# 民法 / Civil Code — 第二章 (Part 1, Chapter 2)
- Law: 民法 (Civil Code), 明治二十九年法律第八十九号
- English title "Civil Code": Ministry of Justice translation
- Kind: Act — the distinction between 法律 (Act), 政令 (Cabinet Order), 省令 (Ministerial Order) and 条例 (local ordinance) decides who may issue it and what it may say.
- Provision: 第二章 (Part 1, Chapter 2) — address `pt-1/ch-2`
- Text: the text as amended with effect from 2028-12-23 (On a day set by Cabinet Order, no later than 23 December 2028 — the amending law allows up to 30 months from promulgation. The exact day is not fixed yet.), standing until 2029-06-22 as now scheduled, since the next amendment's day is not fixed — NOT yet in force (revision 20281223_508AC0000000045)
- URL (this text's page, at this provision): https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#pt-1/ch-2
- The same address in the text in force (its wording there may differ): https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/pt-1/ch-2
- Every provision below carries its address and its place on this text's page on the line under it.
- Japanese text: e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁). English: as marked on each line below.
Only the Japanese as published by the government has legal effect; the text
below is a copy of it. Every English rendering below is a translation and
says which kind: the Ministry of Justice's translation, or this
site's machine translation, whose model and date the Sources list names.
They are never merged and never substituted for one another.
The Ministry's English is given only where this text's Japanese is a wording
the Ministry translated — the same as the text in force, or for a text not yet
in force, a wording it translated ahead; every other paragraph's English is
machine translation.
---
## 第二章 人 — Chapter II Persons
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
pt-1/ch-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#pt-1/ch-2
## 第一節 権利能力 — Section 1 Capacity to Hold Rights
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
pt-1/ch-2/sec-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#pt-1/ch-2/sec-1
### 第三条
art-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-3
**第一項** 私権の享有は、出生に始まる。
art-3/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-3/par-1
The enjoyment of private rights commences at birth.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 外国人は、法令又は条約の規定により禁止される場合を除き、私権を享有する。
art-3/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-3/par-2
Unless otherwise prohibited by applicable laws, regulations, or treaties, foreign nationals enjoy private rights.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
## 第二節 意思能力 — Section 2 Mental Capacity
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
pt-1/ch-2/sec-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#pt-1/ch-2/sec-2
### 第三条の二
art-3-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-3-2
**第一項** 法律行為の当事者が意思表示をした時に意思能力を有しなかったときは、その法律行為は、無効とする。
art-3-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-3-2/par-1
If the person performing a juridical act did not have mental capacity when manifesting the relevant intention, the juridical act is void.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
## 第三節 行為能力 — Section 3 Capacity to Act
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
pt-1/ch-2/sec-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#pt-1/ch-2/sec-3
### 第四条（成年） — (Age of Majority)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-4
**第一項** 年齢十八歳をもって、成年とする。
art-4/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-4/par-1
The age of majority is 18 years of age.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第五条（未成年者の法律行為） — (Juridical Acts by Minors)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-5 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-5
**第一項** 未成年者が法律行為をするには、その法定代理人の同意を得なければならない。ただし、単に権利を得、又は義務を免れる法律行為については、この限りでない。
art-5/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-5/par-1
A minor must obtain the consent of the minor's legal representative to perform a juridical act; provided, however, that this does not apply to a juridical act for merely acquiring a right or being released from an obligation.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 前項の規定に反する法律行為は、取り消すことができる。
art-5/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-5/par-2
A juridical act in contravention of the provisions of the preceding paragraph may be revoked.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第三項** 第一項の規定にかかわらず、法定代理人が目的を定めて処分を許した財産は、その目的の範囲内において、未成年者が自由に処分することができる。目的を定めないで処分を許した財産を処分するときも、同様とする。
art-5/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-5/par-3
Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), a minor may freely dispose of property that the legal representative has permitted the minor to dispose of for a specified purpose, to an extent that falls within the scope of that purpose. The same applies if the minor disposes of property that the legal representative has permitted the minor to dispose of without specifying a purpose.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第六条（未成年者の営業の許可） — (Permission for Minors to Conduct Business)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-6 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-6
**第一項** 一種又は数種の営業を許された未成年者は、その営業に関しては、成年者と同一の行為能力を有する。
art-6/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-6/par-1
A minor who is permitted to conduct one or multiple types of business has the same capacity to act as an adult as far as that business is concerned.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 前項の場合において、未成年者がその営業に堪えることができない事由があるときは、その法定代理人は、第四編（親族）の規定に従い、その許可を取り消し、又はこれを制限することができる。
art-6/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-6/par-2
In a case referred to in the preceding paragraph, if there are grounds that make the minor unable to sustain that business, the legal representative may revoke or limit the permission therefor in accordance with the provisions of Part IV (Relatives).
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第七条（補助開始の審判） — Decisions for Commencement of Assistance
caption: machine translation, not official
art-7 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7
**第一項** 精神上の理由により事理を弁識する能力が不十分である者については、家庭裁判所は、本人、配偶者、四親等内の親族、未成年後見人、未成年後見監督人、補助開始の審判を請求することができる者として公正証書によって本人の指定した者又は検察官の請求により、補助開始の審判をすることができる。
art-7/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-1
The family court may decide to commence an assistance in respect of a person whose capacity to appreciate the person's own situation is inadequate due to mental reasons, at the request of the person in question, that person's spouse, that person's relative within the fourth degree of kinship, the guardian of a minor, the supervisor for the guardian of a minor, a person designated by the person in question in a notarial instrument as a person who may request a decision for commencement of assistance, or a public prosecutor.
