# 民法 / Civil Code — 第百九十一条 (Article 191)

- Law: 民法 (Civil Code), 明治二十九年法律第八十九号
- English title "Civil Code": Ministry of Justice translation
- Kind: Act — the distinction between 法律 (Act), 政令 (Cabinet Order), 省令 (Ministerial Order) and 条例 (local ordinance) decides who may issue it and what it may say.
- Provision: 第百九十一条 (Article 191)（占有者による損害賠償） — address `art-191`
- Text in force since: 2026-06-24
- URL (the page that opens at this provision): https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-191
- Permanent URL (e-Gov law ID, never renamed): https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-191
- Every provision below carries its address and both URLs on the line under it.
- Japanese text: e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁). English: as marked on each line below.

Only the Japanese as published by the government has legal effect; the text
below is a copy of it. Every English rendering below is a translation and
says which kind: the Ministry of Justice's translation, or this
site's machine translation, whose model and date the Sources list names.
They are never merged and never substituted for one another.

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### 第百九十一条（占有者による損害賠償） — (Damages by Possessors)
<sup>caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>
<sup>art-191 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-191 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-191</sup>

    **第一項**  占有物が占有者の責めに帰すべき事由によって滅失し、又は損傷したときは、その回復者に対し、悪意の占有者はその損害の全部の賠償をする義務を負い、善意の占有者はその滅失又は損傷によって現に利益を受けている限度において賠償をする義務を負う。ただし、所有の意思のない占有者は、善意であるときであっても、全部の賠償をしなければならない。
    <sup>art-191/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/art-191/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/l/129AC0000000089/art-191/par-1</sup>
    If a thing under one's possession has been lost or damaged due to grounds attributable to the possessor, a possessor in bad faith is liable to compensate the person recovering the thing for the entire damage, and a possessor in good faith is liable to compensate that person for the damage to the extent currently enriched as a result of that damage; provided, however, that a possessor that is without the intention to own the thing must compensate the person for the entire damage, even if the possessor has acted in good faith.
    <sup>Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System</sup>

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## Sources

- e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁) — 民法 — the text in force from 2026-06-24 (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/129AC0000000089/20260624_508AC0000000045), retrieved 2026-10-11
- Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Civil Code — Ministry of Justice translation (part 1 of 2) (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4848/tb), retrieved 2026-10-11
- This site's parser, version 190 — 民法 — structure, counts, cross-references and defined terms, computed 2026-10-11