# 民法 / Civil Code — 第九章 (Part 5, Chapter 9) - Law: 民法 (Civil Code), 明治二十九年法律第八十九号 - English title "Civil Code": Ministry of Justice translation - Kind: Act — the distinction between 法律 (Act), 政令 (Cabinet Order), 省令 (Ministerial Order) and 条例 (local ordinance) decides who may issue it and what it may say. - Provision: 第九章 (Part 5, Chapter 9) — address `pt-5/ch-9` - Text in force since: 2026-06-24 - URL (the page that opens at this provision): https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/pt-5/ch-9 - Permanent URL (e-Gov law ID, never renamed): https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-5/ch-9 - Every provision below carries its address and both URLs on the line under it. - Japanese text: e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁). English: as marked on each line below. Only the Japanese as published by the government has legal effect; the text below is a copy of it. Every English rendering below is a translation and says which kind: the Ministry of Justice's translation, or this site's machine translation, whose model and date the Sources list names. They are never merged and never substituted for one another. --- ## 第九章　遺留分 — Chapter IX Statutory Reserved Share heading: machine translation, not official pt-5/ch-9 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/pt-5/ch-9 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-5/ch-9 ### 第千四十二条（遺留分の帰属及びその割合） — Devolution of the Statutory Reserved Share and the Proportion Thereof caption: machine translation, not official art-1042 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1042 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1042 **第一項** 兄弟姉妹以外の相続人は、遺留分として、次条第一項に規定する遺留分を算定するための財産の価額に、次の各号に掲げる区分に応じてそれぞれ当該各号に定める割合を乗じた額を受ける。 art-1042/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1042/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1042/par-1 Heirs other than siblings receive, as the statutory reserved share, the amount obtained by multiplying the value of the property for calculating the statutory reserved share prescribed in paragraph (1) of the following Article by the proportion specified in each of the following items according to the categories set forth in those items. machine translation, not official **一** 直系尊属のみが相続人である場合　三分の一 art-1042/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1042/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1042/par-1/item-1 if only lineal ascendants are the heirs: one-third; machine translation, not official **二** 前号に掲げる場合以外の場合　二分の一 art-1042/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1042/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1042/par-1/item-2 in a case other than that set forth in the preceding item: one-half. machine translation, not official **第二項** 相続人が数人ある場合には、前項各号に定める割合は、これらに第九百条及び第九百一条の規定により算定したその各自の相続分を乗じた割合とする。 art-1042/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1042/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1042/par-2 If there are two or more heirs, the proportions specified in the items of the preceding paragraph are the proportions obtained by multiplying them by each heir's share of the estate calculated pursuant to the provisions of Articles 900 and 901. machine translation, not official ### 第千四十三条（遺留分を算定するための財産の価額） — Value of the Property for Calculating the Statutory Reserved Share caption: machine translation, not official art-1043 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1043 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1043 **第一項** 遺留分を算定するための財産の価額は、被相続人が相続開始の時において有した財産の価額にその贈与した財産の価額を加えた額から債務の全額を控除した額とする。 art-1043/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1043/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1043/par-1 The value of the property for calculating the statutory reserved share is the amount of the value of any gifts made by the decedent plus the value of the property held by the decedent at the time the succession opens minus all debts. machine translation, not official **第二項** 条件付きの権利又は存続期間の不確定な権利は、家庭裁判所が選任した鑑定人の評価に従って、その価格を定める。 art-1043/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1043/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1043/par-2 The values of conditional claims and claims of indefinite duration are determined based on the valuation of the appraiser appointed by the family court. machine translation, not official ### 第千四十四条 art-1044 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1044 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1044 **第一項** 贈与は、相続開始前の一年間にしたものに限り、前条の規定によりその価額を算入する。当事者双方が遺留分権利者に損害を加えることを知って贈与をしたときは、一年前の日より前にしたものについても、同様とする。 