machine translation, not official
**第二項** 本人以外の者の請求により補助開始の審判をするには、本人の同意がなければならない。ただし、本人がその意思を表示することができない場合は、この限りでない。
art-7/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-2
The issuance of a decision for commencement of assistance at the request of a person other than the person in question requires the consent of the person in question; provided, however, that this does not apply if the person in question is unable to manifest the person's intention.
machine translation, not official
**第三項** 補助開始の審判は、第九条第一項若しくは第十条第一項の規定による審判のいずれか又は第十一条第一項の規定による審判をする必要がある場合において、これらの審判と同時にしなければならない。
art-7/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-3
If it is necessary to issue either a decision under the provisions of Article 9, paragraph (1) or Article 10, paragraph (1) or a decision under the provisions of Article 11, paragraph (1), a decision for commencement of assistance must be made concurrently with those decisions.
machine translation, not official
**第四項** 補助開始の審判を受けた者に、補助人を付する。
art-7/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-4
An assistant is appointed for a person subject to a decision for commencement of assistance.
machine translation, not official
### 第八条（公正証書による指定） — Designation by Notarial Instrument
caption: machine translation, not official
art-8 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-8
**第一項** 前条第一項の公正証書による指定をする場合には、本人が、特定の者を補助開始の審判を請求することができる者として指定する旨を公証人に口授しなければならない。
art-8/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-8/par-1
In making a designation by notarial instrument referred to in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, the person in question must give the notary oral instructions to the effect that the person designates a specified person as a person who may request a decision for commencement of assistance.
machine translation, not official
**第二項** 前項の公正証書は、公証人法（明治四十一年法律第五十三号）の定めるところにより作成するものとする。
art-8/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-8/par-2
The notarial instrument referred to in the preceding paragraph is to be prepared as provided for in the Notary Act (Act No. 53 of 1908).
machine translation, not official
**第三項** 口がきけない者が第一項の指定をする場合には、本人は、公証人の前で、同項に規定する旨を通訳人の通訳により申述し、又は自書して、同項の口授に代えなければならない。
art-8/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-8/par-3
If a person who cannot speak makes a designation referred to in paragraph (1), the person in question must, in the presence of the notary, state the matter prescribed in that paragraph through an interpreter or write it in the person's own hand, in lieu of the oral instructions referred to in that paragraph.
machine translation, not official
**第四項** 公証人は、前項に定める方式に従って公正証書を作ったときは、その旨をその証書に記載し、又は記録しなければならない。
art-8/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-8/par-4
If a notarial instrument is prepared according to the formalities prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the notary must write or record an indication to that effect on the instrument.
machine translation, not official
### 第九条（補助人の同意を要する旨の審判等） — Decisions Requiring Person to Obtain Consent of Assistant, etc.
caption: machine translation, not official
art-9 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9
**第一項** 家庭裁判所は、次に掲げる場合において、必要があると認めるときは、補助開始の審判を受けた者が特定の行為をするにはその補助人の同意を得なければならない旨の審判をすることができる。ただし、日用品の購入その他日常生活に関する行為については、この限りでない。
art-9/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-1
In any of the following cases, if the family court finds it to be necessary, it may decide that a person subject to a decision for commencement of assistance must obtain the consent of the person's assistant in order to perform a specified act; provided, however, that this does not apply to the purchase of daily necessities or to any other act involved in day-to-day life:
machine translation, not official
**一** 補助開始の審判をする場合において、第七条第一項に規定する者から請求があったとき。
art-9/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-1/item-1
if a request is made by a person prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1) when a decision for commencement of assistance is made;
machine translation, not official
**二** 補助開始の審判があった後、第七条第一項に規定する者又は補助人若しくは補助監督人から請求があったとき。
art-9/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-1/item-2
if, after a decision for commencement of assistance has been made, a request is made by a person prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1) or by the assistant or the assistant's supervisor.
machine translation, not official
**第二項** 前項の特定の行為は、次に掲げる行為のうち家庭裁判所が定めるものをいう。
art-9/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2
The specified acts referred to in the preceding paragraph are those of the following acts that the family court specifies:
machine translation, not official
**一** 預金又は貯金の預入又は払戻しの請求をすること。
art-9/par-2/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-1
making a request for the deposit or withdrawal of deposits or savings;
machine translation, not official
**二** 元本を領収し、又は利用すること。
art-9/par-2/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-2
receiving or using principal;
machine translation, not official
**三** 借財又は保証をすること。
art-9/par-2/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-3
borrowing money or guaranteeing an obligation;
machine translation, not official
**四** 居住の用に供する建物の大修繕に関する工事の請負契約その他の重要な役務の提供に関する契約を締結すること。
art-9/par-2/item-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-4
concluding a contract for work concerning major repairs of a building used as a residence or any other contract concerning the provision of significant services;
machine translation, not official
**五** 不動産その他重要な財産に関する権利の得喪を目的とする行為をすること。
art-9/par-2/item-5 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-5
performing an act with the purpose of acquiring or losing any right regarding immovables or other significant property;
machine translation, not official
**六** 訴訟行為をすること。
art-9/par-2/item-6 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-6
performing a procedural act;
machine translation, not official
**七** 贈与、和解又は仲裁合意（仲裁法（平成十五年法律第百三十八号）第二条第一項に規定する仲裁合意をいう。）をすること。
art-9/par-2/item-7 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-7
giving a gift, reaching a settlement, or entering into an arbitration agreement (meaning an arbitration agreement as provided in Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Arbitration Act (Act No. 138 of 2003));
machine translation, not official
**八** 相続の承認若しくは放棄又は遺産の分割をすること。
art-9/par-2/item-8 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-8
accepting or renouncing a succession or dividing an estate;
machine translation, not official
**九** 贈与の申込みを拒絶し、遺贈を放棄し、負担付贈与の申込みを承諾し、又は負担付遺贈を承認すること。
art-9/par-2/item-9 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-9
refusing an offer of a gift, renouncing a legacy, accepting an offer of gift with burden, or accepting a legacy with burden;
machine translation, not official
**十** 第六百二条に定める期間を超える賃貸借をすること。
art-9/par-2/item-10 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-10
granting a lease for a term that exceeds the period stated in Article 602;
machine translation, not official
**十一** 前各号に掲げる行為を制限行為能力者（未成年者及び前項又は次条第一項の規定による審判を受けた者をいう。以下同じ。）の法定代理人としてすること。
art-9/par-2/item-11 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-11
performing any of the acts set forth in the preceding items as a legal representative of a person with qualified legal capacity (meaning a minor and a person subject to a decision under the provisions of the preceding paragraph or paragraph (1) of the following Article; the same applies below).
