# Article 44, paragraph (1), item (iv), its wordings — Arbitration Act

This is the Markdown twin of https://japanlaw.org/en/arbitration-act/history/art-44/par-1/item-4. Every law, and how to address a provision: https://japanlaw.org/llms.txt. The same laws as MCP tools (no sign-in): https://japanlaw.org/mcp.

How the wording of Article 44, paragraph (1), item (iv) (第四十四条第一項第四号) changed with each amendment, and how it will change.

- Law: Arbitration Act (仲裁法) — https://japanlaw.org/en/arbitration-act
- Provision: Article 44, paragraph (1), item (iv) (第四十四条第一項第四号) — https://japanlaw.org/en/arbitration-act/art-44/par-1/item-4 (as Markdown: https://japanlaw.org/md/en/arbitration-act/art-44/par-1/item-4)
- The law's amendments: https://japanlaw.org/en/arbitration-act/amendments
- 2 wordings, oldest first.

## 1. Before Act No. 53 of 2023

- State: In force

Japanese:

> 申立人が、仲裁手続において防御することが不可能であったこと。

English (Japanese Law Translation, Ministry of Justice):

> the petitioner was unable to conduct a defense in the arbitration procedure;

## 2. By 13 June 2028 — Act No. 53 of 2023

- State: Not yet in force
- Takes effect: By 13 June 2028
- The amendment: Moved to Article 46, paragraph (1), item (iv); its words stay the same (Act No. 53 of 2023) — https://japanlaw.org/en/arbitration-act/amendments/20280613_505AC0000000053

Japanese:

> 申立人が、仲裁手続において防御することが不可能であったこと。

English (Japanese Law Translation, Ministry of Justice):

> the petitioner was unable to conduct a defense in the arbitration procedure;

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## Sources

- The dates and the amending laws: e-Gov (Digital Agency) (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/415AC0000000138)
- English name of the law: Japanese Law Translation, Ministry of Justice (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4440/tb)
- English titles of the amending laws: Written for this site with AI
- The Japanese text before: e-Gov (Digital Agency) (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/415AC0000000138/20260521_504AC0000000048)
- The Japanese text after: e-Gov (Digital Agency) (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/415AC0000000138/20280613_505AC0000000053)