art-1044/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1044/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1044/par-1 Only gifts made within the one year period before the opening of the succession are included in the calculation pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article. A gift made more than one year before that day is also included in the calculation if it was made with both parties' knowledge that it would harm persons entitled to the statutory reserved share. machine translation, not official **第二項** 第九百四条の規定は、前項に規定する贈与の価額について準用する。 art-1044/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1044/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1044/par-2 The provisions of Article 904 apply mutatis mutandis to the value of gifts prescribed in the preceding paragraph. machine translation, not official **第三項** 相続人に対する贈与についての第一項の規定の適用については、同項中「一年」とあるのは「十年」と、「価額」とあるのは「価額（婚姻若しくは養子縁組のため又は生計の資本として受けた贈与の価額に限る。）」とする。 art-1044/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1044/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1044/par-3 With regard to the application of the provisions of paragraph (1) to gifts to heirs, the term "one year" in that paragraph is deemed to be replaced with "10 years", and the term "value" is deemed to be replaced with "value (limited to the value of gifts received for marriage or adoption or as capital for livelihood)". machine translation, not official ### 第千四十五条 art-1045 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1045 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1045 **第一項** 負担付贈与がされた場合における第千四十三条第一項に規定する贈与した財産の価額は、その目的の価額から負担の価額を控除した額とする。 art-1045/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1045/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1045/par-1 In the case of a gift with burden, the value of the gifted property prescribed in Article 1043, paragraph (1) is the amount obtained by deducting the value of the burden from the value of its object. machine translation, not official **第二項** 不相当な対価をもってした有償行為は、当事者双方が遺留分権利者に損害を加えることを知ってしたものに限り、当該対価を負担の価額とする負担付贈与とみなす。 art-1045/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1045/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1045/par-2 A compensated act performed for an undue consideration is deemed to be a gift with burden in which the value of the burden is that consideration, only if both parties performed it with the knowledge that it would harm persons entitled to the statutory reserved share. machine translation, not official ### 第千四十六条（遺留分侵害額の請求） — Claim for the Amount of Infringement of the Statutory Reserved Share caption: machine translation, not official art-1046 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1046 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1046 **第一項** 遺留分権利者及びその承継人は、受遺者（特定財産承継遺言により財産を承継し又は相続分の指定を受けた相続人を含む。以下この章において同じ。）又は受贈者に対し、遺留分侵害額に相当する金銭の支払を請求することができる。 art-1046/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1046/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1046/par-1 A person entitled to the statutory reserved share and that person's successor may demand from a legatee (including an heir who has succeeded to property under a will for succession of specific property or has received designation of a share of the estate; the same applies below in this Chapter) or a donee payment of a sum of money equivalent to the amount of infringement of the statutory reserved share. machine translation, not official **第二項** 遺留分侵害額は、第千四十二条の規定による遺留分から第一号及び第二号に掲げる額を控除し、これに第三号に掲げる額を加算して算定する。 art-1046/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1046/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1046/par-2 The amount of infringement of the statutory reserved share is calculated by deducting the amounts set forth in items (i) and (ii) from the statutory reserved share under the provisions of Article 1042 and adding the amount set forth in item (iii). machine translation, not official **一** 遺留分権利者が受けた遺贈又は第九百三条第一項に規定する贈与の価額 art-1046/par-2/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1046/par-2/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1046/par-2/item-1 the value of a legacy or of a gift prescribed in Article 903, paragraph (1) received by the person entitled to the statutory reserved share; machine translation, not official **二** 第九百条から第九百二条まで、第九百三条及び第九百四条の規定により算定した相続分に応じて遺留分権利者が取得すべき遺産の価額 art-1046/par-2/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1046/par-2/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1046/par-2/item-2 the value of the estate that the person entitled to the statutory reserved share should acquire in accordance with the share of the estate calculated pursuant to the provisions of Articles 900 through 902, Article 903, and Article 904; machine translation, not official **三** 被相続人が相続開始の時において有した債務のうち、第八百九十九条の規定により遺留分権利者が承継する債務（次条第三項において「遺留分権利者承継債務」という。）