machine translation, not official
**第三項** 本人以外の者の請求により第一項の規定による審判をするには、本人の同意がなければならない。ただし、本人がその意思を表示することができない場合は、この限りでない。
art-9/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-3
The issuance of a decision under the provisions of paragraph (1) at the request of a person other than the person in question requires the consent of the person in question; provided, however, that this does not apply if the person in question is unable to manifest the person's intention.
machine translation, not official
**第四項** 補助人の同意を得なければならない行為について、補助人が補助開始の審判を受けた者の利益を害するおそれがないにもかかわらず同意をしないときは、家庭裁判所は、補助開始の審判を受けた者の請求により、補助人の同意に代わる許可を与えることができる。
art-9/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-4
If the assistant does not consent to an act for which the assistant's consent must be obtained even though it is unlikely to prejudice the interests of a person subject to a decision for commencement of assistance, the family court may grant permission that operates in lieu of the assistant's consent, at the request of the person subject to a decision for commencement of assistance.
machine translation, not official
**第五項** 補助人の同意を得なければならない行為であって、その同意又はこれに代わる許可を得ないでしたものは、取り消すことができる。
art-9/par-5 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-5
An act for which the assistant's consent must be obtained and which is performed without obtaining that consent or a permission that operates in lieu of it may be revoked.
machine translation, not official
**第六項** 第一項の規定による審判をする場合において、次条第一項の規定による審判があるときは、家庭裁判所は、当該審判を取り消さなければならない。
art-9/par-6 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-6
If, when a decision under the provisions of paragraph (1) is made, there is a decision under the provisions of paragraph (1) of the following Article, the family court must set aside that decision.
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### 第十条（特定補助人を付する旨の審判等） — Decisions to Appoint a Specified Assistant, etc.
caption: machine translation, not official
art-10 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10
**第一項** 家庭裁判所は、次に掲げる場合において、補助開始の審判を受けた者（補助開始の審判を受ける者となるべき者を含む。次条第一項において同じ。）が精神上の理由により事理を弁識する能力を欠く常況にある者であり、かつ、必要があると認めるときは、その者のため第五項に規定する権限を有する補助人として特定補助人を付する旨の審判をすることができる。
art-10/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-1
In any of the following cases, if a person subject to a decision for commencement of assistance (including a person who is to become subject to a decision for commencement of assistance; the same applies in paragraph (1) of the following Article) constantly lacks the capacity to appreciate the person's own situation due to mental reasons and the family court finds it to be necessary, the family court may decide, for that person, to appoint a specified assistant as an assistant having the authority prescribed in paragraph (5):
machine translation, not official
**一** 補助開始の審判をする場合において、第七条第一項に規定する者から請求があったとき。
art-10/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-1/item-1
if a request is made by a person prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1) when a decision for commencement of assistance is made;
machine translation, not official
**二** 補助開始の審判があった後、第七条第一項に規定する者又は補助人若しくは補助監督人から請求があったとき。
art-10/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-1/item-2
if, after a decision for commencement of assistance has been made, a request is made by a person prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1) or by the assistant or the assistant's supervisor.
machine translation, not official
**第二項** 前項の規定による審判があったときは、同項の規定による審判を受けた者がした前条第二項各号に掲げる行為（日用品の購入その他日常生活に関する行為を除く。）は、取り消すことができる。
art-10/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-2
If a decision under the provisions of the preceding paragraph has been made, an act set forth in the items of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article (excluding the purchase of daily necessities and other acts involved in day-to-day life) performed by the person subject to the decision under the provisions of that paragraph may be revoked.
machine translation, not official
**第三項** 家庭裁判所は、必要があると認めるときは、第七条第一項に規定する者又は特定補助人若しくは補助監督人の請求により、前条第二項各号に掲げる行為以外の特定の行為について、第一項の規定による審判を受けた者がした行為を取り消すことができるものとする旨の審判をすることができる。ただし、日用品の購入その他日常生活に関する行為については、この限りでない。
art-10/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-3
If the family court finds it to be necessary, it may, at the request of a person prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1), or the specified assistant or the assistant's supervisor, decide that, with regard to a specified act other than the acts set forth in the items of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article, an act performed by the person subject to the decision under the provisions of paragraph (1) may be revoked; provided, however, that this does not apply to the purchase of daily necessities or to any other act involved in day-to-day life.
machine translation, not official
**第四項** 第一項の規定による審判をする場合において、前条第一項の規定による審判があるときは、家庭裁判所は、当該審判を取り消さなければならない。
art-10/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-4
If, when a decision under the provisions of paragraph (1) is made, there is a decision under the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, the family court must set aside that decision.
