# 民法 / Civil Code — 第五章 (Part 3, Chapter 5) - Law: 民法 (Civil Code), 明治二十九年法律第八十九号 - English title "Civil Code": Ministry of Justice translation - Kind: Act — the distinction between 法律 (Act), 政令 (Cabinet Order), 省令 (Ministerial Order) and 条例 (local ordinance) decides who may issue it and what it may say. - Provision: 第五章 (Part 3, Chapter 5) — address `pt-3/ch-5` - Text in force since: 2026-06-24 - URL (the page that opens at this provision): https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/pt-3/ch-5 - Permanent URL (e-Gov law ID, never renamed): https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-3/ch-5 - Every provision below carries its address and both URLs on the line under it. - Japanese text: e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁). English: as marked on each line below. Only the Japanese as published by the government has legal effect; the text below is a copy of it. Every English rendering below is a translation and says which kind: the Ministry of Justice's translation, or this site's machine translation, whose model and date the Sources list names. They are never merged and never substituted for one another. --- ## 第五章　不法行為 — Chapter V Torts heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System pt-3/ch-5 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/pt-3/ch-5 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/pt-3/ch-5 ### 第七百九条（不法行為による損害賠償） — (Compensation for Damage in Torts) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-709 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-709 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-709 **第一項** 故意又は過失によって他人の権利又は法律上保護される利益を侵害した者は、これによって生じた損害を賠償する責任を負う。 art-709/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-709/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-709/par-1 A person that has intentionally or negligently infringed the rights or legally protected interests of another person is liable to compensate for damage resulting in consequence. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七百十条（財産以外の損害の賠償） — (Compensation for Damages Other Than of Property) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-710 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-710 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-710 **第一項** 他人の身体、自由若しくは名誉を侵害した場合又は他人の財産権を侵害した場合のいずれであるかを問わず、前条の規定により損害賠償の責任を負う者は、財産以外の損害に対しても、その賠償をしなければならない。 art-710/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-710/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-710/par-1 A person liable for compensation for damages pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article must also compensate for damage other than of property, regardless of whether that person infringed the body, liberty or reputation of another person, or infringed property rights of another person. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七百十一条（近親者に対する損害の賠償） — (Compensation for Damages to Close Relatives) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-711 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-711 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-711 **第一項** 他人の生命を侵害した者は、被害者の父母、配偶者及び子に対しては、その財産権が侵害されなかった場合においても、損害の賠償をしなければならない。 art-711/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-711/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-711/par-1 A person that has taken the life of another must compensate for damage to the father, mother, spouse, and children of the victim, even if the property rights of the same have not been infringed. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七百十二条（責任能力） — (Capacity for Liability) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-712 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-712 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-712 **第一項** 未成年者は、他人に損害を加えた場合において、自己の行為の責任を弁識するに足りる知能を備えていなかったときは、その行為について賠償の責任を負わない。 art-712/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-712/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-712/par-1 If a minor has inflicted damage on another person but did not have sufficient intellectual capacity to appreciate their own liability for that act, that minor is not liable to compensate for that act. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七百十三条 art-713 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-713 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-713 **第一項** 精神上の障害により自己の行為の責任を弁識する能力を欠く状態にある間に他人に損害を加えた者は、その賠償の責任を負わない。ただし、故意又は過失によって一時的にその状態を招いたときは、この限りでない。 art-713/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-713/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-713/par-1 A person who has inflicted damage on another person while in a condition wherein the person lacked the capacity to appreciate their own liability for their acts due to a mental disorder or disability is not liable to compensate for this; provided, however, that this does not apply if the person has temporarily caused that condition, intentionally or negligently. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七百十四条（責任無能力者の監督義務者等の責任） — (Liability of Person Obligated to Supervise a Person Without Capacity to Assume Responsibility) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-714 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-714 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-714 **第一項** 前二条の規定により責任無能力者がその責任を負わない場合において、その責任無能力者を監督する法定の義務を負う者は、その責任無能力者が第三者に加えた損害を賠償する責任を負う。ただし、監督義務者がその義務を怠らなかったとき、又はその義務を怠らなくても損害が生ずべきであったときは、この限りでない。 