の額 art-1046/par-2/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1046/par-2/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1046/par-2/item-3 of the obligations that the decedent held at the time the succession opened, the amount of the obligations that the person entitled to the statutory reserved share succeeds to pursuant to the provisions of Article 899 (referred to as "obligation succeeded to by the person entitled to the statutory reserved share" in paragraph (3) of the following Article). machine translation, not official ### 第千四十七条（受遺者又は受贈者の負担額） — Amount Borne by a Legatee or Donee caption: machine translation, not official art-1047 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1047 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1047 **第一項** 受遺者又は受贈者は、次の各号の定めるところに従い、遺贈（特定財産承継遺言による財産の承継又は相続分の指定による遺産の取得を含む。以下この章において同じ。）又は贈与（遺留分を算定するための財産の価額に算入されるものに限る。以下この章において同じ。）の目的の価額（受遺者又は受贈者が相続人である場合にあっては、当該価額から第千四十二条の規定による遺留分として当該相続人が受けるべき額を控除した額）を限度として、遺留分侵害額を負担する。 art-1047/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1047/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1047/par-1 A legatee or donee bears the amount of infringement of the statutory reserved share, as provided in each of the following items, up to the limit of the value of the object of the legacy (including succession to property under a will for succession of specific property and acquisition of the estate by designation of a share of the estate; the same applies below in this Chapter) or the gift (limited to those included in the value of the property for calculating the statutory reserved share; the same applies below in this Chapter) (or, if the legatee or donee is an heir, the amount obtained by deducting from that value the amount that the heir should receive as the statutory reserved share under the provisions of Article 1042). machine translation, not official **一** 受遺者と受贈者とがあるときは、受遺者が先に負担する。 art-1047/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1047/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1047/par-1/item-1 if there are both a legatee and a donee, the legatee bears the amount first; machine translation, not official **二** 受遺者が複数あるとき、又は受贈者が複数ある場合においてその贈与が同時にされたものであるときは、受遺者又は受贈者がその目的の価額の割合に応じて負担する。ただし、遺言者がその遺言に別段の意思を表示したときは、その意思に従う。 art-1047/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1047/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1047/par-1/item-2 if there are multiple legatees, or if there are multiple donees and the gifts were made at the same time, the legatees or donees bear the amount in proportion to the value of the object of their legacies or gifts; provided, however, that if the testator manifests a different intention by will, that intention prevails; machine translation, not official **三** 受贈者が複数あるとき（前号に規定する場合を除く。）は、後の贈与に係る受贈者から順次前の贈与に係る受贈者が負担する。 art-1047/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1047/par-1/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1047/par-1/item-3 if there are multiple donees (excluding the case prescribed in the preceding item), the donees bear the amount in sequence, starting from the donee under the later gift and proceeding to the donees under the earlier gifts. machine translation, not official **第二項** 第九百四条、第千四十三条第二項及び第千四十五条の規定は、前項に規定する遺贈又は贈与の目的の価額について準用する。 art-1047/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1047/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1047/par-2 The provisions of Article 904, Article 1043, paragraph (2) and Article 1045 apply mutatis mutandis to the value of the object of the legacy or gift prescribed in the preceding paragraph. machine translation, not official **第三項** 前条第一項の請求を受けた受遺者又は受贈者は、遺留分権利者承継債務について弁済その他の債務を消滅させる行為をしたときは、消滅した債務の額の限度において、遺留分権利者に対する意思表示によって第一項の規定により負担する債務を消滅させることができる。この場合において、当該行為によって遺留分権利者に対して取得した求償権は、消滅した当該債務の額の限度において消滅する。 art-1047/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1047/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1047/par-3 A legatee or donee who has received the request referred to in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, if the legatee or donee has made performance with respect to an obligation succeeded to by the person entitled to the statutory reserved share or has taken any other act that extinguishes an obligation, may extinguish the obligation borne pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1), up to the limit of the amount of the obligation thus extinguished, by a manifestation of intention to the person entitled to the statutory reserved share. In this case, the right to reimbursement acquired against the person entitled to the statutory reserved share by that act is extinguished up to the limit of the amount of the obligation thus extinguished. machine translation, not official **第四項** 受遺者又は受贈者の無資力によって生じた損失は、遺留分権利者の負担に帰する。 art-1047/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1047/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1047/par-4 Losses arising from the insolvency of a legatee or donee are borne by the persons entitled to the statutory reserved share. machine translation, not official **第五項** 裁判所は、受遺者又は受贈者の請求により、第一項の規定により負担する債務の全部又は一部の支払につき相当の期限を許与することができる。 