machine translation, not official
**第五項** 特定補助人は、次に掲げる行為をする権限を有する。
art-10/par-5 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-5
A specified assistant has the authority to perform the following acts:
machine translation, not official
**一** 第二項の規定により、又は第三項の規定による審判により取り消すことができる行為についての取消権の行使
art-10/par-5/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-5/item-1
exercise of the right to revoke with respect to an act that may be revoked pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (2) or by a decision under the provisions of paragraph (3);
machine translation, not official
**二** 第一項の規定による審判を受けた者に対する意思表示の受領
art-10/par-5/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-5/item-2
receipt of a manifestation of intention made to the person subject to a decision under the provisions of paragraph (1);
machine translation, not official
**三** 第一項の規定による審判を受けた者の財産に関する保存行為
art-10/par-5/item-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-5/item-3
acts of preservation concerning the property of the person subject to a decision under the provisions of paragraph (1).
machine translation, not official
### 第十一条（補助人に代理権を付与する旨の審判） — Decisions to Grant Authority to Represent to an Assistant
caption: machine translation, not official
art-11 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-11
**第一項** 家庭裁判所は、次に掲げる場合において、必要があると認めるときは、補助開始の審判を受けた者のために特定の法律行為について補助人に代理権を付与する旨の審判をすることができる。
art-11/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-11/par-1
In any of the following cases, if the family court finds it to be necessary, it may issue a decision to grant the assistant authority to represent, for a person subject to a decision for commencement of assistance, in respect of specified juridical acts:
machine translation, not official
**一** 補助開始の審判をする場合において、第七条第一項に規定する者から請求があったとき。
art-11/par-1/item-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-11/par-1/item-1
if a request is made by a person prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1) when a decision for commencement of assistance is made;
machine translation, not official
**二** 補助開始の審判があった後、第七条第一項に規定する者又は補助人若しくは補助監督人から請求があったとき。
art-11/par-1/item-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-11/par-1/item-2
if, after a decision for commencement of assistance has been made, a request is made by a person prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1) or by the assistant or the assistant's supervisor.
machine translation, not official
**第二項** 本人以外の者の請求により前項の規定による審判をするには、本人の同意がなければならない。ただし、本人がその意思を表示することができない場合は、この限りでない。
art-11/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-11/par-2
The issuance of a decision under the provisions of the preceding paragraph at the request of a person other than the person in question requires the consent of the person in question; provided, however, that this does not apply if the person in question is unable to manifest the person's intention.
machine translation, not official
### 第十二条（補助開始の審判等の取消し） — Setting Aside of Decisions for Commencement of Assistance, etc.
caption: machine translation, not official
art-12 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-12
**第一項** 第七条第一項に規定する原因が消滅したときは、家庭裁判所は、同項に規定する者又は補助人若しくは補助監督人の請求により、補助開始の審判を取り消さなければならない。
art-12/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-12/par-1
If the grounds prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1) cease to exist, the family court must set aside the decision for commencement of assistance at the request of a person prescribed in that paragraph, the assistant, or the assistant's supervisor.
machine translation, not official
**第二項** 家庭裁判所は、必要がなくなったと認めるときは、第七条第一項に規定する者又は補助人若しくは補助監督人の請求により、第九条第一項の規定による審判の全部又は一部を取り消すことができる。
art-12/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-12/par-2
If the family court finds that it is no longer necessary, it may set aside all or part of the decision under the provisions of Article 9, paragraph (1) at the request of a person prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1), the assistant, or the assistant's supervisor.
machine translation, not official
**第三項** 第十条第一項に規定する原因が消滅したときは、家庭裁判所は、第七条第一項に規定する者又は特定補助人若しくは補助監督人の請求により、第十条第一項の規定による審判を取り消さなければならない。
art-12/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-12/par-3
If the grounds prescribed in Article 10, paragraph (1) cease to exist, the family court must set aside the decision under the provisions of Article 10, paragraph (1) at the request of a person prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1), the specified assistant, or the assistant's supervisor.
machine translation, not official
**第四項** 家庭裁判所は、必要がなくなったと認めるときは、第七条第一項に規定する者又は特定補助人若しくは補助監督人の請求により、第十条第一項の規定による審判又は同条第三項の規定による審判の全部若しくは一部を取り消すことができる。
art-12/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-12/par-4
If the family court finds that it is no longer necessary, it may set aside all or part of the decision under the provisions of Article 10, paragraph (1) or the decision under the provisions of paragraph (3) of that Article at the request of a person prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1), the specified assistant, or the assistant's supervisor.
machine translation, not official
**第五項** 家庭裁判所は、必要がなくなったと認めるときは、第七条第一項に規定する者又は補助人若しくは補助監督人の請求により、前条第一項の規定による審判の全部又は一部を取り消すことができる。
art-12/par-5 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-12/par-5
If the family court finds that it is no longer necessary, it may set aside all or part of the decision under the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article at the request of a person prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1), the assistant, or the assistant's supervisor.
machine translation, not official
**第六項** 第九条第一項、第十条第一項及び前条第一項の規定による審判を全て取り消す場合には、家庭裁判所は、補助開始の審判を取り消さなければならない。
art-12/par-6 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-12/par-6
If all of the decisions under the provisions of Article 9, paragraph (1), Article 10, paragraph (1) and paragraph (1) of the preceding Article are set aside, the family court must set aside the decision for commencement of assistance.