art-714/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-714/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-714/par-1 When a person without capacity to assume responsibility is not liable pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two Articles, the person with the statutory obligation to supervise the person without capacity to assume responsibility is liable to damages that the person without capacity to assume responsibility has inflicted on a third party; provided, however, that this does not apply if the person who has the obligation to supervise has not failed to perform that person's obligation or if the damage could not have been avoided even if that person had not failed to perform that person's obligation. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 監督義務者に代わって責任無能力者を監督する者も、前項の責任を負う。 art-714/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-714/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-714/par-2 A person who supervises a person without capacity assumes responsibility on behalf of the person who has the obligation to supervise also has the liability referred to in the preceding paragraph. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七百十五条（使用者等の責任） — (Liability of Employers) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-715 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-715 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-715 **第一項** ある事業のために他人を使用する者は、被用者がその事業の執行について第三者に加えた損害を賠償する責任を負う。ただし、使用者が被用者の選任及びその事業の監督について相当の注意をしたとき、又は相当の注意をしても損害が生ずべきであったときは、この限りでない。 art-715/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-715/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-715/par-1 A person that employs another person for a business undertaking is liable to compensate for damage inflicted on a third party by that person's employees with respect to the execution of that business; provided, however, that this does not apply if the employer exercised reasonable care in appointing the employee or in supervising the business, or if the damage could not have been avoided even if the employer had exercised reasonable care. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 使用者に代わって事業を監督する者も、前項の責任を負う。 art-715/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-715/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-715/par-2 A person that supervises a business on behalf of the employer also has the liability referred to in the preceding paragraph. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 前二項の規定は、使用者又は監督者から被用者に対する求償権の行使を妨げない。 art-715/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-715/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-715/par-3 The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs do not preclude the employer or supervisor from exercising their right to reimbursement against the employee. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七百十六条（注文者の責任） — (Liability of Party Ordering Work) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-716 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-716 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-716 **第一項** 注文者は、請負人がその仕事について第三者に加えた損害を賠償する責任を負わない。ただし、注文又は指図についてその注文者に過失があったときは、この限りでない。 art-716/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-716/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-716/par-1 A party ordering work is not liable to compensate for damage a contractor inflicted on a third party with respect to that work; provided, however, that this does not apply if the party ordering work is negligent with regards to the order or instructions. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七百十七条（土地の工作物等の占有者及び所有者の責任） — (Liability of Possessor and Owner of Structure on Land) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-717 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-717 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-717 **第一項** 土地の工作物の設置又は保存に瑕疵があることによって他人に損害を生じたときは、その工作物の占有者は、被害者に対してその損害を賠償する責任を負う。ただし、占有者が損害の発生を防止するのに必要な注意をしたときは、所有者がその損害を賠償しなければならない。 art-717/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-717/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-717/par-1 If a defect in the installation or preservation of a structure on land causes damage to another person, the possessor of that structure is liable to the person incurring damage to compensate for the damage; provided, however, that if the possessor has exercised the necessary care to prevent the damage, the owner must compensate for the damage. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項の規定は、竹木の栽植又は支持に瑕疵がある場合について準用する。 art-717/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-717/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-717/par-2 The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis if there is a defect in the planting or supporting of bamboo or trees. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第三項** 前二項の場合において、損害の原因について他にその責任を負う者があるときは、占有者又は所有者は、その者に対して求償権を行使することができる。 art-717/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-717/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-717/par-3 In the cases referred to in the preceding two paragraphs, if there is another person that is liable for the cause of the damage, the possessor or owner may exercise their right to reimbursement against that person. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七百十八条（動物の占有者等の責任） — (Liability of Possessor of Animal) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-718 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-718 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-718 **第一項** 動物の占有者は、その動物が他人に加えた損害を賠償する責任を負う。ただし、動物の種類及び性質に従い相当の注意をもってその管理をしたときは、この限りでない。 