code-of-civil-procedure-amendments-20261017T235501-001, translated 2026-10-18 - This site's parser, version 209 — 民事訴訟法 — structure, counts, cross-references and defined terms, computed 2026-10-17