machine translation, not official
### 第十三条から第十九条まで 〔削除 / repealed〕
art-13-to-19 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-13-to-19
**第一項** 削除
art-13-to-19/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-13-to-19/par-1
Deleted
machine translation, not official
### 第二十条（制限行為能力者の相手方の催告権） — (Right to Demand of the Other Party to Dealings Involving a Person with Qualified Legal Capacity)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-20 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-20
**第一項** 制限行為能力者の相手方は、その制限行為能力者が行為能力者（行為能力の制限を受けない者をいう。以下同じ。）となった後、その者に対し、一箇月以上の期間を定めて、その期間内にその取り消すことができる行為を追認するかどうかを確答すべき旨の催告をすることができる。この場合において、その者がその期間内に確答を発しないときは、その行為を追認したものとみなす。
art-20/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-20/par-1
After a person with qualified legal capacity who is involved in dealings with another party becomes a person with the legal capacity to act (meaning a person whose legal capacity to act is not subject to restrictions; the same applies below), the other party to those dealings may fix a period of one month or longer and demand that the person give a definite answer within that period of time as to whether the person will ratify an act that the person may revoke. In such a case, if the person fails to send a definite answer within that period of time, the person is deemed to have ratified that act.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 制限行為能力者の相手方が、制限行為能力者が行為能力者とならない間に、その法定代理人又は補助人に対し、その権限内の行為について前項に規定する催告をした場合において、これらの者が同項の期間内に確答を発しないときも、同項後段と同様とする。
art-20/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-20/par-2
The second sentence of the preceding paragraph also applies if, before the person with qualified legal capacity becomes a person with the legal capacity to act, the other party to dealings involving the person with qualified legal capacity lodges the demand prescribed in the preceding paragraph with the legal representative or assistant of that person with respect to an act within the scope of their authority, and they fail to send a definite answer within the fixed period of time referred to in that paragraph.
machine translation, not official
**第三項** 特別の方式を要する行為については、前二項の期間内にその方式を具備した旨の通知を発しないときは、その行為を取り消したものとみなす。
art-20/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-20/par-3
If a person does not send notice within the period of time stated in the preceding two paragraphs indicating that the person has completed any special formalities that an act requires, the person is deemed to have revoked that act.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第四項** 制限行為能力者の相手方は、第九条第一項の規定による審判を受けた者に対しては、第一項の期間内にその補助人の追認を得るべき旨の催告をすることができる。この場合において、同条第一項の規定による審判を受けた者がその期間内にその追認を得た旨の通知を発しないときは、その行為を取り消したものとみなす。
art-20/par-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-20/par-4
The other party to dealings involving a person with qualified legal capacity may lodge a demand with a person subject to a decision under the provisions of Article 9, paragraph (1) to demand that the person get the assistant to ratify an act within the fixed period referred to in paragraph (1). In such a case, if the person subject to a decision under the provisions of paragraph (1) of that Article does not send notice within that period indicating that the person has gotten the assistant to ratify the act in question, the person is deemed to have revoked that act.
machine translation, not official
### 第二十一条（制限行為能力者の詐術） — (Use of Fraudulent Means by Persons with Qualified Legal Capacity)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-21 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-21
**第一項** 制限行為能力者が行為能力者であることを信じさせるため詐術を用いたときは、その行為を取り消すことができない。
art-21/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-21/par-1
If a person with qualified legal capacity uses fraudulent means to induce another person to believe that the person is a person with legal capacity to act, the person may not revoke the act in question.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
## 第四節 住所 — Section 4 Domicile
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
pt-1/ch-2/sec-4 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#pt-1/ch-2/sec-4
### 第二十二条（住所） — (Domicile)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-22 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-22
**第一項** 各人の生活の本拠をその者の住所とする。
art-22/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-22/par-1
A person's principal place of daily activity is that person's domicile.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第二十三条（居所） — (Residence)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-23 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-23
**第一項** 住所が知れない場合には、居所を住所とみなす。
art-23/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-23/par-1
If a person's domicile is unknown, the person's residence is deemed to be the person's domicile.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 日本に住所を有しない者は、その者が日本人又は外国人のいずれであるかを問わず、日本における居所をその者の住所とみなす。ただし、準拠法を定める法律に従いその者の住所地法によるべき場合は、この限りでない。
art-23/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-23/par-2
If a person does not have a domicile in Japan, the person's residence is deemed to be the person's domicile, regardless of whether the person is a Japanese national or a foreign national; provided, however, that this does not apply if the law of domicile is to be applied in accordance with the provisions of the laws that establish the governing law.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第二十四条（仮住所） — (Temporary Addresses)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-24 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-24
**第一項** ある行為について仮住所を選定したときは、その行為に関しては、その仮住所を住所とみなす。
art-24/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-24/par-1
If a temporary address is selected for an act, that temporary address is deemed to be the domicile as far as that act is concerned.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
## 第五節 不在者の財産の管理及び失踪の宣告 — Section 5 Administration of Absentee Property; Declarations of Presumed Death
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
pt-1/ch-2/sec-5 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#pt-1/ch-2/sec-5
### 第二十五条（不在者の財産の管理） — (Administration of Absentee Property)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-25 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-25
**第一項** 従来の住所又は居所を去った者（以下「不在者」という。）がその財産の管理人（以下この節において単に「管理人」という。）を置かなかったときは、家庭裁判所は、利害関係人又は検察官の請求により、その財産の管理について必要な処分を命ずることができる。本人の不在中に管理人の権限が消滅したときも、同様とする。
art-25/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-25/par-1
If a person who has taken leave of the domicile or residence up until then (referred to as an "absentee" below) has not appointed an administrator for the person's property (in this Section referred to simply as an "administrator" below), the family court, at the request of an interested person or a public prosecutor, may order the necessary dispositions with regard to the administration of that property. The same applies if the administrator's authority is extinguished during the absence of the absentee.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 前項の規定による命令後、本人が管理人を置いたときは、家庭裁判所は、その管理人、利害関係人又は検察官の請求により、その命令を取り消さなければならない。
art-25/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-25/par-2
If an absentee appoints an administrator after an order under the provisions of the preceding paragraph has been issued, the family court must set aside that order at the request of the person's administrator, an interested person, or a public prosecutor.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第二十六条（管理人の改任） — (Replacing Administrators)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-26 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-26