art-718/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-718/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-718/par-1 A possessor of an animal is liable to compensate for damage that the animal inflicts on another person; provided, however, that this does not apply if the possessor managed the animal while exercising reasonable care according to the kind and nature of the animal. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 占有者に代わって動物を管理する者も、前項の責任を負う。 art-718/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-718/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-718/par-2 A person who manages an animal on behalf of a possessor also assumes the liability referred to in the preceding paragraph. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七百十九条（共同不法行為者の責任） — (Liability of Joint Tortfeasors) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-719 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-719 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-719 **第一項** 数人が共同の不法行為によって他人に損害を加えたときは、各自が連帯してその損害を賠償する責任を負う。共同行為者のうちいずれの者がその損害を加えたかを知ることができないときも、同様とする。 art-719/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-719/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-719/par-1 If more than one person has inflicted damage on another person by a joint tort, each of them is jointly and severally liable to compensate for the damage. The same applies if it cannot be ascertained which of the joint tortfeasors inflicted the damage. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 行為者を教唆した者及び幇助した者は、共同行為者とみなして、前項の規定を適用する。 art-719/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-719/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-719/par-2 A person who has abetted or aided a perpetrator is deemed to be a joint tortfeasor, and the provisions of the preceding paragraph apply. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七百二十条（正当防衛及び緊急避難） — (Self-Defense and Necessity) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-720 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-720 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-720 **第一項** 他人の不法行為に対し、自己又は第三者の権利又は法律上保護される利益を防衛するため、やむを得ず加害行為をした者は、損害賠償の責任を負わない。ただし、被害者から不法行為をした者に対する損害賠償の請求を妨げない。 art-720/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-720/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-720/par-1 A person who is compelled to commit a harmful act to protect their own or third party's rights or legally protected interests in response to another person's tortious act is not liable for damages; provided, however, that this does not preclude a victim from filing a claim for damages against the person that committed the tort. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 前項の規定は、他人の物から生じた急迫の危難を避けるためその物を損傷した場合について準用する。 art-720/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-720/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-720/par-2 The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis if the person in question damages a thing belonging to another person in order to avert an imminent danger arising from that thing. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七百二十一条（損害賠償請求権に関する胎児の権利能力） — (Fetus' Capacity to Hold Rights Regarding Claim for Damages) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-721 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-721 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-721 **第一項** 胎児は、損害賠償の請求権については、既に生まれたものとみなす。 art-721/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-721/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-721/par-1 An unborn child is deemed to have been already born with respect to the claim for damages. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七百二十二条（損害賠償の方法、中間利息の控除及び過失相殺） — (Method to Compensate for Damage, Deduction of Interim Interest, and Comparative Negligence) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-722 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-722 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-722 **第一項** 第四百十七条及び第四百十七条の二の規定は、不法行為による損害賠償について準用する。 art-722/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-722/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-722/par-1 The provisions of Articles 417 and 417-2 apply mutatis mutandis to compensation for damages caused by tort. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **第二項** 被害者に過失があったときは、裁判所は、これを考慮して、損害賠償の額を定めることができる。 art-722/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-722/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-722/par-2 If a victim is negligent, the court may determine the amount of damages by taking that into consideration. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七百二十三条（名誉毀損における原状回復） — (Recovery in Defamation) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-723 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-723 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-723 **第一項** 他人の名誉を毀損した者に対しては、裁判所は、被害者の請求により、損害賠償に代えて、又は損害賠償とともに、名誉を回復するのに適当な処分を命ずることができる。 art-723/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-723/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-723/par-1 The court may order a person that has defamed another person to take appropriate measures to restore the reputation of the victim in lieu of or in addition to compensation for damages, at the request of the victim. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七百二十四条（不法行為による損害賠償請求権の消滅時効） — (Extinctive Prescription of Claim for Damages Caused by Tort) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-724 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-724 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-724 **第一項** 不法行為による損害賠償の請求権は、次に掲げる場合には、時効によって消滅する。 