# Article 36, paragraph (2), its wordings — Arbitration Act

This is the Markdown twin of https://japanlaw.org/en/arbitration-act/history/art-36/par-2. Every law, and how to address a provision: https://japanlaw.org/llms.txt. The same laws as MCP tools (no sign-in): https://japanlaw.org/mcp.

How the wording of Article 36, paragraph (2) (第三十六条第二項) changed with each amendment, and how it will change.

- Law: Arbitration Act (仲裁法) — https://japanlaw.org/en/arbitration-act
- Provision: Article 36, paragraph (2) (第三十六条第二項) — https://japanlaw.org/en/arbitration-act/art-36/par-2 (as Markdown: https://japanlaw.org/md/en/arbitration-act/art-36/par-2)
- The law's amendments: https://japanlaw.org/en/arbitration-act/amendments
- 2 wordings, oldest first.

## 1. Before Act No. 53 of 2023

- State: In force

Japanese:

> 前項の合意がないときは、仲裁廷は、仲裁手続に付された民事上の紛争に最も密接な関係がある国の法令であって事案に直接適用されるべきものを適用しなければならない。

English (Japanese Law Translation, Ministry of Justice):

> If an agreement referred to in the preceding paragraph has not been reached, the arbitral tribunal must apply the laws and regulations of a State which has the closest relationship to the civil dispute that has been referred to the arbitration procedure and which should be directly applied to the case.

## 2. By 13 June 2028 — Act No. 53 of 2023

- State: Not yet in force
- Takes effect: By 13 June 2028
- The amendment: Moved to Article 38, paragraph (2); its words stay the same (Act No. 53 of 2023) — https://japanlaw.org/en/arbitration-act/amendments/20280613_505AC0000000053

Japanese:

> 前項の合意がないときは、仲裁廷は、仲裁手続に付された民事上の紛争に最も密接な関係がある国の法令であって事案に直接適用されるべきものを適用しなければならない。

English (Japanese Law Translation, Ministry of Justice):

> If an agreement referred to in the preceding paragraph has not been reached, the arbitral tribunal must apply the laws and regulations of a State which has the closest relationship to the civil dispute that has been referred to the arbitration procedure and which should be directly applied to the case.

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## Sources

- The dates and the amending laws: e-Gov (Digital Agency) (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/415AC0000000138)
- English name of the law: Japanese Law Translation, Ministry of Justice (https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4440/tb)
- English titles of the amending laws: Written for this site with AI
- The Japanese text before: e-Gov (Digital Agency) (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/415AC0000000138/20260521_504AC0000000048)
- The Japanese text after: e-Gov (Digital Agency) (https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/415AC0000000138/20280613_505AC0000000053)