**第一項** 不在者が管理人を置いた場合において、その不在者の生死が明らかでないときは、家庭裁判所は、利害関係人又は検察官の請求により、管理人を改任することができる。
art-26/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-26/par-1
If an absentee has appointed an administrator but it is unclear whether the absentee is dead or alive, the family court may replace that administrator with another at the request of an interested person or a public prosecutor.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第二十七条（管理人の職務） — (Duties of Administrators)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-27 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-27
**第一項** 前二条の規定により家庭裁判所が選任した管理人は、その管理すべき財産の目録を作成しなければならない。この場合において、その費用は、不在者の財産の中から支弁する。
art-27/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-27/par-1
An administrator appointed by the family court pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two Articles must prepare a list of the property that the administrator is to administer. In such a case, the expenses incurred are paid from the property of the absentee.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 不在者の生死が明らかでない場合において、利害関係人又は検察官の請求があるときは、家庭裁判所は、不在者が置いた管理人にも、前項の目録の作成を命ずることができる。
art-27/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-27/par-2
If it is unclear whether an absentee is dead or alive and an interested person or a public prosecutor so requests, the family court may also order the administrator appointed by the absentee to prepare the list referred to in the preceding paragraph.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第三項** 前二項に定めるもののほか、家庭裁判所は、管理人に対し、不在者の財産の保存に必要と認める処分を命ずることができる。
art-27/par-3 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-27/par-3
Beyond what is provided for in the preceding two paragraphs, the family court may order the administrator to make the dispositions that the court finds to be necessary to preserve the property of the absentee.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第二十八条（管理人の権限） — (Administrators' Authority)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-28 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-28
**第一項** 管理人は、第百三条に規定する権限を超える行為を必要とするときは、家庭裁判所の許可を得て、その行為をすることができる。不在者の生死が明らかでない場合において、その管理人が不在者が定めた権限を超える行為を必要とするときも、同様とする。
art-28/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-28/par-1
If an administrator needs to perform an act exceeding the authority provided for in Article 103, the administrator may perform that act after obtaining the permission of the family court. The same applies if it is unclear whether the absentee is dead or alive and the administrator needs to perform an act exceeding the authority established by the absentee.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第二十九条（管理人の担保提供及び報酬） — (Provision of Security by and Remuneration of Administrators)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-29 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-29
**第一項** 家庭裁判所は、管理人に財産の管理及び返還について相当の担保を立てさせることができる。
art-29/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-29/par-1
The family court may require an administrator to provide reasonable security with respect to the administration and return of the property.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 家庭裁判所は、管理人と不在者との関係その他の事情により、不在者の財産の中から、相当な報酬を管理人に与えることができる。
art-29/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-29/par-2
The family court may grant reasonable remuneration to the administrator from the property of the absentee based on the relationship between the administrator and absentee and other circumstances.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第三十条（失踪の宣告） — (Declarations of Presumed Death)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-30 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-30
**第一項** 不在者の生死が七年間明らかでないときは、家庭裁判所は、利害関係人の請求により、失踪の宣告をすることができる。
art-30/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-30/par-1
If it has been unclear for seven years whether an absentee is dead or alive, the family court may enter a declaration of presumed death at the request of an interested person.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 戦地に臨んだ者、沈没した船舶の中に在った者その他死亡の原因となるべき危難に遭遇した者の生死が、それぞれ、戦争が止んだ後、船舶が沈没した後又はその他の危難が去った後一年間明らかでないときも、前項と同様とする。
art-30/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-30/par-2
The provisions of the preceding paragraph also apply if it has been unclear whether a person who has entered a war zone, was aboard a vessel that has sunk, or was otherwise exposed to a danger likely to result in a person's death is dead or alive, for one year after the war has ended, the vessel sank, or other danger has passed.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第三十一条（失踪の宣告の効力） — (Effect of Declarations of Presumed Death)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-31 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-31
**第一項** 前条第一項の規定により失踪の宣告を受けた者は同項の期間が満了した時に、同条第二項の規定により失踪の宣告を受けた者はその危難が去った時に、死亡したものとみなす。
art-31/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-31/par-1
A person subject to a declaration of presumed death pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article is deemed to have died when the period of time referred to in that paragraph ended, and a person subject to a declaration of presumed death pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (2) of that Article is deemed to have died when that danger had passed.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
### 第三十二条（失踪の宣告の取消し） — (Revocation of Declarations of Presumed Death)
caption: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
art-32 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-32
**第一項** 失踪者が生存すること又は前条に規定する時と異なる時に死亡したことの証明があったときは、家庭裁判所は、本人又は利害関係人の請求により、失踪の宣告を取り消さなければならない。この場合において、その取消しは、失踪の宣告後その取消し前に善意でした行為の効力に影響を及ぼさない。
art-32/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-32/par-1
Having received proof that a person presumed dead is alive or they died at a time that is different from the time provided for in the preceding Article, the family court must revoke the declaration of presumed death, at the request of the person themselves or an interested party. In this case, the revocation does not affect the validity of any act performed in good faith after the declaration of presumed death but before its revocation.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
**第二項** 失踪の宣告によって財産を得た者は、その取消しによって権利を失う。ただし、現に利益を受けている限度においてのみ、その財産を返還する義務を負う。
art-32/par-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-32/par-2
A person who has acquired property due to a declaration of presumed death loses the rights in question due to its revocation; provided, however, that the person has the obligation to return that property only to the extent that the person has actually been enriched.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
## 第六節 同時死亡の推定 — Section 6 Presumption of Simultaneous Death
heading: Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
pt-1/ch-2/sec-6 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#pt-1/ch-2/sec-6
### 第三十二条の二
art-32-2 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-32-2
**第一項** 数人の者が死亡した場合において、そのうちの一人が他の者の死亡後になお生存していたことが明らかでないときは、これらの者は、同時に死亡したものと推定する。
art-32-2/par-1 · https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-32-2/par-1
If more than one person dies and it is unclear whether one of them was still alive after the death of another, it is presumed that they all died at the same time.