art-724/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-724/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-724/par-1 In the following cases, the claim for damages caused by tort is extinguished by prescription: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **一** 被害者又はその法定代理人が損害及び加害者を知った時から三年間行使しないとき。 art-724/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-724/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-724/par-1/item-1 the right is not exercised within three years from the time when the victim or their legal representative comes to know the damage and the identity of the perpetrator; or Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System **二** 不法行為の時から二十年間行使しないとき。 art-724/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-724/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-724/par-1/item-2 the right is not exercised within 20 years from the time of the tort. Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System ### 第七百二十四条の二（人の生命又は身体を害する不法行為による損害賠償請求権の消滅時効） — (Extinctive Prescription of Claim for Damages Arising from Death to Person or Injury to Person Caused by Tort) caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System art-724-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-724-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-724-2 **第一項** 人の生命又は身体を害する不法行為による損害賠償請求権の消滅時効についての前条第一号の規定の適用については、同号中「三年間」とあるのは、「五年間」とする。 art-724-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-724-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-724-2/par-1 For the purpose of the application of the provisions of item (i) of the preceding Article with regard to the extinctive prescription of the claim for damages for death or injury to person caused by tort, the term "three years" in the same item is deemed to be replaced with "five years". Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System --- ## Cites - art-710/par-1: 前条 → 民法 第七百九条 (Article 709), art-709 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-709 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-709 - art-714/par-1: 前二条 → 民法 第七百十二条 (Article 712), art-712 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-712 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-712 - art-714/par-1: 前二条 → 民法 第七百十三条 (Article 713), art-713 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-713 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-713 - art-714/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第七百十四条第一項 (Article 714, paragraph (1)), art-714/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-714/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-714/par-1 - art-715/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第七百十五条第一項 (Article 715, paragraph (1)), art-715/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-715/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-715/par-1 - art-715/par-3: 前二項 → 民法 第七百十五条第一項 (Article 715, paragraph (1)), art-715/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-715/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-715/par-1 - art-715/par-3: 前二項 → 民法 第七百十五条第二項 (Article 715, paragraph (2)), art-715/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-715/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-715/par-2 - art-717/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第七百十七条第一項 (Article 717, paragraph (1)), art-717/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-717/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-717/par-1 - art-717/par-3: 前二項 → 民法 第七百十七条第一項 (Article 717, paragraph (1)), art-717/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-717/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-717/par-1 - art-717/par-3: 前二項 → 民法 第七百十七条第二項 (Article 717, paragraph (2)), art-717/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-717/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-717/par-2 - art-718/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第七百十八条第一項 (Article 718, paragraph (1)), art-718/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-718/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-718/par-1 - art-719/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第七百十九条第一項 (Article 719, paragraph (1)), art-719/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-719/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-719/par-1 - art-720/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第七百二十条第一項 (Article 720, paragraph (1)), art-720/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-720/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-720/par-1 - art-722/par-1: 第四百十七条 → 民法 第四百十七条 (Article 417), art-417 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-417 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-417 - art-722/par-1: 第四百十七条の二 → 民法 第四百十七条の二 (Article 417-2), art-417-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-417-2 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-417-2 - art-724-2/par-1: 前条第一号 → 民法 第七百二十四条第一項第一号 (Article 724, paragraph (1), item (i)), art-724/par-1/item-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-724/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-724/par-1/item-1 --- ## Sources - e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁) — 民法 — the text in force from 2026-06-24 (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/129AC0000000089/20260624_508AC0000000045), retrieved 2026-10-11 - Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Civil Code — Ministry of Justice translation (part 1 of 2) (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4848/tb), retrieved 2026-10-11 - This site's parser, version 190 — 民法 — structure, counts, cross-references and defined terms, computed 2026-10-11