art-1047/par-5 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1047/par-5 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1047/par-5 The court may, at the request of a legatee or donee, grant a reasonable period of time for payment of all or part of the obligation borne pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1). machine translation, not official ### 第千四十八条（遺留分侵害額請求権の期間の制限） — Limitation of the Period for the Claim for the Amount of Infringement of the Statutory Reserved Share caption: machine translation, not official art-1048 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1048 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1048 **第一項** 遺留分侵害額の請求権は、遺留分権利者が、相続の開始及び遺留分を侵害する贈与又は遺贈があったことを知った時から一年間行使しないときは、時効によって消滅する。相続開始の時から十年を経過したときも、同様とする。 art-1048/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1048/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1048/par-1 If a person entitled to the statutory reserved share does not exercise the right to claim the amount of infringement of the statutory reserved share within one year from the time the person learns of the opening of succession and the existence of a gift or legacy that infringes the statutory reserved share, that right is extinguished by prescription. The same applies when ten years have passed since the time the succession opened. machine translation, not official ### 第千四十九条（遺留分の放棄） — (Renunciation of a Statutory Reserved Share) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-1049 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1049 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1049 **第一項** 相続の開始前における遺留分の放棄は、家庭裁判所の許可を受けたときに限り、その効力を生ずる。 art-1049/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1049/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1049/par-1 The renunciation of a statutory reserved share that occurs before the opening of the succession only takes effect with the permission of the family court. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 共同相続人の一人のした遺留分の放棄は、他の各共同相続人の遺留分に影響を及ぼさない。 art-1049/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1049/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1049/par-2 The renunciation of a statutory reserved share by coheir has no effect upon the statutory reserved share of another coheir. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System --- ## Cites - art-1042/par-1: 次条第一項 → 民法 第千四十三条第一項 (Article 1043, paragraph (1)), art-1043/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1043/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1043/par-1 - art-1042/par-1/item-2: 前号 → 民法 第千四十二条第一項第一号 (Article 1042, paragraph (1), item (i)), art-1042/par-1/item-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1042/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1042/par-1/item-1 - art-1042/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第千四十二条第一項 (Article 1042, paragraph (1)), art-1042/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1042/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1042/par-1 - art-1042/par-2: 第九百条 → 民法 第九百条 (Article 900), art-900 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-900 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-900 - art-1042/par-2: 第九百一条 → 民法 第九百一条 (Article 901), art-901 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-901 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-901 - art-1044/par-1: 前条 → 民法 第千四十三条 (Article 1043), art-1043 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1043 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1043 - art-1044/par-2: 第九百四条 → 民法 第九百四条 (Article 904), art-904 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-904 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-904 - art-1044/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第千四十四条第一項 (Article 1044, paragraph (1)), art-1044/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1044/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1044/par-1 - art-1044/par-3: 第一項 → 民法 第千四十四条第一項 (Article 1044, paragraph (1)), art-1044/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1044/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1044/par-1 - art-1045/par-1: 第千四十三条第一項 → 民法 第千四十三条第一項 (Article 1043, paragraph (1)), art-1043/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1043/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1043/par-1 - art-1046/par-2: 第千四十二条 → 民法 第千四十二条 (Article 1042), art-1042 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1042 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1042 - art-1046/par-2: 第一号 → 民法 第千四十六条第二項第一号 (Article 1046, paragraph (2), item (i)), art-1046/par-2/item-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1046/par-2/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1046/par-2/item-1 - art-1046/par-2: 第二号 → 民法 第千四十六条第二項第二号 (Article 1046, paragraph (2), item (ii)), art-1046/par-2/item-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1046/par-2/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1046/par-2/item-2 - art-1046/par-2: 第三号 → 民法 第千四十六条第二項第三号 (Article 1046, paragraph (2), item (iii)), art-1046/par-2/item-3 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1046/par-2/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1046/par-2/item-3 - art-1046/par-2/item-1: 第九百三条第一項 → 民法 第九百三条第一項 (Article 903, paragraph (1)), art-903/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-903/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-903/par-1 - art-1046/par-2/item-2: 第九百条から第九百二条まで → 民法 第九百条 (Article 900), art-900 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-900 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-900 - art-1046/par-2/item-2: 第九百条から第九百二条まで → 民法 第九百一条 (Article 901), art-901 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-901 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-901 - art-1046/par-2/item-2: 第九百条から第九百二条まで → 民法 第九百二条 (Article 902), art-902 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-902 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-902 - art-1046/par-2/item-2: 第九百三条 → 民法 第九百三条 (Article 903), art-903 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-903 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-903 - art-1046/par-2/item-2: 第九百四条 → 民法 第九百四条 (Article 904), art-904 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-904 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-904 - art-1046/par-2/item-3: 第八百九十九条 → 民法 第八百九十九条 (Article 899), art-899 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-899 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-899 - art-1046/par-2/item-3: 次条第三項 → 民法 第千四十七条第三項 (Article 1047, paragraph (3)), art-1047/par-3 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1047/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1047/par-3 - art-1047/par-1: 第千四十二条 → 民法 第千四十二条 (Article 1042), art-1042 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1042 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1042 - art-1047/par-1/item-3: 前号 → 民法 第千四十七条第一項第二号 (Article 1047, paragraph (1), item (ii)), art-1047/par-1/item-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1047/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1047/par-1/item-2 - art-1047/par-2: 第九百四条 → 民法 第九百四条 (Article 904), art-904 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-904 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-904 - art-1047/par-2: 第千四十三条第二項 → 民法 第千四十三条第二項 (Article 1043, paragraph (2)), art-1043/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1043/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1043/par-2 - art-1047/par-2: 第千四十五条 → 民法 第千四十五条 (Article 1045), art-1045 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1045 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1045 - art-1047/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第千四十七条第一項 (Article 1047, paragraph (1)), art-1047/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1047/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1047/par-1 - art-1047/par-3: 前条第一項 → 民法 第千四十六条第一項 (Article 1046, paragraph (1)), art-1046/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1046/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1046/par-1 - art-1047/par-3: 第一項 → 民法 第千四十七条第一項 (Article 1047, paragraph (1)), art-1047/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1047/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1047/par-1 - art-1047/par-5: 第一項 → 民法 第千四十七条第一項 (Article 1047, paragraph (1)), art-1047/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-1047/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-1047/par-1 --- ## Sources - e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁) — 民法 — the text in force from 2026-06-24 (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/129AC0000000089/20260624_508AC0000000045), retrieved 2026-10-11 - Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Civil Code — Ministry of Justice translation (part 2 of 2) (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4275/tb), retrieved 2026-10-11 - Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Civil Code — Ministry of Justice translation (part 1 of 2) (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4848/tb), retrieved 2026-10-11 - claude-sonnet-5-5 — Machine translation, batch civil-code-20261011T170941-010, translated 2026-10-12 - claude-sonnet-5-5 — Machine translation, batch civil-code-20261011T170941-011, translated 2026-10-12 - This site's parser, version 190 — 民法 — structure, counts, cross-references and defined terms, computed 2026-10-11