Ministry of Justice translation — Japanese Law Translation Database System
---
## Cites
- art-5/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第五条第一項 (Article 5, paragraph (1)), art-5/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-5/par-1
- art-5/par-3: 第一項 → 民法 第五条第一項 (Article 5, paragraph (1)), art-5/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-5/par-1
- art-6/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第六条第一項 (Article 6, paragraph (1)), art-6/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-6/par-1
- art-7/par-3: 第九条第一項 → 民法 第九条第一項 (Article 9, paragraph (1)), art-9/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-1
- art-7/par-3: 第十条第一項 → 民法 第十条第一項 (Article 10, paragraph (1)), art-10/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-1
- art-7/par-3: 第十一条第一項 → 民法 第十一条第一項 (Article 11, paragraph (1)), art-11/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-11/par-1
- art-8/par-1: 前条第一項 → 民法 第七条第一項 (Article 7, paragraph (1)), art-7/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-1
- art-8/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第八条第一項 (Article 8, paragraph (1)), art-8/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-8/par-1
- art-8/par-3: 第一項 → 民法 第八条第一項 (Article 8, paragraph (1)), art-8/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-8/par-1
- art-8/par-4: 前項 → 民法 第八条第三項 (Article 8, paragraph (3)), art-8/par-3 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-8/par-3
- art-9/par-1/item-1: 第七条第一項 → 民法 第七条第一項 (Article 7, paragraph (1)), art-7/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-1
- art-9/par-1/item-2: 第七条第一項 → 民法 第七条第一項 (Article 7, paragraph (1)), art-7/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-1
- art-9/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第九条第一項 (Article 9, paragraph (1)), art-9/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-1
- art-9/par-2/item-7: 仲裁法（平成十五年法律第百三十八号）第二条第一項 → e-Gov law 415AC0000000138, 第二条第一項 (Article 2, paragraph (1)), art-2/par-1 — not held in this collection
- art-9/par-2/item-10: 第六百二条 → 民法 第六百二条 (Article 602), art-602 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-3/ch-2/sec-7/from-art-601#art-602
- art-9/par-2/item-11: 前各号 → 民法 第九条第二項第一号 (Article 9, paragraph (2), item (i)), art-9/par-2/item-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-1
- art-9/par-2/item-11: 前各号 → 民法 第九条第二項第十号 (Article 9, paragraph (2), item (x)), art-9/par-2/item-10 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-10
- art-9/par-2/item-11: 前各号 → 民法 第九条第二項第二号 (Article 9, paragraph (2), item (ii)), art-9/par-2/item-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-2
- art-9/par-2/item-11: 前各号 → 民法 第九条第二項第三号 (Article 9, paragraph (2), item (iii)), art-9/par-2/item-3 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-3
- art-9/par-2/item-11: 前各号 → 民法 第九条第二項第四号 (Article 9, paragraph (2), item (iv)), art-9/par-2/item-4 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-4
- art-9/par-2/item-11: 前各号 → 民法 第九条第二項第五号 (Article 9, paragraph (2), item (v)), art-9/par-2/item-5 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-5
- art-9/par-2/item-11: 前各号 → 民法 第九条第二項第六号 (Article 9, paragraph (2), item (vi)), art-9/par-2/item-6 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-6
- art-9/par-2/item-11: 前各号 → 民法 第九条第二項第七号 (Article 9, paragraph (2), item (vii)), art-9/par-2/item-7 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-7
- art-9/par-2/item-11: 前各号 → 民法 第九条第二項第八号 (Article 9, paragraph (2), item (viii)), art-9/par-2/item-8 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-8
- art-9/par-2/item-11: 前各号 → 民法 第九条第二項第九号 (Article 9, paragraph (2), item (ix)), art-9/par-2/item-9 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2/item-9
- art-9/par-2/item-11: 前項 → 民法 第九条第一項 (Article 9, paragraph (1)), art-9/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-1
- art-9/par-2/item-11: 次条第一項 → 民法 第十条第一項 (Article 10, paragraph (1)), art-10/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-1
- art-9/par-3: 第一項 → 民法 第九条第一項 (Article 9, paragraph (1)), art-9/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-1
- art-9/par-6: 第一項 → 民法 第九条第一項 (Article 9, paragraph (1)), art-9/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-1
- art-9/par-6: 次条第一項 → 民法 第十条第一項 (Article 10, paragraph (1)), art-10/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-1
- art-10/par-1: 次条第一項 → 民法 第十一条第一項 (Article 11, paragraph (1)), art-11/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-11/par-1
- art-10/par-1: 第五項 → 民法 第十条第五項 (Article 10, paragraph (5)), art-10/par-5 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-5
- art-10/par-1/item-1: 第七条第一項 → 民法 第七条第一項 (Article 7, paragraph (1)), art-7/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-1
- art-10/par-1/item-2: 第七条第一項 → 民法 第七条第一項 (Article 7, paragraph (1)), art-7/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-1
- art-10/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第十条第一項 (Article 10, paragraph (1)), art-10/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-1
- art-10/par-2: 前条第二項 → 民法 第九条第二項 (Article 9, paragraph (2)), art-9/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2
- art-10/par-3: 第七条第一項 → 民法 第七条第一項 (Article 7, paragraph (1)), art-7/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-1
- art-10/par-3: 前条第二項 → 民法 第九条第二項 (Article 9, paragraph (2)), art-9/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-2
- art-10/par-3: 第一項 → 民法 第十条第一項 (Article 10, paragraph (1)), art-10/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-1
- art-10/par-4: 第一項 → 民法 第十条第一項 (Article 10, paragraph (1)), art-10/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-1
- art-10/par-4: 前条第一項 → 民法 第九条第一項 (Article 9, paragraph (1)), art-9/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-1
- art-10/par-5/item-1: 第二項 → 民法 第十条第二項 (Article 10, paragraph (2)), art-10/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-2
- art-10/par-5/item-1: 第三項 → 民法 第十条第三項 (Article 10, paragraph (3)), art-10/par-3 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-3
- art-10/par-5/item-2: 第一項 → 民法 第十条第一項 (Article 10, paragraph (1)), art-10/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-1
- art-10/par-5/item-3: 第一項 → 民法 第十条第一項 (Article 10, paragraph (1)), art-10/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-1
- art-11/par-1/item-1: 第七条第一項 → 民法 第七条第一項 (Article 7, paragraph (1)), art-7/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-1
- art-11/par-1/item-2: 第七条第一項 → 民法 第七条第一項 (Article 7, paragraph (1)), art-7/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-1
- art-11/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第十一条第一項 (Article 11, paragraph (1)), art-11/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-11/par-1
- art-12/par-1: 第七条第一項 → 民法 第七条第一項 (Article 7, paragraph (1)), art-7/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-1
- art-12/par-2: 第七条第一項 → 民法 第七条第一項 (Article 7, paragraph (1)), art-7/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-1
- art-12/par-2: 第九条第一項 → 民法 第九条第一項 (Article 9, paragraph (1)), art-9/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-1
- art-12/par-3: 第十条第一項 → 民法 第十条第一項 (Article 10, paragraph (1)), art-10/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-1
- art-12/par-3: 第七条第一項 → 民法 第七条第一項 (Article 7, paragraph (1)), art-7/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-1
- art-12/par-4: 第七条第一項 → 民法 第七条第一項 (Article 7, paragraph (1)), art-7/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-1
- art-12/par-4: 第十条第一項 → 民法 第十条第一項 (Article 10, paragraph (1)), art-10/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-1
- art-12/par-4: 同条第三項 → 民法 第十条第三項 (Article 10, paragraph (3)), art-10/par-3 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-3
- art-12/par-5: 第七条第一項 → 民法 第七条第一項 (Article 7, paragraph (1)), art-7/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-7/par-1
- art-12/par-5: 前条第一項 → 民法 第十一条第一項 (Article 11, paragraph (1)), art-11/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-11/par-1
- art-12/par-6: 第九条第一項 → 民法 第九条第一項 (Article 9, paragraph (1)), art-9/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-1
- art-12/par-6: 第十条第一項 → 民法 第十条第一項 (Article 10, paragraph (1)), art-10/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-10/par-1
- art-12/par-6: 前条第一項 → 民法 第十一条第一項 (Article 11, paragraph (1)), art-11/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-11/par-1
- art-20/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第二十条第一項 (Article 20, paragraph (1)), art-20/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-20/par-1
- art-20/par-3: 前二項 → 民法 第二十条第一項 (Article 20, paragraph (1)), art-20/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-20/par-1
- art-20/par-3: 前二項 → 民法 第二十条第二項 (Article 20, paragraph (2)), art-20/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-20/par-2
- art-20/par-4: 第九条第一項 → 民法 第九条第一項 (Article 9, paragraph (1)), art-9/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-3#art-9/par-1
- art-20/par-4: 第一項 → 民法 第二十条第一項 (Article 20, paragraph (1)), art-20/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-20/par-1
- art-25/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第二十五条第一項 (Article 25, paragraph (1)), art-25/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-25/par-1
- art-27/par-1: 前二条 → 民法 第二十五条 (Article 25), art-25 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-25
- art-27/par-1: 前二条 → 民法 第二十六条 (Article 26), art-26 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-26
- art-27/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第二十七条第一項 (Article 27, paragraph (1)), art-27/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-27/par-1
- art-27/par-3: 前二項 → 民法 第二十七条第一項 (Article 27, paragraph (1)), art-27/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-27/par-1
- art-27/par-3: 前二項 → 民法 第二十七条第二項 (Article 27, paragraph (2)), art-27/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-27/par-2
- art-28/par-1: 第百三条 → 民法 第百三条 (Article 103), art-103 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-5/from-art-100#art-103
- art-30/par-2: 前項 → 民法 第三十条第一項 (Article 30, paragraph (1)), art-30/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-30/par-1
- art-31/par-1: 前条第一項 → 民法 第三十条第一項 (Article 30, paragraph (1)), art-30/par-1 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-30/par-1
- art-31/par-1: 同条第二項 → 民法 第三十条第二項 (Article 30, paragraph (2)), art-30/par-2 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-30/par-2
- art-32/par-1: 前条 → 民法 第三十一条 (Article 31), art-31 — https://japanlaw.org/en/civil-code/amendments/20281223_508AC0000000045/text/pt-1/ch-2/from-art-11#art-31
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## Sources
- e-Gov 法令検索, Digital Agency (デジタル庁) — 民法 — the text as 令和八年法律第四十五号 leaves it, from a date not yet fixed (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/129AC0000000089/20281223_508AC0000000045), retrieved 2026-10-11
- Japanese Law Translation Database System, Ministry of Justice (法務省) — Civil Code — Ministry of Justice translation (part 1 of 2) (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4848/tb), retrieved 2026-10-11
- claude-sonnet-5-5 — Machine translation of amended wording, batch civil-code-amendments-20261011T170941-002, translated 2026-10-12
- claude-sonnet-5-5 — Machine translation of amended wording, batch civil-code-amendments-20261011T170941-003, translated 2026-10-12
- claude-sonnet-5-5 — Machine translation of amended wording, batch civil-code-amendments-20261011T170941-004, translated 2026-10-12
- This site's parser, version 209 — 民法 — structure, counts, cross-references and defined terms, computed 2026-10-11